lesson five american heroes: past and present

Overview

Students will examine how a diverse group of Americans have exemplified the responsibilities of citizenship. Students will consider how these historic figures defended the principles of the Constitution and Bill of Rights through their choices and actions. Students will also reflect on how they, too, can be American heroes.

“[A] good moral character is the first essential in a man, and that the habits contracted at your age are generally indelible, and your conduct here may stamp your character through life. It is therefore highly important that you should endeavor not only to be learned but virtuous.” –George Washington, 1790

“[Heroes are] imperfect people of extraordinary achievement, courage, and greatness of soul whose reach is wider than our own.” –Peter Gibbon, 2003

Critical Engagement Question

How have individual Americans throughout history embodied civic values?

Objectives

Students will: • Understand civic values that have

motivated significant Americans throughout history.

• Analyze the values, attitudes and actions of those individuals.

• Compare their own values and actions with those of American heroes.

• Assess the ways they can or do act in accordance with these values.

LESSON FIVE

AMERICAN HEROES: PAST AND PRESENT

Founding Principles Found in this Lesson

Civic VirtueCivil Discourse

EqualityIndividual Responsibility

BEING AN AMERICAN

Background/Homework 10 minutes the day before

Ask the question: “What is a hero?” To answer, students could do one of the following:

• write a short paragraph about a well-known American hero.• draw a simple illustration of a heroic act, and write two- to

three- sentences explaining the illustration.• read a local newspaper article about someone who acted in

a heroic manner. Write a two- to three-sentence summary of the article.

• write a paragraph about someone in their lives whom they consider hero.

Warm-Up 20 minutes

A. At the beginning of class, have students post their homework from the previous day around the room.

B. Distribute Handout A: What is a Hero? Allow students about ten minutes to take a “gallery tour” to study their classmates’ work and answer the questions on Handout A.

C. Bring students back for a large-group discussion to develop a list of characteristics shared by the selected heroes. A class recorder can list the traits on the board.

a. Help students understand what the word “hero” does NOT mean. It does not mean “popular:” celebrities are not necessarily heroes. It does not mean “perfect:” heroes are human and therefore imperfect.

b. Guide them to an understanding of the Peter Gibbon quotation: “[Heroes are] imperfect people of extraordinary achievement, courage, and greatness of soul whose reach is wider than our own.”

D. Ask students how heroes can act as leaders. What is the role of leaders? How are leaders developed?

Activity I 20 minutes

A. Distribute one card from Handout B: Character Cards (Version 1 or 2) to each student. Students should read the character card and complete Handout C: My American Hero (Version 1 or 2).

B. After completing their analyses, students will play the hero and take part in a historic “reception.” Give students five to ten minutes to circulate through the room, introduce themselves to other heroes, and provide a glimpse into their lives and work.

MaterialsHandouts may have two versions. Version 1 is at a higher level than Version 2.• Handout A: What Is

a Hero? • Handout B: Character

Cards (Versions 1 and 2)

• Handout C: My American Hero (Versions 1 and 2)

• Handout D: Dinner Party Seating Chart (Versions 1 and 2)

• Handout E: Glossary

TimeTwo fifty-minute class periods.

AMERICAN HEROES: PAST AND PRESENT

Activity II 50 minutes

A. After students have had a chance to speak to several historic figures, form mixed groups of four that will represent different time periods, genders, beliefs, careers, etc. Possible groups might look something like:

Group 1 Penn

HutchinsonEstefan

Wright Brothers

Group 2Washington

EdisonKingRush

Group 3FranklinStantonChavezTinker

Lafayette

Group 4JeffersonClementeLincoln

Robinson

Group 5Madison

ClayTubmanMarshallWarren

Group 6StoweHamer

TsukamotoParks

Group 7Adams

DouglassCarnegie

Wells

Group 1 King

StantonMarshall

Wells Parks

Group 2Lincoln

Robinson Tubman

Stowe

Group 3Tsukamoto

HamerDouglassLafayette

Group 4JeffersonChavezAdams Stanton

B. In these new groups, students will have a “dinner party” where they will get to know the other historical figures in their group. Students should act in character and engage in a conversation that allows them to compare their assigned heroes’ lives, accomplishments, values, opinions, and heroic acts.

C. When they have completed this sharing, each group should work together to answer questions on Handout D: Dinner Party Seating Chart.

Homework

A. Have students list values exemplified by the figures highlighted in this lesson and take an opinion poll of their peers, relatives, and neighbors to determine if these civic values are still significant today. They should create a chart to record the civic values voted for, and circle the values that receive the most votes. Then they can write a paragraph analyzing their results. Were ancient philosophers correct that virtues are eternal? Are the values exhibited by individuals in the past much different than those that today’s heroes exemplify?

B. Have students write an epitaph for one or more of the heroes. Additional sources for information about all of the heroes in this lesson can be found in the Character Card Resources in the appendix.

C. Ask students to write a paragraph in response to the following prompt: The heroes we learned about today lived in different times came from diverse backgrounds. How, if at all, did those differences affect the values they put in practice? Which is greater, the differences between Americans or the ideals that unite us? Have students make and then exchange business cards for their assigned heroes.

Extensions

1. Have students create a PowerPoint slide show about their assigned “dinner party” hero. Slide shows could be combined to include all historical figures. Each student could narrate his or her slide, or students could select a speech from their “dinner party” to introduce the heroes from their table.

2. Have students interview an individual in their community who has acted heroically. Students should share the results of this oral history project through transcripts of the interviews, photo essays, or a collage.

BEING AN AMERICAN ©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE

Directions: Directions: As you look at your classmates’ work, fill in the columns below.

HANDOUT A

WHAT IS A HERO?

Person’s Name

What characteristics

does this person have that makes

him or her a hero?Is this person

famous?

Is this person a hero? Why or why

not?

1

2

3

4

5

HANDOUT B

CHARACTER CARDS

©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES PAST AND PRESENT

AN

DR

EW C

AR

NEG

IEJO

HN

QU

INC

Y A

DA

MS

1

HANDOUT B

CHARACTER CARDS (CONT.)


HANDOUT B

CHARACTER CARDS

Joh

n Q

uin

cy A

da

ms

17

67

- 1

84

8

Som

e be

lieve

Joh

n Q

uinc

y A

dam

s’s m

ost

hero

ic

cont

ribut

ion

to h

is co

untr

y cam

e afte

r he w

as P

resid

ent.

Ada

ms w

as b

orn

in M

assa

chus

etts

in 17

67. H

e was

the

son

of P

resid

ent J

ohn

Ada

ms.

Afte

r ser

ving

in va

rious

offi

ces,

incl

udin

g the

Pre

siden

cy, J

ohn

Qui

ncy A

dam

s w

as el

ecte

d to

Con

gres

s in

1830

.In

1835

, the

Hou

se o

f Rep

rese

ntat

ives

vote

d to

tabl

e (p

ostp

one w

ithou

t hea

ring)

any p

etiti

ons a

bout

slav

ery.

Ada

ms,

then

in h

is m

id-s

even

ties,

was

stil

l vig

ilant

. H

e le

d a

smal

l gro

up o

f Rep

rese

ntat

ives

in th

e fig

ht

agai

nst t

he G

ag R

ule.

Ada

ms s

aid

that

wha

teve

r one

’s po

sitio

n on

slav

ery,

the G

ag R

ule w

as a

viol

atio

n of

the

Firs

t Am

endm

ent’s

pro

tect

ion

of fr

eedo

m o

f pet

ition

. “[

T]he

stak

e in

the

ques

tion

is yo

ur ri

ght t

o pe

titio

n,

your

free

dom

of th

ough

t and

of ac

tion,

and

the f

reed

om

in C

ongr

ess o

f you

r Rep

rese

ntat

ive,”

he d

ecla

red.

The

Gag

Rul

e had

to b

e ren

ewed

each

sess

ion,

and

Ada

ms

cour

ageo

usly

foug

ht a

gain

st it

eac

h tim

e. O

ver t

hose

ni

ne y

ears

, Ada

ms

was

acc

used

of t

reas

on a

nd e

ven

rece

ived

dea

th th

reat

s. Bu

t he

neve

r bac

ked

dow

n.

The

Gag

Rul

e w

as re

peal

ed in

184

4, d

ue in

par

t to

John

Qui

ncy

Ada

ms’s

cou

rage

ous

fight

for

the

Firs

t A

men

dmen

t rig

ht to

free

dom

of p

etiti

on.

An

dre

w C

arn

egie

1

83

5 -

19

19

And

rew

Car

negi

e’s r

ags-

to-r

iche

s st

ory

is on

e of

pe

rsev

eran

ce, in

itiat

ive,

and

reso

urce

fuln

ess.

Car

negi

e w

as b

orn

in 18

35 to

a w

orki

ng-c

lass

Scot

tish

fam

ily. H

e ca

me t

o th

e Uni

ted

Stat

es w

ith h

is fa

mily

whe

n he

was

th

irtee

n ye

ars o

ld. H

e be

gan

wor

king

righ

t aw

ay: a

s a

mes

seng

er, a

bob

bin

boy,

and

steam

mac

hine

ope

rato

r. In

1853

he t

ook

a job

as te

legr

aph

oper

ator

at a

railr

oad

com

pany

. He

was

cha

rmin

g an

d in

telli

gent

. He

took

an

activ

e int

eres

t in

his w

ork

and

quic

kly

adva

nced

at

the

com

pany

. C

arne

gie

also

too

k th

e in

itiat

ive

to le

arn

abou

t in

vest

ing.

He w

isely

inve

sted

his

mon

ey in

equi

pmen

t an

d te

chno

logi

es th

at h

e bel

ieve

d w

ere g

ood

for t

o th

e ra

ilroa

d in

dust

ry. I

n 18

89, h

e fo

unde

d th

e C

arne

gie

Stee

l C

ompa

ny.

Thi

s co

mpa

ny c

ombi

ned

wit

h ot

hers

to c

reat

e U

.S. S

teel

. U.S

. Ste

el h

elpe

d m

eet t

he

coun

try’s

gre

at d

eman

d fo

r st

eel—

used

in r

ailro

ads,

skys

crap

ers,

and

othe

r exa

mpl

es o

f gre

at te

chno

logi

cal

achi

evem

ents

. He

liter

ally

hel

ped

build

Am

eric

a.La

ter

in l

ife,

And

rew

Car

negi

e be

cam

e a

phila

nthr

opist

(so

meo

ne w

ho a

ctiv

ely

help

s ot

hers

). H

e use

d hi

s for

tune

to fo

und

the C

arne

gie C

orpo

ratio

n of

New

Yor

k, C

arne

gie

Endo

wm

ent f

or In

tern

atio

nal

Peac

e, an

d C

arne

gie M

ello

n U

nive

rsity

in P

ittsb

urgh

.

1

HANDOUT B



HEN

RY C

LAY

CES

AR

CH

AV

EZ

1

HANDOUT B



Ces

ar

Ch

ave

z 1

92

7 -

19

33

Ces

ar C

have

z st

rugg

led

thro

ugho

ut h

is li

fe f

or

bette

r w

orki

ng c

ondi

tions

for

unio

n fa

rm w

orke

rs.

He w

as b

orn

in Y

uma,

Ariz

ona.

His

pare

nts l

ost t

heir

farm

in th

e G

reat

Dep

ress

ion,

and

the

fam

ily m

oved

fr

om p

lace

to p

lace

, wor

king

the

field

s. H

e at

tend

ed

thirt

y-se

ven

diffe

rent

scho

ols.

Thes

e ear

ly ex

perie

nces

le

ft th

eir m

ark

and

gave

his

life p

urpo

se. H

is fa

ther

had

be

en in

jure

d in

a c

ar a

ccid

ent,

so a

fter e

ight

h gr

ade,

youn

g C

have

z bec

ame a

farm

wor

ker t

o he

lp su

ppor

t hi

s fam

ily.

In 19

62, C

have

z fou

nded

and

orga

nize

d th

e Nat

iona

l Fa

rm W

orke

rs A

ssoc

iatio

n, la

ter

calle

d th

e U

nite

d Fa

rm W

orke

rs. Th

is un

ion

was

the fi

rst o

f its

kin

d, an

d fo

ught

for c

ontr

acts

, saf

e con

ditio

ns, h

ighe

r wag

es, a

nd

job

secu

rity

for u

nion

mem

bers

. He

led

a na

tionw

ide

boyc

ott o

f gra

pes t

hat i

ncre

ased

supp

ort f

or th

e Uni

ted

Farm

Wor

kers

. In

a m

ovem

ent

calle

d La

Cos

a, h

e br

ough

t tog

ethe

r chu

rche

s, un

ions

, and

cons

umer

s. H

is m

otto

was

“Si,

se p

uede

.” (“

Yes,

it ca

n be

don

e.”)

A hu

mbl

e and

dee

ply r

eligi

ous m

an, C

have

z’s hu

nger

st

rikes

, boy

cotts

, and

mar

ches

got

Am

eric

a’s at

tent

ion,

an

d im

prov

ed th

e liv

es of

thou

sand

s. Th

ough

his

criti

cs

poin

t out

that

uni

oniz

ed fa

rm la

bor

resu

lted

in g

reat

nu

mbe

rs of

will

ing m

igra

nt w

orke

rs b

eing

turn

ed aw

ay

from

jobs

, Ces

ar C

have

z’s p

erse

vera

nce

brou

ght t

he

expe

rienc

es o

f mig

rant

wor

kers

to n

atio

nal a

ttent

ion.

Hen

ry C

lay

17

77

- 1

85

2

Hen

ry C

lay’s

per

seve

ranc

e and

mod

erat

ion

earn

ed

him

his

repu

tatio

n as

the “

Gre

at C

ompr

omise

r.” C

lay

was

raise

d w

ith h

is ei

ght s

iblin

gs in

Han

over

Cou

nty,

Virg

inia

. With

littl

e for

mal

scho

olin

g, h

e was

trai

ned

as a

law

yer.

He

saw

opp

ortu

nitie

s on

the

expa

ndin

g fr

ontie

r, an

d m

oved

wes

t to

Ken

tuck

y in

179

7. H

e fo

und

grea

t suc

cess

, and

was

kno

wn

as a

n el

oque

nt

and

cour

teou

s spe

aker

. Th

e new

fron

tier b

roug

ht gr

eat c

halle

nges

as w

ell a

s op

port

uniti

es. C

lay r

epre

sent

ed K

entu

cky i

n bo

th th

e H

ouse

and

Sena

te. A

s a la

wm

aker

, he p

ut th

e int

egrit

y of

the

Uni

on fi

rst.

He

mad

e a

deal

in th

e Se

nate

to

low

er ta

riffs s

low

ly w

hen

Sout

h C

arol

ina

thre

aten

ed

to se

cede

(lea

ve th

e na

tion)

in re

spon

se to

the

Tariff

A

ct. A

s Spe

aker

of t

he H

ouse

, he h

elped

lead

the y

oung

na

tion

thro

ugh

stru

ggle

s ov

er sl

aver

y. C

lay

was

abl

e to

calm

the b

itter

ness

on

both

side

s to

secu

re p

assa

ge

of th

e Miss

ouri

Com

prom

ise an

d th

e Com

prom

ise o

f 18

50. H

e he

lped

pas

s law

s he

hope

d w

ould

allo

w th

e na

tion

to su

rviv

e. H

e di

ed in

185

2, a

yea

r aft

er le

avin

g C

ongr

ess.

Hen

ry C

lay’s

com

mitm

ent t

o hi

s cou

ntry

as a

who

le

was

mad

e cle

ar o

n hi

s hea

dsto

ne: “

I kno

w n

o N

orth

—no

Sou

th—

no E

ast—

no W

est.”

