lesson 6: education presented by: celene fuller. lesson 6: eductaion 2

Lesson 6: Education

Presented by: Celene Fuller

Lesson 6: Eductaion 2

Lesson 6: Education 3

Lesson 1: Sociological Constructs and Theories 4

Structural Functionalism

Society is viewed as an ordered system of interrelated parts, or structures, which are the different large-scale social institutions that make up society (family, education, politics, the economy).

Each of these different parts of society meets the needs of society by performing specific functions for the whole system (society).


Conflict Theory

Conflict Theory sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, and emphasizes a materialist view of society, a critical view of the status quo, and a dynamic model of historical change, emerged from the writings of Marx.


Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic Interactionism sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but are created through interaction. Society is symbolic interaction.

We create reality through our interactions with one another and through shared meanings made possible through language


Schools Socialize Us Like other

agents of socialization, schools tell us what behavior and feelings are appropriate for which gender.


Elementary School Much of gender we learn is unintentional and largely

“hidden agendas” in the school curriculum Boys and girls attend schools equally in the U.S. Children are automatically and with little thought

segregated by gender. Why? Schools help create the dichotomy of boys and girls

rather than reflect some “natural” distinction among them.


Widespread Inequalities There are widespread educational inequalities

based on gender, race, class, and age found in systems of education everywhere.

Explanations for these inequalities include that (1) educators rely on stereotypes about gender

differences, (2) schools provide teaching materials that promote

stereotypical views of girls and boys, (3)families and states favor the education of boys over

girls, and (4) standard beliefs are that students should train for

appropriately gendered occupations (e.g., boys for science and girls for carework).


Class-, gender-, and race-based inequalities such as poverty, heterosexism, racism and nativism (hostility to immigrants) also contribute to a “chilly climate” in schools that impedes the progress of many students, boys as well as girls.


Treated Differently in K-12 For boys: Called on more

frequently Boys speak up sooner,

more interaction w/ teacher

Boys demand more attention

For Girls:

• Wait less time for their answer before moving on even though girls are less assertive and like to think about their answers

• Girls become fringe elements of classroom action


Treated Differently For boys: When they speak out,

teachers comment on their observations

Encourage to correct a wrong answer or expand a right one

For Girls:

• Teachers engage in fewer complex interactions

• Teachers respond with a nod or brief “okay” and move on to the next topic


Treated Differently For boys: When they ask for

help teachers give elaborate instructions to the student as he does the work

For Girls:

• When girls ask for help the teachers are more likely to show her how to do things by doing it themselves


For Girls

Teachers are more apt to comment on appearance or clothing or girls. What about comments on academic performance?

What does this indicate we value from our boys and our girls?

Teachers are largely unaware of these discrepancies and are usually stunned to see them when they view themselves on videotape.


The Results?

Decline in girls’ self-confidence during school years, especially adolescence

Self esteem slightly declines for boys but more noticeably declines for girlsBoys’ scores go from 5 to 4.8Girls’ scores go from 4 to 2.8


Studies Show that at a Younger Age, Girls are Smarter than Boys…


But girls begin to question their ability because of gender…


Taming Warriors in the Kindergarten Classroom Not only girls are harmed in schools Boys also find difficulties Boys’ socialization doesn’t prepare them

well for school They’re taught to be rowdy and

rambunctious—traits that require discipline in school.


Feminine Socialization

Females are socialized to play nurturing and self-display games; mothers, nurses, brides, princesses are easily incorporated into school

Ways of expressing themselves are within the line of rationality, responsibility and decorum of school.


Medicalizing and Medicating Boys in School Little boy can’t stop fidgeting? Ritalin! Diagnosis for ADHD increased by 700% in the

1990s; of all prescriptions in the world, 90% are to Americans

Boys are 3 to 10 times more likely to be identified with ADHD

Girls may be overlooked for diagnosis because it is marked by less disruptive, impulsive behavior and more by disorganized, unfocused performance.

Or…


ADHD Women and girls with

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD) are not only less frequently diagnosed than their male counterparts.

ADD/ADHD girls and women often require gender-specific treatments to help manage symptoms, succeed at school and work, and have successful relationships.


Teaching Materials School books contain many gendered messages. Studies in

the 1970s found that more men and boys were characters in stories and the subjects of autobiographies and pictures.

In the 1990s, the ratio of women and girls had improved but men and boy characters were still more visible and more likely to be active and involved in important areas of social life.

Women and girls were invisible in introductory sociology texts for college students, relegated to chapters on family and sexuality, and underrepresented in chapters on politics.

A result is that most students are ignorant about women’s contributions to ideas, social institutions and history.


How to Survive a shark attackHow to Survive in a ForestHow to Survive FrostbiteHow to Survive a Plane CrashHow to Survive in the DesertHow to Survive a Polar Bear AttackHow to Survive a Flash FloodHow to Survive a Broken LegHow to Survive an EarthquakeHow to Survive a Forest FireHow to Survive in a WhiteoutHow to Survive a Zombie InvasionHow to Survive a SnakebiteHow to Survive if Your Parachute FailsHow to Survive a Croc AttackHow to Survive a Lightning StrikeHow to Survive a T-RexHow to Survive Whitewater RapidsHow to Survive a Sinking ShipHow to Survive a Vampire AttackHow to Survive an AvalancheHow to Survive a TornadoHow to Survive QuicksandHow to Survive a FallHow to Survive a Swarm of BeesHow to Survive in Space

How to survive a BFF FightHow to Survive Soccer TryoutsHow to Survive a BreakoutHow to Show You’re SorryHow to Have the Best Sleepover EverHow to Take the Perfect School PhotoHow to Survive BrothersScary Survival Dos and Don’tsHow to Handle Becoming RichHow to Keep Stuff SecretHow to Survive TestsHow to Survive ShynessHow to Handle Sudden StardomMore Stardom Survival TipsHow to Survive a Camping TripHow to Survive a Fashion DisasterHow to Teach Your Cat to SitHow to Turn a No Into a YesTop Tips for SpeechmakingHow to Survive EmbarrassmentHow to Be a Mind ReaderHow to Survive a CrushSeaside SurvivalHow to Soothe SunburnHow to Pick Perfect SunglassesSurviving a Zombie AttackHow to Spot a FrenemyBrilliant Boredom BustersHow to Survive Truth or DareHow to Beat BulliesHow to be an Amazing Babysitter


High School

Slightly more than 10% of all high school students drop out before graduation.

