911930

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© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2017. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

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Level 2 Earth and Space Science, 201791193 Demonstrate understanding

of physical principles related to the Earth System

9.30 a.m. Thursday 30 November 2017 Credits: Four

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with ExcellenceDemonstrate understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Demonstrate in-depth understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of physical principles related to the Earth System.

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 – 12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

Merit

15

QUESTION ONE

appear red.

Why is white light from the Sun seen as a red colour at sunrise?

In your answer you should include:

. the colours and the relative wavelengths of white light

. how light is transmitted, reflected, absorbed, and scattered as it travels through the atmosphere

. how the Earth's atmosphere affects light passing through it'You may wish to label the above diagram to assist your answer

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Earth and Space Science 91193,2017

keithText BoxThe candidate has referred to differing wavelengths of blue and red light and the interaction of the shorter blue wavelengths with particles in the atmosphere, i.e. Rayleigh scattering by oxygen and nitrogen. This is used to provide an explanation as to why the longer wavelengths are seen at sunrise, e.g. the longer wavelengths are transmitted not scattered. This explanation has borderline sufficiency to bring this response into the Merit category.

Grade: M5

6

QUESTION TWO

Major volcanic eruptions can emit lava, greenhouse-gases (water vapour' carbon

dioxide' and sulfur

dioxide), as well u, ffi u*o.rrt, of asnligh into the atmosphere during an eruption'

How can a major eruption affect the average temperature of the Earth in the period

following an

eruption?

In your answer You should include:

. how an increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere could affect heat absorption and

transmission

.howtheeruptedvolcanicparticlesaffectheatabsorptionandreflection.

you may wish to draw and label a diagram in the box below os part of your answer '

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Earth and Space Science 91193,2017

keithText BoxThe candidate gives a good explanation of the role of Greenhouse gases in absorbing Infra-Red radiation and releasing this as heat energy back into the atmosphere. This is linked to an increase in the average temperatures when volcanic emissions occur due to greenhouse gas emissions.The role of volcanic dust is described as effectively a "reflector" of infra red radiation from Earth's surface. No reference is made however to the effect of this dust on incoming solar radiation and the subsequent effect it would have on Earth's average atmospheric temperature, i.e. cooling effect.

Grade: M5

10

QUESTION THREE

New york city (Nyc) in the United States is the same latitude as porto in portugal across the

Atlantic ocean, but Porto experiences warrner winter temperatures than NYC'

WhydoestheGulfStreamkeepPortowarrnerinwinterthanNYC?

In your answer You should include:

. the origin and movement of the Gulf Stream

. how this current can lead to a warmer winter in Porto'

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