1

HANDOUT B



FRED

ERIC

K D

OU

GLA

SS

1

RO

BER

TO C

LEM

ENTE

HANDOUT B



Fred

eric

k D

ou

gla

ss

18

18

- 1

89

5

Fred

eric

k D

ougl

ass

wro

te a

nd s

poke

abo

ut t

he

inju

stic

es o

f sla

very

and

hel

ped

open

the

eye

s of

a

natio

n. H

e w

as b

orn

a sla

ve in

Mar

ylan

d, in

181

7 or

18

18. A

lthou

gh it

was

agai

nst t

he la

w to

teac

h en

slave

d pe

ople

to

read

, Dou

glas

s le

arne

d to

rea

d an

d al

so

taug

ht o

ther

slav

es to

do

so. H

e kne

w th

at re

adin

g and

le

arni

ng w

ould

hel

p pe

ople

see t

hat s

lave

ry w

as a

grea

t in

just

ice.

Afte

r tw

o fa

iled

atte

mpt

s, D

ougl

ass e

scap

ed

from

slav

ery

in 1

838.

Dou

glas

s set

tled

in M

assa

chus

etts

whe

re h

e wen

t to

abol

ition

ist m

eetin

gs. H

e beg

an gi

ving

spee

ches

on

his

expe

rienc

es, a

nd so

on h

e be

gan

trav

eled

in A

mer

ica

and

Euro

pe g

ivin

g le

ctur

es. H

e al

so p

ublis

hed

his

thou

ghts

in a

wee

kly

new

spap

er. H

is m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t w

ork

was

his

auto

biog

raph

y, N

arra

tive

of th

e Li

fe o

f Fr

eder

ick

Dou

glas

, an

Amer

ican

Sla

ve. I

t w

as v

ery

popu

lar a

nd, l

ike h

is sp

eech

es, o

pene

d m

any

peop

les’

eyes

to th

e ho

rror

s of

sla

very

. Dou

glas

s ad

vise

d tw

o Pr

esid

ents

, Abr

aham

Lin

coln

and

And

rew

John

son,

ab

out t

he tr

eatm

ent o

f Afr

ican

Am

eric

ans.

He

spok

e an

d w

rote

in f

avor

of

a co

nstit

utio

nal a

men

dmen

t se

curin

g vo

ting

right

s and

oth

er li

bert

ies f

or fo

rmer

sla

ves.

Fred

eric

k D

ougl

ass

pers

ever

ed in

his

wor

k fo

r eq

ual r

ight

s fo

r fo

rmer

sla

ves,

and

also

for

wom

en,

until

he

died

.

Rob

erto

Cle

men

te

19

34

–19

72

Robe

rto

Cle

men

te w

as a

n im

pres

sive

outfi

elde

r an

d hi

tter

for

the

Broo

klyn

Dod

gers

and

Pitt

sbur

g Pi

rate

s M

ajor

Lea

gue

base

ball

team

s fro

m th

e 19

50s

thro

ugh

1972

. Cle

men

te w

as P

uert

o Ri

can,

and

he

deal

t with

disc

rimin

atio

n fro

m th

e so

me

mem

bers

of

the

pres

s and

bas

ebal

l fan

s. H

e sh

owed

gre

at c

oura

ge

and

pers

ever

ance

and

was

vot

ed M

ost V

alua

ble P

laye

r in

197

1.

Cle

men

te w

as a

hum

anita

rian

and

phila

nthr

opist

co

ncer

ned

with

pro

tect

ing

the

right

s of o

ther

peo

ple,

espe

cial

ly th

ose o

f Hisp

anic

des

cent

. One

of C

lem

ente’

s dr

eam

s was

to o

pen

a sp

orts

cen

ter f

or d

isadv

anta

ged

Puer

to R

ican

you

th a

thle

tes.

In 1

972,

whi

le C

lem

ente

m

anag

ing

a te

am in

the

Am

ateu

r W

orld

Ser

ies

in

Nic

arag

ua, a

dev

asta

ting e

arth

quak

e str

uck t

he co

untr

y. C

lem

ente

bec

ame t

he ch

airm

an of

the r

elie

f com

mitt

ee

and

help

ed to

rai

se m

oney

and

col

lect

sup

plie

s fo

r th

e vi

ctim

s. H

e he

lped

load

a p

lane

with

supp

lies a

nd

boar

ded

the fl

ight

. The p

lane

expl

oded

soon

after

take

-off

, and

Cle

men

te w

as k

illed

. To

hon

or C

lem

ente

and

his

drea

m, h

is w

ife a

nd

son

star

ted

The

Robe

rto

Cle

men

te S

port

s C

ity in

C

alifo

rnia

. Afte

r hi

s de

ath,

Cle

men

te w

as in

duct

ed

into

the

Nat

iona

l Bas

ebal

l Hal

l of F

ame

and

rece

ived

th

e Con

gres

siona

l Med

al o

f Hon

or.

1

HANDOUT B



THO

MA

S ED

ISO

N

1

GLO

RIA

EST

EFA

N

HANDOUT B



Tho

ma

s Ed

iso

n 1

84

7 -

19

31

Thom

as E

diso

n sa

w ev

ery o

bsta

cle as

an op

portu

nity

. “G

eniu

s is

1% in

spira

tion

and

99%

per

spira

tion,”

he

said

. He h

ad li

ttle s

choo

ling a

nd w

as d

eaf f

rom

a yo

ung

age,

but h

e pur

sued

his

inte

rest

s with

reso

urce

fuln

ess

and

pass

ion.

He l

oved

scie

nce a

nd m

echa

nics

. He w

as

driv

en to

inve

nt.

By 1

868,

Edi

son

had

impr

oved

the

tele

grap

h an

d th

e typ

ewrit

er. H

e mad

e an

elec

tric

vot

e rec

orde

r and

a

stoc

k tic

ker.

Two

year

s lat

er, h

e ha

d en

ough

mon

ey

to o

pen

his

first

“in

vent

ion

fact

ory.”

He

was

onl

y tw

enty

-thr

ee. H

e an

d th

e ta

lent

ed te

am o

f eng

inee

rs

and

scie

ntist

s he

hire

d w

ould

chan

ge th

e w

orld

.W

ithin

five

year

s, th

ey h

ad p

erfe

cted

the t

elep

hone

an

d cr

eate

d th

e ph

onog

raph

. Nex

t, th

ey b

ecam

e fa

mou

s fo

r th

e in

cand

esce

nt li

ght

bulb

. Lat

er t

hey

wor

ked

on th

e mot

ion

pict

ure c

amer

a, ta

lkin

g mov

ies,

a ca

r ba

ttery

, and

an

x-ra

y m

achi

ne. I

n hi

s lif

etim

e, Ed

ison

regi

ster

ed 1

,093

pat

ents

.“Th

e thr

ee es

sent

ials

to ac

hiev

e any

thin

g wor

thw

hile

ar

e, fir

st, h

ard

wor

k; se

cond

, stic

k-to

-itiv

e-ne

ss; t

hird

, co

mm

on se

nse,”

Edi

son

said

. With

a bo

omin

g bus

ines

s an

d bo

undl

ess

enth

usia

sm, Th

omas

Edi

son

help

ed

brin

g A

mer

ica

into

the

mod

ern

age.

Glo

ria

Est

efa

n

b.

19

57

Glo

ria

Este

fan

was

bor

n in

Hav

ana,

Cub

a. H

er

pare

nts fl

ed C

omm

unist

Cub

a an

d he

aded

to M

iam

i, Fl

orid

a whe

n sh

e was

a ch

ild. Th

roug

hout

her

life

she

show

ed g

reat

cour

age a

nd p

erse

vera

nce i

n he

r car

eer

and

pers

onal

life

. Est

efan

gai

ned

succ

ess

with

the

m

usic

grou

p, th

e Mia

mi S

ound

Mac

hine

, in

the 1

980s

. Th

e ba

nd re

cord

ed th

eir fi

rst f

ew a

lbum

s in

Span

ish,

but a

lso re

leas

ed h

it m

usic

in E

nglis

h. E

stef

an w

as th

e le

ad si

nger

for t

he b

and,

and

she a

lso b

ecam

e inv

olve

d in

writ

ing

song

s and

pro

duci

ng.

In 1

990,

Est

efan

, her

hus

band

, and

son

wer

e in

a

terr

ible

bus

acc

iden

t. Es

tefa

n’s s

pina

l inj

urie

s w

ere

seve

re, a

nd m

any

peop

le w

onde

red

if sh

e w

ould

be

able

to re

cove

r. Es

tefa

n pe

rsev

ered

thro

ugh

the i

njur

ies

and

with

in th

e ne

xt y

ear,

she

was

per

form

ing

agai

n.

Sinc

e th

e ac

cide

nt, s

he re

leas

ed m

any

succ

essf

ul so

lo

albu

ms

in S

pani

sh a

nd E

nglis

h an

d to

ured

all

over

N

orth

Am

eric

a.

1

©THE BILL OF RIGHTS INSTITUTE AMERICAN HEROES: PAST AND PRESENT

HANDOUT B


BEN

JAM

IN F

RA

NK

LIN

1

FAN

NIE

LO

U H

AM

ER

HANDOUT B



Fan

nie

Lo

u H

am

er

19

17

- 1

97

7Fa

nnie

Lou

Ham

er c

oura

geou

sly fo

ught

for

her

right

to vo

te. H

amer

was

bor

n in

Miss

issip

pi in

1917

. In

1962

she a

ttend

ed a

vote

r reg

istra

tion

mee

ting.

It w

as

ther

e tha

t she

firs

t lea

rned

the F

iftee

nth

Am

endm

ent

prot

ecte

d A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s’ ab

ility

to v

ote.

She

left

that

mee

ting

dete

rmin

ed to

regi

ster

to v

ote.

Ham

er d

ecid

ed sh

e w

ante

d to

hel

p ot

her A

fric

an

Am

eric

ans

part

icip

ate

in A

mer

ican

dem

ocra

cy. S

he

took

the

initi

ativ

e to

org

aniz

e re

gist

ratio

n dr

ives

. On

thes

e driv

es, s

he b

ecam

e fam

ous f

or si

ngin

g hym

ns. I

n on

e 19

63 d

rive,

she

was

thro

wn

in ja

il. M

ontg

omer

y C

ount

y gua

rds b

eat h

er an

d fe

llow

civi

l rig

hts w

orke

rs.

She

lost

her

job

and

even

rece

ived

dea

th th

reat

s, bu

t sh

e pe

rsev

ered

.In

196

4, H

amer

spo

ke o

ut a

t th

e D

emoc

ratic

N

atio

nal C

onve

ntio

n ab

out

peop

le b

eing

ille

gally

pr

even

ted

from

votin

g. A

year

late

r in

1965

, Pre

siden

t Jo

hnso

n si

gned

the

Vot

ing

Rig

hts

Act

. Thi

s la

w

rem

oved

man

y ba

rrie

rs to

vot

ing,

and

man

y se

e it

as

a fu

lfillm

ent o

f the

Fift

eent

h A

men

dmen

t’s p

rom

ise.

Fann

ie L

ou H

amer

’s co

urag

e an

d pe

rsev

eran

ce h

ad

neve

r wav

ered

.

Ben

jam

in F

ran

klin

1

70

6 -

17

90

Benj

amin

Fra

nklin

ded

icat

ed h

is lif

e to

impr

ovin

g th

e liv

es o

f his

fello

w ci

tizen

s. H

e did

this

by cr

eatin

g go

ods,

serv

ices

, and

a fo

rm o

f gov

ernm

ent.

“The m

ost

acce

ptab

le se

rvic

e of

God

is d

oing

goo

d to

Man

,” he

sa

id. H

e liv

ed b

y th

is pr

inci

ple—

as a

citi

zen,

aut

hor,

inve

ntor

, sci

entis

t, an

d st

ates

man

.Fr

ankl

in’s

life

was

fille

d w

ith fi

rsts

. He

put

his

idea

s in

act

ion

to c

reat

e th

e fir

st fi

re d

epar

tmen

t, th

e fir

st p

ublic

libr

ary,

and

the

first

pub

lic h

ospi

tal

in P

hila

delp

hia.

He

shar

ed h

omes

pun

hum

or a

nd

advi

ce in

his

popu

lar

Poor

Rich

ard’s

Alm

anac

k. H

e al

so im

prov

ed p

eopl

es’ l

ives

with

his

inve

ntio

ns. H

e m

ade

the

first

ligh

tnin

g ro

d, b

ifoca

l gla

sses

, and

iron

fu

rnac

e st

ove.

Yet

Fran

klin

mad

e hi

s gr

eate

st c

ontr

ibut

ions

to

Am

eric

a’s fi

rst g

over

nmen

ts. H

e ha

d a

stro

ng s

ense

of

res

pons

ibili

ty a

nd n

ever

ref

used

a p

ublic

offi

ce.

To b

uild

the

new

repu

blic

, he

serv

ed fa

ithfu

lly a

t the

Se

cond

Con

tinen

tal C

ongr

ess.

He

help

ed d

raft

the

Dec

lara

tion

of I

ndep

ende

nce.

He

help

ed n

egot

iate

th

e Tr

eaty

of P

aris,

end

ing

the

Revo

lutio

nary

War

. H

e jo

ined

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

vent

ion,

whe

re h

e st

ood

up fo

r a

stro

nger

uni

on a

nd w

orke

d ha

rd to

pr

otec

t citi

zens

from

tyra

nny.

Benj

amin

Fra

nklin

was

op

timist

ic a

bout

Am

eric

a’s fu

ture

; and

gav

e m

uch

of

his l

ife to

hel

p he

r gro

w.

1

HANDOUT B



THO

MA

S JE

FFER

SON

1

MA

RTI

N L

UTH

ER K

ING

, JR

.

HANDOUT B



Ma

rtin

Lu

ther

Kin

g, J

r. 1

92

9 -

19

68

Mar

tin L

uthe

r K

ing,

Jr. p

erse

vere

d fo

r ci

vil r

ight

s th

roug

hout

his

life

. Kin

g w

as b

orn

in G

eorg

ia i

n 19

29. H

e fo

ught

for

dese

greg

atio

n an

d eq

ual r

ight

s fo

r A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s by

spe

akin

g ou

t and

lead

ing

mar

ches

. He a

lway

s pre

ache

d no

n-vi

olen

ce as

a m

eans

fo

r cha

nge.

The m

ost i

mpo

rtan

t mar

ch o

f Kin

g’s ca

reer

was

the

Mar

ch o

n W

ashi

ngto

n in

196

3. A

qua

rter

of a

mill

ion

peop

le p

acke

d th

e N

atio

nal M

all.

Kin

g st

ood

on th

e st

eps

of t

he L

inco

ln M

emor

ial.

In h

is sp

eech

, Kin

g re

ferr

ed to

the

“arc

hite

cts

of o

ur r

epub

lic”

and

thei

r co

mm

itmen

t to

free

dom

. He e

lect

rified

the c

row

d w

ith

his s

peec

h, s

ayin

g, “

I hav

e a

drea

m th

at o

ne d

ay th

is na

tion

will

rise

up

and

live o

ut th

e tru

e mea

ning

of i

ts

cree

d: ‘W

e hol

d th

ese t

ruth

s to

be se

lf-ev

iden

t, th

at al

l m

en a

re cr

eate

d eq

ual.’”

In t

he y

ears

tha

t fo

llow

ed, K

ing

led

civi

l rig

hts

mar

ches

in

Selm

a, A

laba

ma.

He

alw

ays

urge

d m

oder

atio

n in

non

-vio

lenc

e pro

test.

Kin

g was

awar

ded

the

Nob

el P

eace

Priz

e in

196

4. K

ing

was

ass

assin

ated

in

196

8. M

artin

Lut

her K

ing,

Jr.’s

fune

ral w

as at

tend

ed

by 3

00,0

00 p

eopl

e, an

d hi

s cou

rage

ous l

ife c

ontin

ues

to in

spire

peo

ple

toda

y.

Tho

ma

s Je

ffer

son

17

43

- 1

82

6

Thom

as J

effer

son

spen

t hi

s lif

e fig

htin

g fo

r th

e in

tegr

ity of

each

per

son’s

bel

iefs,

and

the i

nteg

rity o

f his

coun

try.