Boys drop out more than girls, Latinos more than white or black students

Girls are more involved in extracurricular activities than boys


Math and Science and Gender Girls now outnumber boys in college preparatory

courses, especially Geometry, Algebra II, Biology, and Chemistry.

They are only slightly behind boys in Calculus and Physics

But ideas about gender still identify these fields as masculine.

As a result, women may be less likely to recognize their abilities in these fields.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-t6-IDrg2p8


These feelings continue into college


Title IX, No Child Left Behind, and Single Sex Schools Title IX, passed in 1972, made it illegal for

schools that receive federal assistance to discriminate against girls and women.

There is a potential conflict between Title IX and the No Child Left Behind Act, which encourages schools to try same sex classrooms.


SAT Scores SATs are an important gateway to

higher education in the U.S. Women are now the majority of those students who take SATs, but men score higher on average on the test (see Table 5.5).

Explanations for men’s higher scores are that boys are better prepared in high school, that the test is gender-biased, that the format of the test coincides with masculine style of test-taking, that the test rewards guessing (and boys are more likely to risk a guess), or that timed tests reward speed.

The purpose of SATs is to try to predict which students will be successful in college, but they do not predict well.

Women get better grades in college courses on average and are more likely to finish their degrees.


International Comparisons on Standardized Tests Boys and girls in many nations score about the

same on achievement exams when they have the same background.

The biggest gaps in educational attainment are between countries, not genders.

The highest math scores of U.S. students are about equal to the average score of students in the top scoring nations of Singapore, Korea, Japan, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.

4th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade


Math

Science



Higher Education and Gender

In the past few decades, women have made gains in education, especially in the United States, which now has the highest proportion of women attending college in the world.

Men are still more likely to obtain a Doctoral degree, but even that gap is diminishing


The gender balance in many fields of university study has also become more equal as women enter fields once thought to be for men only, such as business, law, and dentistry.

Similarly, men are more likely to earn degrees in women-dominated fields such as nursing, elementary education, and home economics

However, within fields, gender differences remain. Women concentrate in family law and men in tax law, for example.


Race ethnicity and class intersect with gender to create other differences in the educational attainment of men and women.

In historically black colleges, women make up 70% of the student body despite efforts to recruit men.

African American and Native American women are a greater proportion of non-traditional age students

Women have made the greatest strides in surpassing men in college attendance in the poorest households


Global Rates of Literacy

At the global level, girls suffer from discrimination by governments, families, and schools.

Two-thirds of children not attending schools in the world are girls, and 86 million of the 140 million illiterate young people in the world are girls.

Low education levels among women are associated with higher fertility, lower-paid jobs, decreased income, and greater poverty, leaving women and their children in poorer health, suffering higher rates of malnourishment and early mortality.


Unexpected Connections Between Water and Education A major barrier to education for girls in poor countries

is the lack of access to water and sanitation. Carrying water is women’s work in many countries,

which can take up to four hours a day, cutting into school attendance.

If schools do not have toilets, boys are sent into the fields to pee but girls must wait all day until they can return to their home or community to find a toilet and when girls get their periods, they must stay home from school.


Gender and Teachers

In higher education, women are clustered in the lowest ranks of faculties, are lower paid, are more likely to be in part-time or temporary positions, and are tenured more slowly

They feel less supported on campus because of sexist jokes, sexual harassment, and exclusion from social networks.

Their students are more demanding and give them lower evaluations, especially if they violate gender norms. Gatekeepers such as journal editors rate their research more critically than research done by men.

Women are still the minority in many faculties


Evaluating Professors

Some studies find that students have higher expectations of women faculty, hold women teachers to different standards and evaluate them more harshly.

Do you find this to be true in your own experiences?

I wonder what would happen if we did a content analysis of ratemyprofessors.com?


Some scholars argue that schools are organized to prepare students for future roles as docile, obedient, and motivated workers in a capitalist workforce.

Some argue that we learn these lessons through the “hidden agenda” of schools: following the rules, accepting the hierarchy of authority, and working for external rewards (pay and praise).

The hidden agenda is gendered in complex ways, helping schools to function as a “gender factories.”

“This Department is Very Male, Very White, Very Old, and Very Conservative”


Eric Margolis and Mary Romero 1998 Interviewed 26 women of color in PhD

sociology departments Weak vs. Strong Hidden Agendas

Weak: professionalization process for becoming sociologist

Strong: reproduces stratified and unequal social relations

Weak

Stay inside the box Theory over practice Competition Isolation Mentorship Access to resources



Strong Stigmatization Blaming the victim Cooling out Stereotyping Absence Silence Exclusion Tracking

Resistance

Apply critical perspective Bring in outside speakers Go outside of department Share data


lesson 6: education presented by: celene fuller. lesson 6: eductaion 2

Documents

education of boys

sociological constructs

systems of education

system society

attentionfor girls

answers girls

needs of society

basis of society