Born

in V

irgin

ia in

174

3, h

e was

a re

spec

ted

law

yer a

nd w

riter

. Whe

n he

was

33 ye

ars o

ld, J

effer

son

wro

te a

nd s

igne

d hi

s na

me

to t

he D

ecla

ratio

n of

In

depe

nden

ce. Th

e Kin

g co

nsid

ered

this

trea

son,

but

Je

ffers

on a

nd th

e ot

her

signe

rs h

ad th

e co

urag

e an

d in

tegr

ity to

stan

d by

thei

r bel

iefs

. Je

ffers

on fo

ught

for

the

new

nat

ion’s

pro

mise

to

prot

ect r

ight

s. H

e au

thor

ed t

he V

irgin

ia S

tatu

te fo

r Re

ligio

us F

reed

om in

178

6. Th

is st

atut

e, w

hich

is st

ill

part

of V

irgin

ia la

w, br

ough

t an

end

to th

e sta

te ch

urch

. Je

ffers

on w

as se

rvin

g in

Fran

ce w

hile

the C

onst

itutio

n w

as b

eing

dra

fted

in 1

787.

But

he s

taye

d in

volv

ed. H

e w

rote

lette

rs to

Con

vent

ion

dele

gate

s. H

e ur

ged

that

a

bill

of r

ight

s be

add

ed to

the

Con

stitu

tion.

Yea

rs

after

the B

ill o

f Rig

hts w

as ad

opte

d, h

e fou

ght a

gain

st

a 179

8 la

w th

at m

ade i

t a cr

ime t

o cr

itici

ze th

e fed

eral

go

vern

men

t. Tw

o ye

ars l

ater

, he w

as el

ecte

d pr

esid

ent.

Afte

r tw

o te

rms

as p

resi

dent

, he

retir

ed t

o hi

s ho

me,

Mon

ticel

lo. I

n 18

19, Th

omas

Jeffe

rson

foun

ded

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f V

irgi

nia,

one

of

his

prou

dest

ac

hiev

emen

ts.

1

HANDOUT B



AB

RA

HA

M L

INC

OLN

1

JAM

ES A

RM

ISTE

AD

LA

FAY

ETTE

HANDOUT B



Jam

es A

rmis

tea

d L

afa

yett

e

17

48

- 1

83

0

Arm

iste

ad w

as b

orn

into

sla

very

in

1748

in

Virg

inia

. He

wan

ted

to fi

ght f

or in

depe

nden

ce fr

om

Engl

and,

and

his m

aste

r gav

e him

per

miss

ion

to se

rve

in t

he C

ontin

enta

l Arm

y in

178

1. H

e co

urag

eous

ly

beca

me a

spy f

or th

e Mar

quis

de L

afay

ette

. Pos

ing a

s a

runa

way

slav

e, A

rmist

ead

was

allo

wed

into

the B

ritish

ca

mps

. He l

isten

ed cl

osel

y as B

ritish

offi

cers

, inclu

ding

Be

nedi

ct A

rnol

d an

d G

ener

al C

ornw

allis

, det

aile

d th

eir

stra

tegi

es. H

e th

en s

ent

cruc

ial i

nfor

mat

ion

abou

t the

ir pl

ans t

o th

e Laf

ayet

te an

d G

ener

al G

eorg

e W

ashi

ngto

n. H

e wou

ld al

so p

ass t

he B

ritish

inac

cura

te

info

rmat

ion

abou

t A

mer

ican

mov

emen

ts. I

t w

as

dang

erou

s wor

k. If

he h

ad b

een

disc

over

ed, h

e wou

ld

sure

ly h

ave

been

han

ged.

Be

caus

e he w

as a

spy

and

not a

sold

ier,

Arm

istea

d w

as n

ot el

igib

le fo

r fre

edom

und

er a

1783

Virg

inia

act

free

ing s

lave

s who

serv

ed in

the C

ontin

enta

l Arm

y. H

e an

d hi

s ow

ner p

etiti

oned

the

Virg

inia

legi

slatu

re fo

r hi

s fre

edom

; his

petit

ion

incl

uded

a re

com

men

datio

n fr

om L

afay

ette

. Whe

n th

e le

gisl

atur

e gr

ante

d hi

s fre

edom

, Arm

istea

d ch

ange

d hi

s sur

nam

e to

Lafa

yette

. A

s a

free

man

, he

beca

me

a fa

rmer

, rai

sed

a la

rge

fam

ily, a

nd re

ceiv

ed a

mon

thly

pen

sion

from

the a

rmy

for h

is se

rvic

es.

1

Ab

rah

am

Lin

coln

1

80

9 -

18

65

Abr

aham

Lin

coln

rose

from

obs

curit

y to

cele

brity

, fr

om b

oyho

od o

n th

e Ke

ntuc

ky fr

ontie

r to

Pres

iden

t of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es. D

espi

te e

lect

ion

defe

ats,

he

pers

ever

ed in

his

purs

uit o

f pub

lic o

ffice

. In

1858

, he

beca

me f

amou

s in

deba

tes o

ver t

he w

este

rn ex

pans

ion

of s

lave

ry. Th

e na

tion

coul

d no

t su

rviv

e ha

lf-sla

ve,

half-

free

, he

said

.El

ecte

d on

the e

ve of

Civ

il War

, Lin

coln

cour

ageo

usly

le

d th

e nat

ion

thro

ugh

four

blo

ody,

tum

ultu

ous y

ears

. At

Get

tysb

urg

in 1

863,

he

insp

ired

all A

mer

ican

s to

re

cove

r the

inte

grity

of t

heir

coun

try a

nd it

s ide

als.

The

Uni

ted

Stat

es w

as “c

once

ived

in li

bert

y, an

d de

dica

ted

to th

e pro

posit

ion

that

all m

en ar

e cre

ated

equa

l.” F

or

his

seco

nd in

augu

ral s

peec

h, L

inco

ln s

tood

on

the

East

Por

tico

of th

e Cap

itol,

Mar

ch 4

, 186

5. Th

e end

of

the C

ivil

War

was

in si

ght.

Thou

sand

s had

gath

ered

to

hear

him

. They

exp

ecte

d a

vict

ory

spee

ch.

Linc

oln

surp

rised

them

. He

calle

d fo

r for

give

ness

an

d un

ity. H

e kn

ew th

e ch

alle

nges

the

natio

n w

ould

fa

ce. A

brah

am L

inco

ln’s

wor

ds ec

ho th

roug

h th

e age

s: “W

ith m

alic

e to

war

d no

ne; w

ith c

harit

y fo

r all

… le

t us

striv

e on

to fi

nish

the

wor

k w

e ar

e in

, to

bind

up

the n

atio

n’s w

ound

s...”

and

arriv

e at a

“jus

t and

last

ing

peac

e.”

HANDOUT B



JAM

ES M

AD

ISO

N

1

THU

RG

OO

D M

AR

SHA

LL

HANDOUT B



Thu

rgo

od

Ma

rsh

all

19

08

- 1

99

3

Thur

good

Mar

shal

l may

be

best

kno

wn

as t

he

first

Afr

ican

Am

eric

an Su

prem

e Cou

rt Ju

stic

e, bu

t his

cour

age a

nd d

eter

min

atio

n w

ere c

lear

long

bef

ore h

is ap

poin

tmen

t to

the

Cou

rt. H

e w

as b

orn

in 1

908,

the

gran

dson

of a

slav

e. H

e gr

adua

ted

from

col

lege

with

ho

nors

. In

1930

, he w

as tu

rned

dow

n at

the U

nive

rsity

of

Mar

ylan

d be

caus

e he w

as b

lack

. He c

ompl

eted

law

sc

hool

at th

e hi

stor

ical

ly b

lack

How

ard

Uni

vers

ity.

Mar

shal

l de

cide

d to

use

his

tal

ents

to

end

segr

egat

ion

in p

ublic

life

. His

first

lega

l vic

tory

cam

e ag

ains

t th

e U

nive

rsity

of

Mar

ylan

d’s

adm

issi

on

polic

y—th

e ve

ry s

choo

l whi

ch d

id n

ot le

t hi

m in

be

caus

e of

his

race

. He

beca

me

chie

f cou

nsel

for t

he

Nat

iona

l Ass

ocia

tion

for t

he A

dvan

cem

ent o

f Col

ored

Pe

ople

(NA

AC

P). M

arsh

all a

nd th

e N

AA

CP

bega

n a

lega

l cam

paig

n ag

ains

t seg

rega

tion

in p

ublic

scho

ols.

This

stru

ggle

end

ed w

hen

Mar

shal

l arg

ued

Brow

n v.

Boar

d of

Edu

catio

n (1

954)

bef

ore t

he S

upre

me C

ourt

. Th

is de

cisio

n de

clar

ed s

egre

gatio

n in

pub

lic s

choo

ls un

cons

titut

iona

l. M

arsh

all w

as a

ppoi

nted

to th

e Su

prem

e C

ourt

in

1967

, bec

omin

g th

e fir

st A

frica

n A

mer

ican

Ass

ocia

te

Just

ice.

Thu

rgoo

d M

arsh

all s

pent

alm

ost

a qu

arte

r ce

ntur

y on

the

Cou

rt, s

uppo

rtin

g th

e C

onst

itutio

n’s

prot

ectio

ns fo

r ind

ivid

ual a

nd ci

vil r

ight

s.

1

Jam

es M

ad

iso

n 1

75

1 -

18

36

Jam

es M

adiso

n’s id

eas

form

ed t

he b

ackb

one

for

the U

nite

d St

ates

’ pla

n fo

r sel

f-go

vern

men

t. M

adiso

n,

a w

ealth

y V

irgin

ia p

lant

er, g

rew

up

smal

l, th

in, a

nd

sickl

y. Ph

ysic

ally,

he

coul

d no

t com

pete

with

man

y Fo

unde

rs. I

ntel

lect

ually

, he

was

a g

iant

.M

adiso

n ha

d th

e in

itiat

ive

and

reso

urce

fuln

ess t

o nu

rtur

e a

natio

n in

way

s no

one

else

cou

ld. I

n 17

87,

he w

as a

lead

er at

the C

onst

itutio

nal C

onve

ntio

n. H

e to

ok n

otes

, spo

ke o

ften,

and

hel

ped

peop

le c

ome

to

com

prom

ises.

He

was

eve

r vi

gila

nt a

bout

the

abus

e of

gov

ernm

ent p

ower

, and

wor

ked

to p

reve

nt it

. He

was

wis

e en

ough

to

be w

orri

ed a

bout

fact

ions

. He

sugg

este

d a

syst

em o

f che

cks

and

bala

nces

. He

also

w

orke

d to

bal

ance

the

pow

er o

f the

sta

tes

and

the

fede

ral g

over

nmen

t. Bo

th a

re k

ey p

arts

of A

mer

ican

go

vern

men

t.W

hen

the

Con

stitu

tion

was

sen

t to

the

sta

tes,

Mad

ison

wro

te n

ewsp

aper

artic

les t

o de

fend

it. W

hen

it be

cam

e cl

ear t

hat t

he C

onst

itutio

n w

ould

not

pas

s w

ithou

t it,

he

draft

ed t

he B

ill o

f Ri

ghts

. Mad

ison

be

lieve

d th

e ne

w g

over

nmen

t w

as “

the

wor

k of

m

any

head

s and

man

y ha

nds.”

Hist

ory,

how

ever

, has

m

ade

Jam

es M

adiso

n fa

mou

s as

the

“Fa

ther

of t

he

Con

stitu

tion.”

HANDOUT B



RO

SA P

AR

KS

1

WIL

LIA

M P

ENN

HANDOUT B



Will

iam

Pen

n 1

64

4 -

17

18

Will

iam

Pen

n’s fi

ght f

or re

ligio

us li

bert

y sp

anne

d fo

ur d

ecad

es a

nd t

wo

cont

inen

ts. A

t tw

enty

-fou

r ye

ars

of a

ge, P

enn

was

impr

isone

d in

the

Tow

er o

f Lo

ndon

in 1

668

for

life.

But

he

did

not

repe

nt. “

I ow

e m

y co

nsci

ence

to n

o m

orta

l man

,” he

dec

lare

d.

A d

evou

t Q

uake

r, he

had

bee

n pe

rsec

uted

for

his

belie

fs. F

ortu

nate

ly, P

enn

was

wel

l-con

nect

ed. W

ithin

ei

ght m

onth

s he

was

rele

ased

. He

cont

inue

d to

writ

e an

d gi

ve sp

eech

es. H

e co

ntin

ued

to su

ppor

t rel

igio

us

tole

ratio

n. H

e co

ntin

ued

to p

rote

st e

ffort

s to

forc

e En

glish

men

to fo

llow

one

faith

.A

s he

gre

w o

lder

, Pen

n be

cam

e in

tere

sted

in

Am

eric

a. I

n 16

81, t

he K

ing

gave

him

the

larg

est

rem

aini

ng p

iece

of

land

bet

wee

n N

ew Y

ork

and

Mar

ylan

d as

pay

men

t of

a d

ebt

to h

is fa

ther

. Pen

n na

med

the c

olon

y for

his f

athe

r, cal

ling i

t “Pe

nnsy

lvan

ia”

or P

enn’s

Woo

ds. H

e adv

ertis

ed fo

r col

onist

s, an

d th

ey

cam

e in

dro

ves.

Penn

calle

d it

his “

Hol

y Exp

erim

ent.”

As g

over

nor,

he b

elie

ved

that

goo

d go

vern

men

t cou

ld n

ot fo

rce

a fa

ith o

r re

quire

con

form

ity. R

espe

ct fo

r in

divi

dual

be

liefs

and

sel

f-go

vern

men

t, W

illia

m P

enn

argu

ed,

wou

ld b

ring

peac

e an

d pr

ospe

rity

to P

enns

ylva

nia—

and

they

did

.

Rosa

Pa

rks

1

91

3 -

20

05

Park

s ha

s be

en c

alle

d “Th

e M

othe

r of

the

Civ

il Ri

ghts

Mov

emen

t.” Sh

e was

bor

n in

Tus

kege

e, A

laba

ma

and

was

raise

d on

a fa

rm. S

he g

rew

up

in th

e sha

dow

of

Jim

Cro

w la

ws,

whi

ch ri

gidl

y seg

rega

ted

soci

ety.

On

Dec

embe

r 1, 1

955,

as P

arks

was

ridi

ng th

e bus

hom

e, sh

e w

as a

sked

to g

ive

up h

er s

eat a

nd m

ove

furt

her

back

in th

e bu

s. Pa

rks r

efus

ed, a

nd w

as a

rres

ted.

Pa

rks’

cour

age

led

to a

boy

cott

of

city

bus

es

cham

pion

ed b

y th

e re

lativ

ely

unkn

own

Reve

rend

M

artin

Lut

her

Kin

g, J

r., a

long

with

man

y ot

hers

. D

urin

g the

boy

cott,

mem

bers

of t

he b

lack

com

mun

ity

(man

y of w

hom

coul

d no

t affo

rd ca

rs) m

ade s

acrifi

ces

for t

heir

right

s. So

me c

ab d

river

s, in

solid

arity

with

the

boyc

otte

rs, b

egan

cha

rgin

g bl

acks

onl

y 10

cen

ts p

er

ride

to a

ssist

with

the

hard

ship

s th

at c

ame

with

the

bus

boyc

ott.

Whe

n th

e ci

ty g

over

nmen

t ann

ounc

ed

they

wou

ld p

rose

cute

thes

e cab

driv

ers,

lead

ers b

egan

a “p

rivat

e tax

i pla

n” off

erin

g coo

rdin

ated

tran

spor

tatio

n.

They

risk

ed n

ot o

nly

arre

st, b

ut p

olic

e br

utal

ity a

nd

mob

vio

lenc

e. Th

e bo

ycot

t was

pow

erfu

l—M

ontg

omer

y co

unty

bu

s pa

ssen

gers

wer

e 75

% A

fric

an A

mer

ican

—an

d it

laste

d m

ore t

han

a yea

r: 38

1 day

s. In

Nov

embe

r of 1

956

the D

istric

t Cou

rt ru

led

that

segr

egat

ion

on b

uses

was

un

cons

titut

iona

l and

boy

cott

offici

ally

end

ed.

1

HANDOUT B



JAC

KIE

RO

BIN

SON

1

BEN

JAM

IN R

USH

HANDOUT B



Ben

jam

in R

ush

1

74

5 -

18

13

The

four

th o

f se

ven

child

ren

born

to

Qua

ker

pare

nts,

Ben

jam

in R

ush

was

the

mos

t fa

mou

s ph

ysic

ian

of h

is tim

e. K

now

n an

d re

spec

ted

by m

any

of t

he F

ound

ing

gene

ratio

n, B

enja

min

Rus

h tr

eate

d ill

ness

es s

uch

as

yello

w fe

ver

and

smal

lpox

, put

ting

him

self

at g

reat

ris

k to

do

so. D

urin

g th

e yel

low

feve

r epi

dem

ic o

f the

17

90s h

e ofte

n sa

w m

ore t

han

one h

undr

ed p

atie

nts a

da

y an

d pu

blish

ed an

acco

unt o

f his

findi

ngs i

n 17

93.

He

did

not l

imit

his

inge

nuity

to m

edic

ine.

He

also

pl

ayed

a m

ajor

role

in re

volu

tiona

ry p

oliti

cs, a

ttend

ing

the

Con

tinen

tal C

ongr

ess

of 1

776

and

sign

ing

the

Dec

lara

tion

of In

depe

nden

ce. H

e an

d Ja

mes

Wils

on

led

thei

r ho

me

stat

e of

Pen

nsyl

vani

a to

bec

ome

the

seco

nd st

ate

to ra

tify

the

new

Con

stitu

tion.

D

ecid

edly

revo

lutio

nary

in h

is th

inki

ng, h

e wor

ked

to c

ure

soci

al il

ls su

ch a

s sla

very

, alc

ohol

ism

, and

to

bacc

o ad

dict

ion.

He w

as p

assio

nate

abou

t edu

catio

n.

He

knew

tha

t sc

hool

s pr

omot

ed v

irtu

e, a

nd v

irtu

e w

as k

ey in

a fr

ee so

ciet

y lik

e th

e A

mer

ican

repu

blic

. H

e w

as a

pio

neer

in th

e st

udy

of m

enta

l illn

ess a

nd a

ch

ampi

on o

f hum

anita

rian

refo

rms.

He o

ften

said

that

, w

hen

it ca

me t

o br

ingi

ng ab

out m

uch-

need

ed ch

ange

, “P

rude

nce i

s a ra

scal

ly v

irtue

.” H

is re

puta

tion

was

for

inno

vatio

n an

d ca

ndor

, if s

omet

imes

to th

e po

int o

f ta

ctle

ssne

ss.

Jack

ie R

ob

inso

n 1

91

9 -

19

72

Jac

kie

Robi

nson

was

bor

n in

Geo

rgia

in 1

919.

A

band

oned

by

his

fath

er a

nd r

aise

d w

ith h

is f

our

sibl

ings

by

thei

r m

othe

r, R

obin

son’

s ea

rly

life

expe

rienc

es w

ere o

f seg

rega

tion:

in re

stau

rant

s, m

ovie

th

eate

rs, a

nd a

t sch

ool.

His

mot

her

taug

ht h

im s

elf-

resp

ect,

cour

age,

and

pers

ever

ance

. His

athl

etic

tale

nts

blos

som

ed in

hig

h sc

hool

. He e

xcel

led

at m

any s

port

s. A

s a p

laye

r in

the N

egro

Am

eric

an L

eagu

e, Ro

bins

on’s

batti

ng av

erag

e ap

proa

ched

.400

. Ro

bins

on si

gned

on

with

the B

rook

lyn

Dod

gers

in

1947

, end

ing

80 y

ears

of s

egre

gatio

n in

pro

fess

iona

l ba

seba

ll. R

obin

son

knew

it w

ould

be

a to

ugh

road

. So

me p

laye

rs th

reat

ened

to st

rike.

Whe

n he

was

at b

at,

fast

bal

ls w

ould

nar

row

ly m

iss h

is he

ad. Th

e cr

owd

taun

ted

him

with

raci

al e

pith

ets.

His

fam

ily re

ceiv

ed

hate

mai

l. Bu

t Rob

inso

n di

d no

t bac

k do

wn.

And

as

time

wen

t on,

his

fello

w b

all p

laye

rs c

ould

not

den

y hi

s tal

ents

and

cont

ribut

ions

to th

e te

am.

Robi

nson

was

a tr

ailb

laze

r in

Am

eric

an sp

orts

. In

1997

, on

the a

nniv

ersa

ry of

his

first

gam

e, M

ajor

Lea

gue

base

ball

retir

ed Ja

ckie

Rob

inso

n’s n

umbe

r—42

—as

a

test

amen

t to

his c

oura

ge a

nd p

erse

vera

nce.

1

HANDOUT B



ELIZ

AB

ETH

CA

DY

STA

NTO

N

1

HA

RR

IETT

BEE

CH

ER S

TOW

E

HANDOUT B



Ha

rrie

t Bee

cher

Sto

we

18

11

- 1

89

6

Har

riet B

eech

er S

tow

e us

ed th

e po

wer

of h

er p

en

to o

pen

the e

yes o

f a n

atio

n to

the i

njus

tices

of s

lave

ry.

She

was

bor

n in

Con

nect

icut

in 1

811.

She

live

d in

a

Prot

esta

nt, a

bolit

ioni

st tr

aditi

on: h

er fa

ther

a m

inist

er,

her b

roth

er a

theo

logi

an, h

er h

usba

nd a

cler

gym

an.

Whe

n C

ongr

ess

pass

ed th

e Fu

gitiv

e Sl

ave

Act

in

1850

, Sto

we k

new

she h

ad to

act.

At th

e tim

e, w

omen

ha

d fe

w w

ays t

o en

gage

in p

oliti

cs. S

he co

uld

not r

un

for o

ffice

, or e

ven

vote

, but

she

was

und

eter

red.

Eve

r re

sour

cefu

l, she

foun

d a p

oliti

cal v

oice

in h

er w

ritin

gs.

She b

egan

to d

o re

sear

ch by

inte

rvie

win

g for

mer

slav

es

and

othe

rs w

ho h

ad p

erso

nal e

xper

ienc

e with

slav

ery.

Her

firs

t nov

el, U

ncle

Tom

’s Ca

bin,

told

of t

he a

buse

su

ffere

d by

ensla

ved

peop

le an

d fa

mili

es in

emot

iona

l, hu

man

term

s. U

ncle

Tom

’s Ca

bin

sold

10,

000

copi

es in

its

first

w

eek,

and

was

a b

ests

elle

r in

its

time.

She

rea

ched

pe

ople

s’ he

arts

and

min

ds in

a w

ay th

at p

oliti

cian

s had

no

t bee

n ab

le to

do.

Hist

oria

ns b

elie

ve th

e pub

licat

ion

of U

ncle

Tom

’s Cab

in sp

ed u

p th

e out

brea

k of

the C

ivil

War

, as m

ore a

nd m

ore p

eopl

e bel

ieve

d th

e nat

ion

had

a dut

y to

end

slave

ry. H

arrie

t Bee

cher

Sto

we’s

writ

ing

trul

y ch

ange

d a

natio

n’s v

iew

of j

ustic

e.

Eliz

ab

eth

Ca

dy

Sta

nto

n 1

81

5 -

19

02

Eliz

abet

h C

ady

Stan

ton

foug

ht fo

r th

e id

eals

of

the D

ecla

ratio

n of

Inde

pend

ence

—th

at a

ll pe

ople

are

crea

ted

equa

l. St

anto

n w

as b

orn

in N

ew Y

ork

Stat

e in

1815

. She

rec

eive

d a

form

al e

duca

tion,

unl

ike

mos

t w

omen

of h

er ti

me.

She d

id w

ell i

n sc

hool

, im

pres

sing

her t

each

ers a

nd cl

assm

ates

with

her

inte

llige

nce.

But

as a

wom

an, s

he c

ould

not

atte

nd th

e co

llege

of h

er

choi

ce.

Sta

nton

was

dis

turb

ed b

y w

omen

’s lo

wer

lega

l st

atus

. She

hel

ped

orga

nize

the

firs

t wom

en’s

right

s co

nven

tion

in th

e U

S in

Sen

eca

Falls

, New

Yor

k. A

t th

at c

onve

ntio

n, th

e D

ecla

ratio

n of

Sen

timen

ts a

nd

Reso

lutio

ns w

as r

ead.

This

docu

men

t, ba

sed

on th

e D

ecla

ratio

n of

Inde

pend

ence

and

writ

ten

by S

tant

on,

decl

ared

the

lega

l equ

ality

of m

en a

nd w

omen

, and

lis

ted

the

lega

l rig

hts w

omen

shou

ld h

ave,

incl

udin

g th

e rig

ht o

f suff

rage

(vot

ing)

. Her

wor

k he

lped

laun

ch

the w

omen

’s m

ovem

ent w

hich

even

tual

ly w

on w

omen

th

e rig

ht to

vot

e.St

anto

n kn

ew sh

e was

figh

ting f

or so

met

hing

bigg

er

than

her

self.

She

did

not

live

to se

e the

pas

sage

of t

he

Nin

etee

nth

Am

endm

ent.

Susa

n B.

Ant

hony

wro

te

whe

n El

izab

eth

Cad

y Sta

nton

die

d, “M

rs. S

tant

on w

as

alw

ays a

cou

rage

ous w

oman

, a le

ader

of t

houg

ht a

nd

new

mov

emen

ts.”

1

HANDOUT B



MA

RY B

ETH

TIN

KER

1

MA

RY T

SUK

AM

OTO

HANDOUT B



Ma

ry T

suka

mo

to (

left

) 1

91

5 -

19

98

Mar

y Ts

ukam

oto

devo

ted

her l

ife to

ensu

ring

civi

l rig

hts f

or al

l Am

eric

ans.

She w

as b

orn

in Sa

n Fr

anci

sco

to p

aren

ts w

ho h

ad co

me t

o C

alifo

rnia

from

Japa

n. Sh

e at

tend

ed a

seg

rega

ted

scho

ol, a

nd h

elpe

d he

r fa

mily

gr

ow m

odes

t cr

ops

desp

ite la

ws

bann

ing

Japa

nese

pe

ople

from

ow

ning

the

land

they

farm

ed.

In 1

941,

the

Japa

nese

bom

bed

Pear

l Har

bor

and

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

nter

ed W

orld

War

II.

Pres

iden

t Ro

osev

elt

was

con

cern

ed t

hat

peop

le o

f Ja

pane

se

desc

ent m

ight

aid

the

Japa

nese

. Roo

seve

lt sig

ned

an

Exec

utiv

e O

rder

cre

atin

g de

tent

ion

cam

ps. 1

20,0

00

peop

le o

f Jap

anes

e des

cent

—m

ost o

f the

m A

mer

ican

ci

tizen

s—w

ere

roun

ded

up a

nd fo

rced

to li

ve in

the

cam

ps. Th

ey lo

st th

eir p

osse

ssio

ns, t

heir

livel

ihoo

ds,

and

thei

r dig

nity

. Ts

ukam

oto

wor

ked

to m

ake

sure

the

sto

ry o

f Ja

pane

se In

tern

men

t wou

ld n

ot b

e for

gotte

n by

hist

ory.

She r

ecor

ded

her e

xper

ienc

e in

a boo

k: W

e the

Peo

ple:

A St

ory o

f Int

ernm

ent i

n Am

erica

. She

also

wor

ked

with

th

e Cal

iforn

ia H

istor

y M

useu

m an

d th

e Sm

ithso

nian

In

stitu

tion

in W

ashi

ngto

n, D

.C. t

o de

velo

p ex

hibi

ts

abou

t Jap

anes

e In

tern

men

t. D

espi

te h

er e

xper

ienc

e, sh

e rem

aine

d co

mm

itted

to se

lf-go

vern

men

t. In

1990

, M

ary

Tsuk

amot

o w

rote

: “O

nly

in a

dem

ocra

cy c

an

we

corr

ect m

istak

es. I

am

pro

ud to

be

an A

mer

ican

.”

Ma

ry B

eth

Tin

ker

b.

19

52

Mar

y Be

th T

inke

r fou

ght f

or th

e rig

ht o

f stu

dent

s to

resp

ectfu

lly e

xpre

ss th

eir p

erso

nal v

iew

s in

publ

ic

scho

ol. T

inke

r was

a th

irtee

n ye

ar o

ld m

iddl

e sc

hool

st

uden

t fro

m D

es M

oine

s, Io

wa i

n 19

65. S

he o

ppos

ed

the

war

in V

ietn

am. S

he, h

er o

lder

bro

ther

John

, and

ot

her

stud

ents

dec

ided

to

wea

r bl

ack

arm

band

s to

sc

hool

to p

rote

st th

e war

and

mou

rn th

e dea

d. W

hen

they

got

to

scho

ol, t

hey

wer

e to

ld t

hey

wou

ld b

e su

spen

ded

from

sch

ool u

ntil

they

ret

urne

d w

ithou

t th

e ar

mba

nds.

Tink

er b

elie

ved

the

puni

shm

ent

she

face

d w

as

unju

st. S

he b

elie

ved

had

a rig

ht to

expr

ess h

er vi

ews i

n a r

espe

ctfu

l and

non

-disr

uptiv

e way

. She

cour

ageo

usly

w

ore

the

arm

band

eve

n th

ough

she

knew

she

wou

ld

be s

uspe

nded

. She

ref

used

to g

ive

up h

er fi

ght.

She

and

her b

roth

er to

ok th

eir c

ase t

o th

e Sup

rem

e Cou

rt.

In T

inke

r v. D

es M

oine

s (19

69) T

inke

r won

her

case

. Th

e C

ourt

said

that

the

arm

band

s wer

e “a

kin

to p

ure

spee

ch.”

Scho

ols m

ust h

ave

the

abili

ty to

kee

p or

der,

but u

nles

s stu

dent

s tru

ly d

isrup

t sch

ool,

they

do

not

“she

d th

eir c

onst

itutio

nal r

ight

s to

free

dom

of s

peec

h or

exp

ress

ion

at t

he s

choo

lhou

se g

ate.”

Mar

y Be

th

Tink

er’s

fight

for

just

ice

beca

me

a la

ndm

ark

vict

ory

for p

ublic

scho

ol st

uden

ts’ ri

ghts

.

1

HANDOUT B



HA

RR

IETT

TU

BM

AN

1

GEO

RG

E W

ASH

ING

TON

HANDOUT B



Ha

rrie

t Tu

bm

an

18

20

- 1

91

3

Har

riet T

ubm

an, a

n en

slave

d fie

ld h

and

who

coul

d no

t rea

d, e

scap

ed to

free

dom

in 1

849.

Thirt

y ye

ars o

f po

vert

y and

abus

e had

left

her s

mal

l bod

y bat

tere

d an

d sc

arre

d. B

ut h

er s

pirit

was

uns

topp

able

. “Th

ere

was

on

e of

two

thin

gs I

had

a rig

ht to

—lib

erty

or

deat

h.

If I c

ould

not

hav

e on

e, I w

ould

hav

e th

e ot

her,”

she

late

r sai

d.N

ot c

onte

nt w

ith s

ecur

ing

her

own

free

dom

, Tu

bman

the

n tu

rned

to

help

ing

othe

rs e

scap

e.

Alth

ough

she f

aced

dea

th o

r re-

ensla

vem

ent i

f cau

ght,

Tubm

an b

ecam

e a

“con

duct

or”

on th

e U

nder

grou

nd

Railr

oad

in th

e 18

50s.

At fi

rst,

she

retu

rned

sout

h to

re

scue

her

fam

ily. O

ver

time,

she

save

d hu

ndre

ds o

f sla

ves.

She w

as cl

ever

and

gifte

d at

avoi

ding

capt

ure,

so

succ

essf

ul th

at sh

e was

nic

knam

ed “M

oses

.” N

inet

een

times

, she

mad

e the

dan

gero

us 65

0-m

ile jo

urne

y fro

m

Mar

ylan

d to

Can

ada.

She w

as n

ever

caug

ht, a

nd “n

ever

lo

st a

pas

seng

er.”

Dur

ing

the

Civ

il W

ar, s

he b

ecam

e a

scou

t, sp

y, nu

rse,

and

cook

. She

recr

uite

d fr

eedm

en to

the U

nion

ca

use,

and

help

ed le

ad ra

ids t

hat f

reed

hun

dred

s mor

e sla

ves.

With

une

qual

led

cour

age,

Tub

man

pur

sued

lib

erty

for

ever

y A

mer

ican

, and

in d

oing

so

beca

me

a le

gend

.

Geo

rge

Wa

shin

gto

n 1

73

2 -

17

99

Geo

rge

Was

hing

ton

wan

ted

his p

resid

ency

to b

e an

exam

ple o

f mod

erat

ion,

just

as h

e had

live

d hi

s life

. O

n Se

ptem

ber 1

9, 17

96, W

ashi

ngto

n ga

ve h

is Fa

rew

ell

Add

ress

. Alth

ough

the C

onst

itutio

n di

d no

t lim

it th

e Pr

esid

ent’s

ter

m, W

ashi

ngto

n kn

ew t

he s

yste

m o

f ch

ecks

and

bal

ance

s w

as d

esig

ned

to p

reve

nt a

buse

of

pow

er. Th

e le

tter o

f the

law

did

not

forb

id a

third

te

rm, b

ut h

e be

lieve

d its

spiri

t did

.Th

e dec

ision

to st

ep d

own

kept

with

Was

hing

ton’s

ch

arac

ter.

Thro

ugho

ut h

is lif

e, he

wor

ked

to fo

llow

a

set o

f str

ongl

y he

ld v

alue

s inc

ludi

ng m

oder

atio

n an

d re

spon

sibili

ty. H

e w

as a

hot

tem

pere

d pe

rson

, but

he

mod

erat

ed h

is ac

tions

. He

alw

ays

answ

ered

the

call

of d

uty—

as C

omm

ande

r in

Chi

ef o

f the

Con

tinen

tal

Arm

y, a

nd a

s pr

esid

ent

of t

he C

onst

itut

iona

l C

onve

ntio

n. A

nd h

e al

way

s ste

pped

dow

n w

hen

the

job

was

don

e. I

n fa

ct, W

ashi

ngto

n w

arne

d ag

ains

t le

ader

s with

a “lo

ve o

f pow

er” a

nd th

e abi

lity

to ab

use

it. Th

ere

was

no

grea

ter d

ange

r to

liber

ty, n

o gr

eate

r pe

ril fo

r a fr

ee p

eopl

e. Th

e pe

ople

wan

ted

him

to s

tay,

but h

e kn

ew h

e co

uld

not.

He

was

aw

are

that

as

the

first

pre

siden

t, ev

eryt

hing

he d

id w

ould

be s

ettin

g an

exam

ple f

or a

ll th

e fut

ure p

resid

ents

of t

he U

nite

d St

ates

. By r

esig

ning

, he

was

a m

odel

of m

oder

atio

n. T

o G

eorg

e Was

hing

ton,

th

e pr

eser

vatio

n of

the

Am

eric

an re

publ

ic w

as m

ore

impo

rtan

t tha

n pe

rson

al g

ain.

1

HANDOUT B



1

IDA

B.

WEL

LSTH

E W

RIG

HT

BR

OTH

ERS

HANDOUT B



Ida

B.

Wel

ls

18

62

- 1

93

1

Ida

B. W

ells

wor

ked

to b

ring

nat

iona

l atte

ntio

n to

end

ing

the

inju

stic

e of

lync

hing

. Wel

ls w

as b

orn

in M

ississ

ippi

in 1

862,

the

old

est o

f eig

ht c

hild

ren.

H

er p

aren

ts d

ied

whe

n sh

e w

as 1

4, a

nd s

he r

aise

d he

r you

nger

sibl

ings

her

self.

She

put

her

self

thro

ugh

colle

ge an

d be

cam

e a te

ache

r in

Mem

phis,

Ten

ness

ee.

In 1

892,

Wel

ls lo

st th

ree

clos

e fr

iend

s to

a ly

nch

mob

. Thes

e gr

ueso

me

killi

ngs

mad

e he

adlin

es, b

ut

no o

ne w

as a

rres

ted

or c

harg

ed. A

s a

jour

nalis

t and

a

new

spap

er o

wne

r an

d ed

itor,

Wel

ls co

urag

eous

ly

wro

te ab

out t

he ra

cism

that

mot

ivat

ed su

ch m

urde

rs.

The

pres

s atta

cked

her

as a

“bla

ck sc

ound

rel.”

A m

ob

rans

acke

d he

r offi

ce a

nd th

reat

ened

her

life

, but

she

co

ntin

ued

to sp

eak

the

trut

h ab

out l

ynch

ing.

Wel

ls la

ter m

oved

to C

hica

go w

here

she p

ublis

hed

The

Red

Reco

rd, t

he f

irst

doc

umen

ted

stat

istic

al

repo

rt o

n ly

nchi

ng. S

he b

ecam

e a

resp

ecte

d pu

blic

sp

eake

r, an

d tr

avel

ed w

idel

y. S

he c

o-fo

unde

d th

e N

atio

nal A

ssoc

iatio

n fo

r the

Adv

ance

men

t for

Col

ored

Pe

ople

(NA

AC

P) in

190

9. Id

a B.

Wel

l’s c

oura

ge a

nd

pers

ever

ance

hel

ped

end

an o

n-go

ing

inju

stic

e, an

d br

ough

t abo

ut im

port

ant c

hang

e in

the U

nite

d St

ates

.

W

rig

ht

Bro

ther

s

Wilb

ur a

nd O

rvill

e W

right

’s re

sour

cefu

lnes

s and

pe

rsev

eran

ce ch

ange

d a n

atio

n—an

d th

e wor

ld. W

hen

the

boys

wer

e yo

ung,

thei

r fat

her b

roug

ht h

ome

a to

y th

at c

augh

t th

eir

inte

rest

: a r

ubbe

r-ba

nd c

ontr

olle

d he

licop

ter.

Thei

r fas

cina

tion

with

mac

hine

s tha

t help

ed

peop

le tr

avel

cont

inue

d th

roug

hout

thei

r life

. P

eopl

e ha

d dr

eam

ed o

f “f

lyin

g m

achi

nes,”

but

no

one

had

eve

r be

en a

ble

to b

uild

one

tha

t co

uld

be c

ontr

olle

d in

flig

ht. Th

e W

right

Bro

ther

s too

k th

e re

sour

ces

they

’d e

arne

d fr

om m

anuf

actu

ring

and

se

lling

bic

ycle

s and

put

it in

to th

eir d

ream

of i

nven

ting

an a

irpl

ane.

They

exp

erim

ente

d w

ith w

ind

tunn

els.

They

hyp

othe

sized

. They

faile

d, an

d fa

iled

agai

n. O

ne

faile

d at

tem

pt, a

glid

er, w

as s

o di

sapp

oint

ing

that

W

ilbur

alm

ost g

ave

up.

Then

, on

Dec

embe

r 17,

1903

, the

y suc

ceed

ed. Th

eir

engi

ne-p

ower

ed a

irpl

ane

flew

120

fee

t, la

ndin

g 12

se

cond

s afte

r tak

eoff.

They

pat

ente

d th

eir i

nven

tion

as a

“flyi

ng m

achi

ne,” a

nd fo

reve

r cha

nged

the w

orld

. Gre

at

dist

ance

s co

uld

be s

pann

ed in

day

s in

stea

d of

wee

ks

or m

onth

s, id

eas s

prea

d ac

ross

the g

lobe

mor

e qui

ckly,

an

d th

e mod

ern

age w

as u

sher

ed in

due

in p

art t

o th

e pe

rsev

eran

ce o

f Orv

ille

and

Wilb

ur W

right

.

1

Orv

ille

Wri

gh

t 1

87

1 -

19

48

Wilb

ur

Wri

gh

t 1

86

7 -

19

12

HANDOUT B

CHARACTER CARDS


AN

DR

EW C

AR

NEG

IEJO

HN

QU

INC

Y A

DA

MS

2

HANDOUT B



HANDOUT B

CHARACTER CARDS

Joh

n Q

uin

cy A

da

ms

17

67

- 1

84

8

John

Qui

ncy

Ada

ms

was

a m

an o

f pe

rsev

eran

ce a

nd v

igila

nce.

His

fat

her,

John

Ada

ms,

was

the 2

nd P

resid

ent o

f the

U

nite

d St

ates

. He w

as th

e 6th

Pre

siden

t of

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es. A

fter h

e w

as P

resid

ent,

he b

ecam

e a

mem

ber o

f Con

gres

s. In

183

5, t

he H

ouse

of R

epre

sent

ativ

es

vote

d ag

ains

t lis

teni

ng t

o an

y pe

titio

ns

abou

t sla

very

cal

led

a “G

ag R

ule.”

Ada

ms

said

tha

t th

e G

ag R

ule

was

aga

inst

the

Fi

rst

Am

endm

ent

righ

t to

pet

ition

the

go

vern

men

t. Fi

nally

, in

184

4 th

e G

ag R

ule

was

re

peal

ed w

ith h

elp

from

Ada

ms.

Joh

n Q

uinc

y A

dam

s w

as h

eroi

c be

caus

e he

fo

ught

for

the

Firs

t Am

endm

ent r

ight

to

free

dom

of p

etiti

on.

An

dre

w C

arn

egie

1

83

5 -

19

19

And

rew

Car

negi

e’s l

ife s

tory

sho

ws

pers

ever

ance

, initi

ativ

e, an

d res

ourc

eful

ness

. In

185

3, h

e be

gan

to w

ork

for

a ra

ilroa

d co

mpa

ny. C

arne

gie

show

ed in

itiat

ive

by

learn

ing a

bout

inve

sting

mon

ey. H

e inv

este

d in

tec

hnol

ogy

that

hel

ped

the

railr

oad

com

pany

gro

w.

In 1

889,

Car

negi

e st

arte

d th

e C

arne

gie

Stee

l Com

pany

. This

com

pany

and

oth

er

com

pani

es c

ombi

ned

to m

ake

U.S

. Ste

el.

Car

negi

e an

d U

.S. S

teel

pro

duce

d th

e ste

el th

at th

e co

untr

y ne

eded

for r

ailro

ads

and

build

ings

. Car

negi

e he

lped

to b

uild

A

mer

ica.

La

ter

in h

is lif

e, C

arne

gie

cont

inue

d to

im

prov

e peo

ple’s

lives

thro

ugh

char

ity w

ork.

2

HANDOUT B



CES

AR

CH

AV

EZ

2

HEN

RY C

LAY

HANDOUT B



Ces

ar

Ch

ave

z 1

92

7 -

19

33

Ces

ar C

have

z’s

life

was

bas

ed o

n pe

rsev

eran

ce a

nd in

itiat

ive.

He

stru

ggle

d fo

r be

tter

wor

king

con

ditio

ns fo

r un

ion

farm

wor

kers

. His

fam

ily lo

st th

eir

farm

du

ring

the

Gre

at D

epre

ssio

n so

the

y m

oved

fro

m p

lace

to

plac

e w

orki

ng in

ot

her p

eopl

es’ fi

elds

. Whe

n hi

s fat

her w

as

inju

red

in a

car

acc

iden

t, C

have

z st

arte

d w

orki

ng to

hel

p hi

s fam

ily.

In 1

962,

Cha

vez

star

ted

the

Nat

iona

l Fa

rm W

orke

rs A

ssoc

iatio

n. L

ater

the n

ame

chan

ged

to U

nite

d Fa

rm W

orke

rs. T

he

Nat

iona

l Far

m W

orke

rs A

ssoc

iatio

n fo

ught

fo

r be

tter

wor

k co

nditi

ons

and

bett

er

pay

for

unio

n w

orke

rs. C

esar

Cha

vez’s

pe

rsev

eran

ce fo

r uni

ons f

or fa

rm w

orke

rs

got t

he at

tent

ion

of m

any

Am

eric

ans.

Hen

ry C

lay

17

77

- 1

85

2

Hen

ry C

lay

was

a m

an o

f per

seve

ranc

e an

d m

oder

atio

n. T

hese

val

ues

help

ed

him

ear

n th

e ni

ckna

me

of t

he “

Gre

at

Com

prom

iser.”

He

did

not

have

a lo

t of

fo

rmal

edu

catio

n, b

ut h

e st

udie

d la

w.

Cla

y w

as a

mem

ber

of th

e U

.S. H

ouse

of

Rep

rese

ntat

ives

and

the

U.S

. Sen

ate.

H

e fe

lt th

e un

ity o

f the

cou

ntry

was

ver

y im

port

ant.

He m

ade a

dea

l to

low

er ta

riffs

whe

n So

uth

Car

olin

a w

ante

d to

sec

ede

(leav

e the

nat

ion)

. He a

lso h

elped

the y

oung

na

tion

thro

ugh

stru

ggle

s with

slav

ery.

He

help

ed p

ass t

he M

issou

ri C

ompr

omise

and

the C

ompr

omise

of 1

850.

He h

oped

thes

e la

ws

wou

ld h

elp

the

natio

n su

rviv

e an

d re

mai

n un

ited.

2

HANDOUT B



FRED

ERIC

K D

OU

GLA

SS

2

RO

BER

TO C

LEM

ENTE

HANDOUT B



Fred

eric

k D

ou

gla

ss

18

18

- 1

89

5

Fred

rick D

ougl

ass w

as a

man

of in

tegr

ity,

pers

ever

ance

, and

reso

urce

fuln

ess.

He w

as

born

a sl

ave

in M

aryl

and.

As a

n en

slave

d yo

ung m

an, D

ougl

ass l

earn

ed h

ow to

read

an

d he

taug

ht ot

her s

lave

s, to

o. It

was

ille

gal

to te

ach

slave

s to

read

. But

Dou

glas

s kne

w

that

lear

ning

and

read

ing w

ould

hel

p sh

ow

peop

le h

ow b

ad sl

aver

y was

. Dou

glas

s was

ab

le to

esc

ape

to fr

eedo

m in

183

8.

Dou

glas

s m

oved

to

Mas

sach

uset

ts

and

bega

n to

wor

k w

ith a

bolit

ioni

sts

(peo

ple

who

wan

ted

to s

top

slave

ry).

He

trav

eled

aro

und

Am

eric

a an

d Eu

rope

sp

eaki

ng ag

ains

t sla

very

. He a

lso w

rote

an

auto

biog

raph

y ca

lled

Nar

rativ

e of

the

Life

of

Fre

drick

Dou

glas

s, an

Am

eric

an S

lave

to

show

eve

n m

ore

peop

le w

as a

bout

the

mise

ry o

f sla

very

.

Rob

erto

Cle

men

te

19

34

–19

72

Robe

rto

Cle

men

te p

laye

d M

ajor

Lea

gue

base

ball

for

the

Broo

klyn

Dod

gers

in

the

1950

s an

d th

e Pi

ttsbu

rgh

Pira

tes

in

the

1960

s an

d ea

rly

1970

s. H

e sh

owed

gr

eat c

oura

ge a

nd p

erse

vera

nce

thro

ugh

disc

rimin

atio

n by

mem

bers

of t

he p

ress

an

d ba

seba

ll fa

ns b

ecau

se h

e w

as f

rom

Pu

erto

Ric

o. H

e w

as v

oted

Mos

t Val

uabl

e Pl

ayer

in 1

971.

C

lem

ente

was

con

cern

ed a

bout

peo

ple

and

espe

cial

ly w

ante

d to

hel

p pr

otec

t the

rig

hts

of m

inor

ities

. Cle

men

te w

as k

illed

in

a p

lane

cra

sh in

197

2 w

hile

he

was

on

his

way

to N

icar

agua

to d

eliv

er s

uppl

ies

to e

arth

quak

e vi

ctim

s. A

fter

his

deat

h,

Cle

men

te w

as in

duct

ed in

to th

e N

atio

nal

Base

ball

Hal

l of F

ame

and

was

aw

arde

d a

Con

gres

siona

l Med

al o

f Hon

or.

2

HANDOUT B



THO

MA

S ED

ISO

N

2

GLO

RIA

EST

EFA

N

HANDOUT B



Tho

ma

s Ed

iso

n 1

84

7 -

19

31

Tho

mas

Edi

son

liv

ed a

lif

e of

re

sour

cefu

lnes

s and

initi

ativ

e. H

e bel

ieve

d th

at e

very

cha

lleng

e w

as a

n op

port

unity

. H

e had

littl

e sch

oolin

g an

d w

as d

eaf f

rom

a

youn

g ag

e, bu

t he

was

driv

en to

inve

nt.

By 1

868,

Edi

son

had

impr

oved

the

ty

pew

riter

and

tele

grap

h. T

wo

year

s lat

er,

he o

pene

d hi

s ow

n “i

nven

tion

fact

ory.”

W

ithin

fiv

e ye

ars,

he

and

his

team

of

engi

neer

s pe

rfec

ted

the

tele

phon

e an

d cr

eate

d th

e ph

onog

raph

. N

ext,

the

y be

cam

e fa

mou

s fo

r th

e in

cand

esce

nt

light

bul

b, a

nd la

ter

they

wor

ked

on t

he

mot

ion

pict

ure

cam

era,

tal

king

mov

ies,

a ca

r ba

ttery

, and

an

x-ra

y m

achi

ne. N

ot

ever

ythi

ng th

ey w

orke

d on

was

a su

cces

s, bu

t Ed

ison

per

seve

red.

Thom

as E

diso

n he

lped

brin

g A

mer

ica

into

a m

oder

n ag

e.

Glo

ria

Est

efa

n

b.

19

57

Glo

ria

Este

fan

was

bor

n in

Hav

ana,

C

uba.

Thr

ough

out

her

life

she

show

ed

grea

t co

urag

e an

d pe

rsev

eran

ce. E

stef

an

gain

ed s

ucce

ss w

ith t

he m

usic

gro

up,

the

Mia

mi S

ound

Mac

hine

, in

the

1980

s. Es

tefa

n w

as th

e le

ad s

inge

r fo

r th

e ba

nd,

and

she

also

bec

ame

invo

lved

in w

ritin

g so

ngs a

nd p

rodu

cing

. In

199

0, E

stef

an, h

er h

usba

nd, a

nd so

n w

ere

in a

terr

ible

bus

acc

iden

t. Es

tefa

n’s

spin

al i

njur

ies

wer

e se

vere

, and

man

y pe

ople

won

dere

d if

she

wou

ld b

e ab

le to

re

cove

r. Es

tefa

n pe

rsev

ered

and

with

in th

e ne

xt ye

ar, s

he w

as p

erfo

rmin

g aga

in. A

fter

the a

ccid

ent,

she r

elea

sed

man

y suc

cess

ful

solo

alb

ums

in S

pani

sh a

nd E

nglis

h an

d to

ured

Nor

th A

mer

ica.

2


HANDOUT B


BEN

JAM

IN F

RA

NK

LIN

2

FAN

NIE

LO

U H

AM

ER

HANDOUT B



Ben

jam

in F

ran

klin

1

70

6 -

17

90

Ben

jam

in F

rank

lin

was

a m

an o

f in

itiat

ive

and

reso

urce

fuln

ess.

He

wan

ted

to im

prov

e the

live

s of c

itize

ns in

Am

eric

a.

He d

id th

is by

crea

ting g

oods

, ser

vice

s, an

d a f

orm

of g

over

nmen

t. H

e cre

ated

the fi

rst

fire d

epar

tmen

t, th

e firs

t pub

lic li

brar

y, an

d th

e fir

st p

ublic

hos

pita

l in

Phila

delp

hia.

H

e inv

ente

d th

e firs

t lig

htni

ng ro

d, b

ifoca

l gl

asse

s, an

d iro

n su

rfac

e st

ove.

Fran

klin

was

also

very

fam

ous f

or he

lpin

g A

mer

ica’s

fir

st g

over

nmen

ts. H

e w

as a

pa

rt o

f the

Sec

ond

Con

tinen

tal C

ongr

ess,

and

he h

elpe

d w

rite

the

Dec

lara

tion

of

Inde

pend

ence

. He

also

hel

ped

end

the

Rev

olut

iona

ry W

ar a

nd w

as a

par

t of

th

e C

onst

itutio

nal C

onve

ntio

n. F

rank

lin

lived

vigi

lant

ly to

pro

tect

Am

eric

ans f

rom

ty

rann

y in

all

its fo

rms.

Fan

nie

Lo

u H

am

er

19

17

- 1

97

7

Fann

ie L

ou H

amer

foug

ht co

urag

eous

ly

for h

er ri

ght t

o vo

te. I

n 19

62, s

he le

arne

d th

at t

he 1

5th

Am

endm

ent

prot

ecte

d A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s’ ri

ght

to v

ote.

She

de

cide

d to

regi

ster

to v

ote.

Ham

er w

ante

d to

help

othe

r Afr

ican

Am

eric

ans p

artic

ipat

e in

the

gov

ernm

ent s

o sh

e he

lped

peo

ple

regi

ster

to v

ote.

In

1963

, she

was

put

in

an A

laba

ma

jail

and

beat

en. S

he lo

st h

er

job

and

rece

ived

dea

th t

hrea

ts, b

ut s

he

pers

ever

ed.

Ham

er’s

wor

ds h

elpe

d co

nvin

ce

Pres

iden

t Ly

ndon

Joh

nson

to

sign

the

V

otin

g R

ight

s A

ct o

f 19

65.

Thi

s la

w

defe

nded

the

15th

Am

endm

ent’s

pro

mise

of

vot

ing

righ

ts f

or A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s an

d ot

her

min

oriti

es. F

anni

e Lo

u H

amer

sh

owed

grea

t cou

rage

and

pers

ever

ance

in

fight

ing

for v

otin

g rig

hts.

2

HANDOUT B



THO

MA

S JE

FFER

SON

2

MA

RTI

N L

UTH

ER K

ING

, JR

.

HANDOUT B



Ma

rtin

Lu

ther

Kin

g, J

r. 1

92

9 -

19

68

Mar

tin

Luth

er K

ing

Jr.

pers

ever

ed

for

civi

l rig

hts

duri

ng h

is li

fe. H

e m

ade

spee

ches

, led

mar

ches

, and

sup

port

ed

non-

viol

ence

. He p

laye

d in

impo

rtan

t rol

e in

the

Mon

tgom

ery

bus

boyc

ott,

endi

ng

segr

egat

ion

on ci

ty b

uses

. K

ing’s

mos

t im

port

ant s

peec

h w

as a

t a

Mar

ch o

n W

ashi

ngto

n D

.C. i

n 19

63. M

ore

than

250

,000

peo

ple

cam

e to

Was

hing

ton

for

the

mar

ch. K

ing

mad

e hi

s fa

mou

s “I

Hav

e a

Dre

am”

spee

ch a

t th

e Li

ncol

n M

emor

ial.

Kin

g co

ntin

ued

to w

ork

for c

ivil

right

s, an

d he

won

the N

obel

Pea

ce P

rize i

n 19

64.

In 1

968,

he

was

ass

assi

nate

d, a

nd o

ver

300,

000

peop

le c

ame

to h

is fu

nera

l. H

is co

urag

eous

life

hel

ps e

ncou

rage

peo

ple

toda

y.

Tho

ma

s Je

ffer

son

17

43

- 1

82

6

Thom

as Je

ffers

on fo

ught

for

the

inte

grity

of

peo

ple’s

bel

iefs

and

the

inte

grity

of

his

coun

try.

Whe

n he

was

33

year

s old

, he

wro

te

the D

ecla

ratio

n of

Inde

pend

ence

. He k

new

he

coul

d ge

t in

trou

ble (

even

be p

ut to

dea

th fo

r tr

easo

n) fo

r w

ritin

g th

e D

ecla

ratio

n, b

ut h

e ha

d th

e co

urag

e to

def

end

his i

deas

. Je

ffers

on fo

ught

to p

rote

ct ri

ghts

. He w

rote

a

law

that

ende

d th

e sta

te ch

urch

in V

irgin

ia.

Even

whe

n he

was

in F

ranc

e, Je

ffers

on st

ayed

in

volv

ed w

ith th

e Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

vent

ion

by w

ritin

g let

ters

to d

eleg

ates

and

urgi

ng a

bill

of ri

ghts.

He a

lso fo

ught

agai

nst a

1798

law

that

m

ade

it a

crim

e to

crit

iciz

e th

e go

vern

men

t. H

e su

ppor

ted

publ

ic e

duca

tion

in V

irgin

ia.

He

knew

citi

zens

in a

repu

blic

nee

ded

to b

e ed

ucat

ed fo

r a fr

ee so

ciet

y to

surv

ive.

Thom

as Je

ffers

on b

ecam

e our

3rd

Pres

iden

t an

d se

rved

for t

wo

term

s. A

fter h

e ret

ired,

he

star

ted

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f Virg

inia

.

2

HANDOUT B



AB

RA

HA

M L

INC

OLN

JAM

ES A

RM

ISTE

AD

LA

FAY

ETTE

2

HANDOUT B



Ab

rah

am

Lin

coln

1

80

9 -

18

65

Abra

ham

Lin

coln

per

soni

fied

pers

ever

ance

. H

e los

t man

y el

ectio

ns, b

ut h

e nev

er g

ave u

p.

He b

ecam

e fam

ous i

n 18

58 d

urin

g his

deba

tes

abou

t w

estw

ard

expa

nsio

n an

d sla

very

. He

said

that

the

coun

try

coul

d no

t sur

vive

if it

w

as h

alf-

slave

and

hal

f-fr

ee.

Linc

oln

beca

me

Pres

iden

t jus

t bef

ore

the

star

t of t

he C

ivil

War

, and

he

cour

ageo

usly

le

d th

e co

untr

y th

roug

h th

e bl

oody

war

. He

belie

ved

in th

e pr

omise

of t

he D

ecla

ratio

n of

In

depe

nden

ce: N

o on

e w

as b

orn

with

a ri

ght

to r

ule

over

oth

ers.

In 1

864,

Lin

coln

was

el

ecte

d Pr

esid

ent f

or a

seco

nd te

rm.

In M

arch

186

5, w

hen

the

Civ

il W

ar w

as

alm

ost o

ver,

Linc

oln

gave

his

seco

nd in

augu

ral

spee

ch. M

any p

eopl

e tho

ught

he w

ould

spea

k ab

out

win

ning

the

war

in t

he s

peec

h, b

ut

Linc

oln

surp

rised

them

. He a

sked

the p

eopl

e to

forg

ive e

ach

othe

r and

com

e tog

ethe

r aga

in

to a

chie

ve a

“jus

t and

last

ing

peac

e.”

2

Jam

es A

rmis

tea

d L

afa

yett

e

17

48

- 1

83

0

Jam

es A

rmist

ead

lived

a li

fe o

f cou

rage

an

d du

ty. H

e w

as b

orn

into

sla

very

in

1748

in

Vir

gini

a. H

e w

ante

d to

fig

ht

for

inde

pend

ence

fro

m E

ngla

nd.

He

cour

ageo

usly

bec

ame a

spy f

or th

e Mar

quis

de L

afay

ette

in th

e C

ontin

enta

l Arm

y. H

e pr

eten

ded

to b

e a

runa

way

slav

e an

d w

as

allo

wed

into

the B

ritish

cam

ps. H

e list

ened

to

wha

t the

Brit

ish o

ffice

rs sa

id ab

out t

heir

plan

s, an

d th

en h

e wou

ld te

ll La

faye

tte an

d G

ener

al W

ashi

ngto

n.

Beca

use

he w

as a

spy

and

not a

sold

ier,

Arm

istea

d di

d no

t gai

n fr

eedo

m a

fter t

he

war

like

man

y ot

her

slave

s w

ho s

erve

d.

With

a r

ecom

men

datio

n fr

om L

afay

ette

, A

rmist

ead a

nd h

is ow

ner a

sked

the V

irgin

ia

legi

slatu

re fo

r Arm

istea

d’s fr

eedo

m. W

hen

he b

ecam

e fre

e, A

rmist

ead

chan

ged

his l

ast

nam

e to

Laf

ayet

te. H

e be

cam

e a

farm

er,

rais

ed a

fam

ily, a

nd r

ecei

ved

a pe

nsio

n fr

om th

e ar

my

for h

is se

rvic

es.

HANDOUT B



JAM

ES M

AD

ISO

N

2

THU

RG

OO

D M

AR

SHA

LL

HANDOUT B



Thu

rgo

od

Ma

rsh

all

19

08

- 1

99

3

Thur

good

Mar

shal

l is f

amou

s bec

ause

he

was

th

e firs

t Afr

ican

Am

eric

an Su

prem

e Cou

rt Ju

stic

e, bu

t he

was

cou

rage

ous

and

dete

rmin

ed m

any

year

s bef

ore

he w

as o

n th

e C

ourt

. He

grad

uate

d fr

om c

olle

ge w

ith h

onor

s, bu

t the

Uni

vers

ity o

f M

aryl

and

wou

ld n

ot a

ccep

t him

into

law

scho

ol

beca

use

he w

as b

lack

. He

stud

ied

law

at

the

hist

oric

ally

bla

ck H

owar

d U

nive

rsity

. M

arsh

all

wor

ked

to e

nd s

egre

gati

on i

n pu

blic

life

. The

fir

st c

ase

he w

on w

as a

gain

st

the

Uni

vers

ity o

f M

aryl

and

(the

sam

e sc

hool

th

at w

ould

n’t l

et h

im in

bec

ause

he

was

bla

ck).

He

beca

me

the

chie

f la

wye

r fo

r th

e N

atio

nal

Ass

ocia

tion

for

the

Adv

ance

men

t of

Col

ored

Pe

ople

(NA

AC

P). S

egre

gatio

n in

pub

lic s

choo

ls en

ded

after

Mar

shal

l arg

ued

Brow

n v.

The B

oard

of

Edu

catio

n (1

954)

in fr

ont o

f the

Supr

eme C

ourt

. Th

e Sup

rem

e Cou

rt sa

id th

at se

greg

atio

n of

pub

lic

scho

ols w

as u

ncon

stitu

tiona

l. M

arsh

all b

ecam

e a p

art o

f the

Sup

rem

e Cou

rt

in 1

967.

He

was

the

fir

st A

fric

an A

mer

ican

Su

prem

e C

ourt

Just

ice.

2

Jam

es M

ad

iso

n 1

75

1 -

18

36

Mad

iso

n

had

in

itia

tive

an

d re

sour

cefu

lnes

s to

help

the

new

nat

ion

in

way

s no

one

else

cou

ld. H

is id

eas

help

ed

form

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es’ p

lan

for

self-

gove

rnm

ent.

In 1

787,

he

was

a le

ader

of

the

Con

stitu

tiona

l Con

vent

ion.

He

took

no

tes,

spok

e of

ten,

and

hel

ped

peop

le

com

prom

ise. H

e alw

ays t

ried

to p

reve

nt th

e ab

use o

f gov

ernm

ent p

ower

. He s

ugge

sted

a

syst

em o

f che

cks

and

bala

nces

, and

he

also

wor

ked

to b

alan

ce th

e po

wer

of t

he

stat

e an

d fe

dera

l gov

ernm

ents

. He

also

fo

ught

for

indi

vidu

al r

ight

s, be

caus

e he

w

ante

d to

pre

vent

maj

oriti

es fr

om ab

usin

g th

e rig

hts o

f min

oriti

es.

Mad

ison

wor

ked

hard

to

supp

ort

the

Con

stitu

tion

by w

ritin

g new

spap

er ar

ticle

s. To

mak

e sur

e tha

t the

Con

stitu

tion

wou

ld

be p

asse

d, h

e he

lped

wri

te t

he B

ill o

f Ri

ghts

.

HANDOUT B



RO

SA P

AR

KS

2

WIL

LIA

M P

ENN

HANDOUT B



Will

iam

Pen

n 1

64

4 -

17

18

Will

iam

Pen

n fo

ught

cou

rage

ousl

y fo

r re

ligio

us li

bert

y in

tw

o di

ffere

nt c

ount

ries

. Pe

nn w

as a

Qua

ker,

and

his

relig

ion

was

ill

egal

in E

ngla

nd. W

hen

he d

id n

ot c

hang

e hi

s re

ligio

n, h

e w

as s

ente

nced

to li

fe in

jail.

W

illia

m P

enn

knew

man

y im

port

ant p

eopl

e, an

d he

was

rel

ease

d fr

om ja

il aft

er a

sho

rt

time.

He d

id n

ot li

ke th

e ide

a of f

orci

ng p

eopl

e to

follo

w a

spe

cific

rel

igio

n so

he

spok

e fo

r re

ligio

us li

bert

y.In

168

1, Th

e K

ing

of E

ngla

nd g

ave

Penn

a

larg

e pi

ece

of la

nd in

Am

eric

a be

twee

n N

ew

York

and

Mar

ylan

d be

caus

e th

e K

ing

owed

m

oney

to P

enn’s

fath

er. W

illia

m P

enn

nam

ed

the c

olon

y “P

enns

ylva

nia”

(or P

enn’s

Woo

ds)

for h

is fa

ther

. A

s go

vern

or,

he b

elie

ved

that

the

go

vern

men

t co

uld

not

forc

e a

pers

on t

o fo

llow

a ce

rtai

n re

ligio

n. P

enn

belie

ved

that

it

was

impo

rtan

t to

resp

ect p

eopl

e’s b

elie

fs a

nd

self-

gove

rnm

ent.

Rosa

Pa

rks

1

91

3 -

20

05

Ros

a Pa

rks’s

cou

rage

led

man

y to

ca

ll he

r th

e “M

othe

r of

the

Civ

il Ri

ghts

M

ovem

ent.”

She w

as b

orn

in A

laba

ma,

and

grew

up

unde

r Jim

Cro

w la

ws w

hich

said

th

at b

lack

s and

whi

tes h

ad to

be s

epar

ated

(s

egre

gatio

n).

On

Dec

embe

r 1, 1

955,

Par

ks w

as a

sked

to

giv

e up

her

bus

sea

t and

mov

e to

the

back

of

the

bus.

She

ref

used

and

was

ar

rest

ed. P

arks

’ cou

rage

led

to a

boy

cott

of al

l city

bus

es in

Mon

tgom

ery,

Ala

bam

a.

With

her

wer

e Mar

tin L

uthe

r Kin

g, Jr

. and

m

any

othe

rs.

The

Mon

tgom

ery

Bus

Boyc

ott

last

ed

for

381

days

unt

il th

e D

istr

ict

Cou

rt

rule

d th

at s

egre

gatio

n on

city

bus

es w

as

unco

nstit

utio

nal.

2

HANDOUT B



JAC

KIE

RO

BIN

SON

2

BEN

JAM

IN R

USH

HANDOUT B



Ben

jam

in R

ush

1

74

5 -

18

13

Benj

amin

Rus

h w

as t

he m

ost

fam

ous

doct

or o

f his

time.

He t

reat

ed il

lnes

ses l

ike

yello

w fe

ver a

nd sm

allp

ox, a

nd p

ut h

imse

lf at

gre

at ri

sk to

do

so.

Rush

also

pla

yed

a maj

or ro

le in

pol

itics

by

atte

ndin

g th

e C

ontin

enta

l Con

gres

s of

177

6 an

d si

gnin

g th

e D

ecla

ratio

n of

In

depe

nden

ce. H

e al

so h

elpe

d le

ad h

is ho

me s

tate

of P

enns

ylva

nia t

o be

com

e the

se

cond

stat

e to

sign

the n

ew C

onst

itutio

n.

Rush

wor

ked

to en

d sla

very

, alc

ohol

ism,

and

toba

cco

addi

ctio

n. H

e was

pas

siona

te

abou

t edu

catio

n be

caus

e he k

new

scho

ols

prom

oted

virt

ue. H

e be

lieve

d th

at v

irtue

w

as k

ey to

a fr

ee so

ciet

y lik

e the

Am

eric

an

repu

blic

. Rus

h al

so le

ad t

he w

ay fo

r th

e st

udy

of m

edic

al i

llnes

ses,

sup

port

ed

refo

rms f

or ci

tizen

s, an

d ad

voca

ted

for t

he

educ

atio

n of

wom

en.

Jack

ie R

ob

inso

n 1

91

9 -

19

72

Jack

ie R

obin

son

lived

a li

fe o

f cou

rage

an

d pe

rsev

eran

ce. H

is ea

rly li

fe w

as fu

ll of

se

greg

atio

n in

rest

aura

nts,

mov

ie th

eate

rs,

and

at sc

hool

. In

high

scho

ol, h

is ta

lent

s in

spor

ts b

egan

to g

row.

R

obin

son

sign

ed w

ith t

he B

rook

lyn

Dod

gers

bas

ebal

l tea

m in

1947

. This

ende

d 80

yea

rs o

f se

greg

atio

n in

pro

fess

iona

l ba

seba

ll. S

ome

of th

e pl

ayer

s w

ere

angr

y an

d th

reat

ened

to st

rike.

Whe

n he

was

at

bat,

fast

bal

ls w

ould

just

miss

his

head

. H

is fa

mily

rec

eive

d ha

te m

ail.

Robi

nson

di

d no

t bac

k do

wn,

and

, as t

ime

wen

t on,

hi

s fel

low

pla

yers

coul

dn’t

deny

his

tale

nt.

In 1

997,

on

the

anni

vers

ary

of h

is fir

st

gam

e, M

ajor

Lea

gue B

aseb

all r

etire

d Ja

ckie

Ro

biso

n’s n

umbe

r – 42

– to

show

ever

yone

hi

s cou

rage

and

per

seve

ranc

e.

2

HANDOUT B



ELIZ

AB

ETH

CA

DY

STA

NTO

N

2

HA

RR

IETT

BEE

CH

ER S

TOW

E

HANDOUT B



Ha

rrie

t Bee

cher

Sto

we

18

11

- 1

89

6

Har

riet B

eech

er S

tow

e was

reso

urce

ful:

she u

sed

her w

ritin

g to

show

the n

atio

n th

e ev

il of

slav

ery.

She w

as b

orn

in C

onne

ctic

ut

in 18

11, in

to a

relig

ious

, abo

litio

nist

fam

ily.

In 1

850,

Con

gres

s pa

ssed

the

Fugi

tive

Slav

e Act

, whi

ch fo

rced

peo

ple i

n fre

e sta

tes

to re

turn

esc

aped

slav

es to

thei

r m

aste

rs.

Stow

e kn

ew s

he h

ad t

o do

som

ethi

ng.

Sinc

e sh

e co

uld

not v

ote

or p

artic

ipat

e in

th

e gov

ernm

ent,

she b

egan

to w

rite a

bout

sla

very

. She

tal

ked

to fo

rmer

sla

ves

and

othe

r pe

ople

who

had

exp

erie

nce

with

sla

very

. In

her b

ook,

Unc

le To

m’s C

abin

, she

to

ld o

f the

abu

se su

ffere

d by

slav

es.

Hist

oria

ns b

elie

ve th

at h

er b

ook

help

ed

mor

e pe

ople

bel

ieve

tha

t sla

very

sho

uld

end

and

led

to t

he C

ivil

War

. Har

riet

Be

eche

r Sto

we’s

writ

ings

hel

ped

to ch

ange

th

e na

tion’s

vie

w o

f jus

tice.

Eliz

ab

eth

Ca

dy

Sta

nto

n 1

81

5 -

19

02

Eliz

abet

h C

ady

Stan

ton

pers

ever

ed fo

r th

e id

ea th

at a

ll pe

ople

are

cre

ated

equ

al.

She w

as b

orn

in N

ew Y

ork

in 1

815.

Unl

ike

mos

t w

omen

at

her

time,

Eliz

abet

h w

as

form

ally

educ

ated

. She

was

very

succ

essf

ul

in sc

hool

. But

as a

wom

an, s

he c

ould

not

go

to th

e co

llege

she

wan

ted.

Stan

ton

did

not

like

the

lega

l sta

tus

of w

omen

so

she

orga

nize

d a

wom

en’s

conv

entio

n in

Sen

eca

Falls

, New

Yor

k.

Stan

ton w

rote

the D

eclar

atio

n of S

entim

ents

an

d Re

solu

tions

bas

ed o

n th

e Dec

lara

tion

of I

ndep

ende

nce.

Thi

s do

cum

ent

said

th

at m

en a

nd w

omen

wer

e eq

ual,

and,

th

eref

ore,

they

sho

uld

have

equ

al r

ight

s, in

cludi

ng th

e rig

ht to

vote

. Sta

nton

did

not

liv

e to

see

wom

en g

ain

the

right

to v

ote

with

the p

assa

ge o

f the

19t

h A

men

dmen

t. M

any

peop

le th

ough

t tha

t Sta

nton

was

a

cour

ageo

us w

oman

and

a le

ader

.

2

HANDOUT B



MA

RY B

ETH

TIN

KER

2

MA

RY T

SUK

AM

OTO

HANDOUT B



Ma

ry T

suka

mo

to (

left

) 1

91

5 -

19

98

Mar

y Ts

ukam

oto

turn

ed h

er o

wn

sacr

ifice

in

to w

ork

for

civi

l rig

hts

for

all A

mer

ican

s. Sh

e w

ent t

o a

segr

egat

ed s

choo

l and

hel

ped

her f

amily

gro

w cr

ops e

ven

thou

gh th

ere w

as

a law

that

said

that

Japa

nese

peo

ple c

ould

not

ow

n th

e la

nd th

ey fa

rmed

.In

194

1, J

apan

att

acke

d Pe

arl

Har

bor,

and

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

nter

ed W

orld

War

II.

Pres

iden

t Roo

seve

lt w

as w

orrie

d th

at Ja

pane

se

peop

le in

Am

eric

a wou

ld tr

y to

hel

p Ja

pan

in

the

war

. The

mili

tary

ord

ered

the

crea

tion

of

dete

ntio

n ca

mps

. One

hun

dred

and

twen

ty-

thou

sand

Japa

nese

peo

ple w

ere f

orce

d to

live

in

the c

amps

even

thou

gh m

any o

f the

m w

ere

Am

eric

an c

itize

ns. Th

ese

peop

le lo

st a

lmos

t ev

eryt

hing

inclu

ding

thei

r bel

ongi

ngs,

hom

es,

jobs

, and

dig

nity

.Ts

ukam

oto

did

not w

ant p

eopl

e to

forg

et

abou

t th

e Ja

pane

se I

nter

nmen

t. Sh

e w

rote

a

book

abo

ut h

er e

xper

ienc

e ca

lled

We

the

Peop

le: A

Sto

ry o

f Int

ernm

ent i

n Am

erica

.

Ma

ry B

eth

Tin

ker

b.

19

52

Mar

y Be

th T

inke

r fou

ght f

or th

e rig

hts o

f stu

dent

s. Sh

e wan

ted

them

to b

e abl

e to e

xpre

ss

thei

r opi

nion

s in

publ

ic sc

hool

s. W

hen

Tink

er

was

13 ye

ars-

old,

she a

nd h

er o

ld b

roth

er Jo

hn

wor

e bla

ck ar

mba

nds t

o sc

hool

to p

rote

st th

e V

ietn

am W

ar. Th

ey w

ere

told

they

wou

ld b

e su

spen

ded

if th

ey d

idn’t

take

the a

rmba

nds o

ff.

Tink

er fe

lt th

at th

e pu

nish

men

t was

unj

ust.

She b

elie

ved

that

she h

ad th

e rig

ht to

expr

ess

her i

deas

in a

peac

eful

and

resp

ectfu

l way

. She

w

ore t

he ar

mba

nd ev

en th

ough

she k

new

that

sh

e wou

ld g

et in

trou

ble.

She a

nd h

er b

roth

er

took

thei

r cas

e to

the

Supr

eme

Cou

rt.

In T

inke

r v. D

es M

oine

s (19

69) T

inke

r won

he

r ca

se. Th

e C

ourt

sai

d th

at th

e ar

mba

nds

wer

e th

e sa

me

as “s

peec

h,” a

nd th

at st

uden

ts

had

the F

irst A

men

dmen

t rig

ht to

free

dom

of

spee

ch as

long

as th

ey d

id n

ot d

isrup

t sch

ool.

Mar

y Be

th T

inke

r’s fi

ght a

ffirm

ed th

e rig

hts

of y

oung

peo

ple

in p

ublic

scho

ol.

2

HANDOUT B



HA

RR

IETT

TU

BM

AN

2

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E W

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TON

HANDOUT B



Ha

rrie

t Tu

bm

an

18

20

- 1

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3

Har

riet

Tub

man

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a s

lave

who

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eous

ly es

cape

d to

free

dom

in 1

849.

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bman

also

wan

ted

to h

elp

othe

r sla

ves

beco

me

free

. She

did

so e

ven

thou

gh sh

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uld

have

bec

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ave

agai

n if

she

wer

e ca

ught

. St

artin

g in

the

1850

s, sh

e w

orke

d w

ith

a se

cret

gro

up c

alle

d th

e U

nder

grou

nd

Rai

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d. A

t fir

st, T

ubm

an h

elpe

d he

r fa

mily

esc

ape.

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r ti

me,

she

sav

ed

hund

reds

of

slav

es. P

eopl

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ckna

med

he

r “M

oses

” be

caus

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her

wor

k to

free

op

pres

sed

peop

le. S

he t

rave

led

the

650

mile

s fro

m M

aryl

and

to C

anad

a 19

times

. Sh

e w

as n

ever

cau

ght a

nd s

he n

ever

lost

on

e pe

rson

.D

urin

g th

e C

ivil

War

, Tub

man

was

a

scou

t, sp

y, nu

rse,

and

coo

k. S

he h

elpe

d fr

ee h

undr

eds

of s

lave

s du

ring

the

war

. W

ith c

oura

ge, s

he fo

ught

for

liber

ty fo

r ev

ery

Am

eric

an.

Geo

rge

Wa

shin

gto

n 1

73

2 -

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99

Geo

rge

Was

hing

ton

wan

ted

his

time

as

a Pr

esid

ent t

o be

an

exam

ple

of m

oder

atio

n.

Even

thou

gh th

e Con

stitu

tion

didn

’t sa

y ho

w

long

a Pr

esid

ent c

ould

serv

e, W

ashi

ngto

n on

ly

serv

ed fo

r 2

term

s. H

e un

ders

tood

tha

t the

sy

stem

of c

heck

s and

bal

ance

s was

inte

nded

to

stop

one b

ranc

h fro

m h

avin

g too

muc

h po

wer

. H

e w

ante

d to

pro

tect

that

syst

em.

Was

hing

ton

wor

ked

hard

to

follo

w h

is

own

valu

es o

f mod

erat

ion

and

resp

onsib

ility

. H

e ha

d a

hot t

empe

r, bu

t he

cont

rolle

d hi

s ac

tions

. He

had

serv

ed t

he c

ount

ry a

s th

e C

omm

ande

r of t

he C

ontin

enta

l Arm

y and

the

Pres

iden

t of t

he C

onst

itutio

nal C

onve

ntio

n,

but

in e

very

rol

e, h

e le

ft w

hen

the

job

was

do

ne. W

ashi

ngto

n kn

ew th

at a

buse

of p

ower

w

as v

ery

dang

erou

s to

liber

ty.

By r

etir

ing,

Was

hing

ton

dem

onst

rate

d m

oder

atio

n. W

ashi

ngto

n th

ough

t th

at

pres

ervi

ng th

e A

mer

ican

repu

blic

was

mor

e im

port

ant t

han

his p

erso

nal g

ain.

2

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HANDOUT B



Ida

B.

Wel

ls

18

62

- 1

93

1

Ida

B. W

ells

wor

ked

with

cou

rage

to sh

ow

the n

atio

n th

at ly

nchi

ng w

as ev

il. H

er p

aren

ts

died

whe

n sh

e w

as 1

4, a

nd s

he to

ok c

are

of

her

fam

ily. S

he p

ut h

erse

lf th

roug

h co

llege

an

d be

cam

e a te

ache

r in

Mem

phis,

Ten

ness

ee.

In 1

892,

thre

e of W

ells’

frie

nds w

ere k

illed

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a ly

nch

mob

. The k

illin

gs m

ade h

eadl

ines

, bu

t no

one w

as a

rres

ted

or ch

arge

d. W

ells,

as

a jo

urna

list,

owne

d an

d ed

ited

a ne

wsp

aper

. Sh

e wro

te co

urag

eous

ly ab

out t

he ra

cism

that

ca

used

the m

urde

rs. O

ther

new

spap

ers c

alle

d he

r a “b

lack

scou

ndre

l.” A

mob

des

troy

ed h

er

office

and

thre

aten

ed to

kill

her

, but

she

did

not s

top

spea

king

abo

ut ly

nchi

ng.

Wel

ls la

ter m

oved

to C

hica

go an

d pu

blish

ed

a re

port

on

lync

hing

cal

led

the

The

Red

R

ecor

d. S

he b

ecam

e a

resp

ecte

d sp

eake

r ar

ound

the

coun

try.

She

help

ed to

sta

rt th

e N

atio

nal A

ssoc

iatio

n fo

r th

e A

dvan

cem

ent

of C

olor

ed P

eopl

e (N

AA

CP)

in 1

909.

Ida

B.

Wel

ls’ c

oura

ge a

nd p

erse

vera

nce

help

ed t

o st

op ly

nchi

ng a

nd ch

ange

the w

ay th

e peo

ple

of th

e U

nite

d St

ates

thou

ght a

bout

raci

sm.

W

rig

ht

Bro

ther

s

Wilb

ur a

nd O

rvill

e W

right

’s re

sour

ce-

fuln

ess a

nd p

erse

vera

nce

chan

ged

the

na-

tion

and

the w

orld

. Oth

er p

eopl

e dre

amed

of

flyi

ng m

achi

nes,

but n

o on

e cou

ld b

uild

on

e th

at c

ould

be

cont

rolle

d. Th

e W

right

Br

othe

rs tr

ied

diffe

rent

mat

eria

ls an

d im

ag-

ined

new

idea

s, bu

t the

y fai

led

man

y tim

es.

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alm

ost g

ave

up.

Fina

lly, o

n D

ecem

ber

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they

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r eng

ine-

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ered

airp

lane

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w 1

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eet

and

was

in t

he a

ir f

or 1

2 se

cond

s. Th

eir

“flyi

ng m

achi

ne”

chan

ged

the w

orld

fore

ver.

Trav

elin

g be

cam

e fas

ter

and

easie

r, an

d id

eas

spre

ad a

roun

d th

e w

orld

. The

pers

ever

ance

of

Wilb

ur a

nd

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ille W

right

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ped

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orld

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e int

o th

e m

oder

n ag

e.

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gh

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12


Directions: After reading the biographical sketch of your assigned American hero, answer the questions below to help you better understand the historical figure and his or her achievements.

HANDOUT C

MY AMERICAN HERO

1. My hero’s name is ______________________________________________________ .

2. The time period or era in which my hero lived is ______________________________ .

3. My hero’s significant accomplishments are __________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ .

4. Character traits and civic values that make my hero a hero are ___________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ .

5. Similarities between my hero and me include ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

because ______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ .

6. My hero demonstrated a commitment to American principles and traditions by _____

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ .

1


Directions: After reading the biography of your assigned American hero, answer the questions below to help you understand the person more.

HANDOUT C

MY AMERICAN HERO

1. My hero’s name is ______________________________________________________ .

2. My hero lived during this time: ___________________________________________ .

3. My hero is important because: ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ .

4. These are the civic values and characteristics that make my hero a hero: ___________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ .

5. My hero is like me in these ways: __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

because ______________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ .

6. My hero is a great American because: ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ .

2


Directions: Complete the seating chart below to show which American heroes attended your “dinner party.” List yourself as the host. After introducing yourselves and speaking about your lives and heroic actions, discuss the questions below.

HANDOUT D

DINNER PARTY SEATING CHART

Discussion Questions (answer from the point of view of your historic figure):

1. Are there any historical connections among the guests seated at your table?

2. Would you most likely get along with or disagree with those who are seated at your table? Explain your answer.

3. What values do you share with these people? What differences do you observe in your values?

4. What actions have you taken in your life to earn you a spot at this table of “heroes”?

Host/Hostess:

_____________

1


Directions: Complete the seating chart below to show which American heroes attended your “dinner party.” List your hero as the host. After introducing yourselves and speaking about your lives and heroic actions, discuss the questions below.

HANDOUT D

DINNER PARTY SEATING CHART

Discussion Questions (answer from the point of view of your historic figure):

1. What actions have you taken in your life to earn a spot at this table of “heroes”?

2. Are there any historical connections between the people at your table?

3. Would you get along with each other or would you disagree with each other? Explain.

4. What values do you share with the people at your table? What differences are there between your values and the values of the people at your table? As far as civic virtues, which is greater: the differences among your group or your shared ideals?

Host/Hostess:

_____________

2


Civic Value: Attitudes and behaviors important to individuals and societies.

Courage: The ability to take constructive action in the face of fear or danger.

Hero: A person who exhibits civic value.

Honor: Demonstrating good character, integrity, and acting honestly.

Initiative: Exercising the power, energy, or ability to organize or accomplish something.

Justice: The upholding of what is fair, just, and right.

Moderation: The avoidance of excesses or extremes.

Perseverance: To continue in a task or course of action or hold to a belief or commitment, in spite of obstacles or difficulty.

Respect: Honor or admiration of someone or something.

Responsibility: Acting on good judgment about what is right or wrong, or deserving the trust of others.

Resourcefulness: Taking constructive action in difficult situations quickly and imaginatively.

Vigilance: Being alert and attentive to take action to remedy possible injustices or evils.

HANDOUT E

GLOSSARY

CHARACTER CARD RESOURCES

John Quincy Adams

Wheelan, Joseph. Mr. Adams’s Last Crusade: John Quincy Adams’s Extraordinary Post-Presidential Life in Congress. New York: Public Affairs, 2008.

“John Quincy Adams (1767-1848).” The Massachusetts Historical Society. 2003. http://www.masshist.org/bh/jqabio.html

Andrew Carnegie

Edge, Laura Bufano. Andrew Carnegie: Industrial Philanthropist. Minnesota: Lerner Publications, 2004.

“Andrew Carnegie.” http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/carnegie/aa_carnegie_subj.html

Cesar ChavezEtulain, Richard W. Cesar Chavez: A Brief Biography with Documents. (The Bedford Series in History and Culture). New York: St. Martins Press, 2002.

“Cesar Chavez.” Contemporary Hispanic Biography. Vol. 2 Gale Group, 2002. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group. 2004.

Henry ClayPeterson, Merrill D. The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. Oxford University Press, 1987.

“The Day Henry Clay Died, June 29, 1852.” http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/reform/jb_reform_claydied_2.html

Roberto Clemente“Beyond Baseball: The Life of Roberto Clemente.” http://www.robertoclemente.si.edu/english/index.htm

“Roberto Clemente.” http://www.biography.com/people/roberto-clemente-9250805

Frederick DouglassDouglass, Frederick and Gates, Henry Louis. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. New York: Penguin Putnam, 1994.

Thomas, Sandra. Frederick Douglas: Abolitionist/ Editor. http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html

“Frederick Douglas (1818-1895).” PBS Online. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html

Thomas EdisonStross, Randall E. The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2008.

“Edison: The Life of Thomas A. Edison.” http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edbio.html

Gloria Estefan“Artists: Gloria Estefan.” http://www.billboard.com/artist/302943/gloria-estefan/biography

“Gloria Estefan.” http://www.biography.com/people/gloria-estefan-9542436

Benjamin FranklinFranklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York: McMillan, 1962.

Srodes, James. Franklin: The Essential Founding Father. Washington: Regnery Publishing, 2002.

Benjamin Franklin: An Extraordinary Life, An Extraordinary Mind. http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/

Fannie Lou Hamer“Summary Biography of Fannie Lou Hamer, 1918-1977.” http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/127.html

Fannie Lou Hamer: Testimony Before the Credentials Committee, DNConvention.http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fannielouhamercredentialscommittee.htm

Thomas JeffersonEllis, Joseph J. American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1997.

Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Vintage, 1998.

Wills, Gary. Inventing America: Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. Boston: Mariner Books, 2002

Yarbrough, Jean. American Virtues: Thomas Jefferson on the Character of a Free People. Lawrence: The University press of Kansas, 1998.

“Thomas Jefferson.” http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/

Martin Luther KingFrady, Marshall. Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Life (Penguin Lives Biographies). New York: Penguin, 2005.

“Martin Luther King Jr., The Nobel Peace Prize 1964.” http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html

The King Center. http://www.thekingcenter.org/

James Armistead Lafayette“James Armistead, Patriot Spy.” http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1963424_1963480_1963442,00.html

“Revolutionary War: James Armistead Lafayette” https://www.cia.gov/kids-page/6-12th-grade/operation-history/revolutionary-war.html

Abraham LincolnFarber, Daniel A. Lincoln and the Constitution. University of Chicago Press, 2004.

Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years. Orlando: Harcourt, 1964.

“Abraham Lincoln: Leader for all Ages, by Edwin Meese.” http://www.claremont.org/publications/pubid.493/pub_detail.asp

James MadisonKetcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1990.

Labunski, Richard. James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights (Pivotal Moments in American History). Oxford University Press, 2008

Leibiger, Stuart. Founding Friendship: George Washington, James Madison, and the Creation of the American Republic (Constitutionalism and Democracy Series). University of Virginia Press, 2001.

“The Papers of James Madison.” http://www.virginia.edu/pjm/

Thurgood MarshallWilliams, Juan. Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000.

“Thurgood Marshall: Associate Justice United States Supreme Court.” http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/tmarsh.htm

William PennSoderlund, Jean R. and Richard S. Dunn, Eds. William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania: 1680-1684. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Historical Society, 1999.

“William Penn, Proprietor.” http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnintro.html

Rosa Parks“A Guide to Materials for Rosa Parks.” http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/rosaparks/rosaparks.html

“The Story Behind the Bus.” http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/rosaparks/story.asp

Jackie RobinsonRobinson, Jackie. I Never Had It Made: An Autobiography of Jackie Robinson. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

“Teaching with Documents: Beyond the Playing Field – Jackie Robinson, Civil Rights Advocate.” The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/jackie-robinson/

Benjamin Rush“Benjamin Rush” http://billofrightsinstitute.org/resources/educator-resources/founders/benjamin-rush/

“Penn Biographies: Benjamin Rush (1746-1813)” http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/rush_benj.html

Elizabeth Cady StantonMcMillan, Sally. Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement. (Pivotal Moments in American History). Oxford University Press, 2008.

“Elizabeth Cady Stanton.” http://www.nps.gov/wori/historyculture/elizabeth-cady-stanton.htm

Harriet Beecher StoweBoydston, Jeanne; Kelley, Mary; and Margolis, Anne. The Limits of Sisterhood: The Beecher Sisters on Women’s Rights and Woman’s Sphere. University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

“Harriet Beecher Stowe: 1811-1896.” A Celebration of Women Writers. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma97/riedy/hbs.html

Mary Beth TinkerJohnson, John. The Struggle for Student Rights: Tinker V. Des Moines and the 1960s (Landmark Law Cases and American Society). University of Kansas Press, 1997.

“Case Summary: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District.” http://www.freedomforum.org/packages/first/Curricula/EducationforFreedom/supportpages/L08- CaseSummaryTinker.htm

Mary Tsukamoto“Mary Tsukamoto (1915-1998), Educator, Writer and Cultural Historian.” http://www.nwhp.org/whm/tsukamoto_bio.php

Tateishi, John. And Justice for All: An Oral History of the Japanese American Detention. University of Washington Press, 1999

Harriet TubmanClinton, Catherine. Harriet Tubman: The Road to Freedom. New York: Back Bay Books, 2005.

“Harriet Tubman.” Africans in America, PBS Online Series. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1535.html

George WashingtonBrookheiser, Richard. Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington. New York: Free Press, 1997.

McDonald, Forrest. The Presidency of George Washington. University Press of Kansas, 1988.

Morgan, Edmund. The Genius of George Washington. W.W. Norton & Company, 1982.

The Farewell Address: Washington’s Final Manuscript. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/farewell/transcript.html

Ida B. WellsWells, Ida B. and Alfreda M. Duster, Ed. The Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. University of Chicago Press, 1991.

“Jim Crow Stories: Ida B. Wells.” http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_people_wells.html

Wright BrothersHoward, Fred. Wilbur and Orville Wright: A Biography of the Wright Brothers. Courier Dover Publications, 1998.

The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aerial Age. http://www.nasm.si.edu/wrightbrothers/who/index.cfm

Handout C: You Be the Judge! Versions 1 and 21. just compensation for taken property, Fifth

Amendment

2. freedom from government-established religion, First Amendment

3. no cruel and unusual punishment, Eighth Amendment

4. free religious exercise, First Amendment

5. right against self-incrimination, Fifth Amendment; right of the accused to have access to counsel, Sixth Amendment

6. due process, Fifth Amendment; right to a fair trial by impartial jury, Sixth Amendment; related issues: freedom of the press, First Amendment; public trials, Sixth Amendment

7. freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures, Fourth Amendment

8. freedoms of speech and assembly, First Amendment

LESSON 4

America’s Civic Values

Handout C: Civic Values and You Versions 1 and 21. respect

2. initative, responsibility

3. courage, responsibility

4. initiative, resourcefulness

5. honor, justice, responsibility,

6. initiative, resourcefulness

7. honor, courage, initiative

8. honor, responsibility, perseverance

9. initiative, respect

10. courage, perseverance

11. honor, justice, responsibility

12. courage, respect

13. honor, justice, vigilance

14. honor, justice

15. honor, respect

Handout D: Civic Values and the Constitution1. initiative, responsibility

2. justice, resourcefulness

3. justice

4. justice, moderation

5. moderation

6. honor, perseverance, responsibility, duty

7. justice, responsibility

8. honor, justice, respect

9. honor, justice, respect, responsibility, duty

10. initiative, honor, responsibility

11. justice, respect

12. courage, initiative, perseverance, respect, responsibility, resourcefulness

13. justice, moderation

14. moderation, responsibility, vigilance

LESSON 5

American Heroes: Past and Present

Handout A: What is a Hero? Students’ answers will vary based on the heroes they choose

Handout C: My American Hero Versions 1 and 2Students’ answers will vary based on the Character Card hero they were assigned

Handout D: Dinner Party Seating Chart Versions 1 and 2Students’ answers will vary based on the heroes at their “dinner party” table

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Typewritten Text

ANSWER KEY