lesson 1 language and linguisticscreativity (a) mike decided to buy an apartment. (b) mike decided...
TRANSCRIPT
CONTENTS
• HUMAN LANGUAGE AND ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
• THE PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LANGUAGE
• SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE AND WRITING SYSTEM
LANGUAGES
• WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF ‘LANGUAGE’?
• IS LANGUAGE THE EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES?
• WHAT IS THE PROPERTIES OF ‘HUMAN LANGUAGE’?
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF ‘LANGUAGE’?
• IF LANGUAGE IS VIEWED ONLY AS A SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATION, THEN MANY SPECIES
COMMUNICATE.
• DANCE LANGUAGE OF HONEYBEE
• AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE USED TO TEST THE CHIMPANZEES (WASHOE & SARAH)
• ARE THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS USED BY OTHER SPECIES ALL LIKE HUMAN LINGUISTIC
KNOWLEDGE?
• MOST ANIMALS POSSES SOME KIND OF ‘SIGNALING’ COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.
HUMAN LANGUAGE &
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION
• THE POSSESSION OF LANGUAGE DISTINGUISHES HUMANS FROM OTHER ANIMALS.
• HUMAN LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE IS ACQUIRED BY CHILDREN WITH NO EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION, AND
IS USED CREATIVELY RATHER THAN IN RESPONSE TO INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL STIMULI.
• HUMAN LANGUAGE IS DIFFERENT FROM ANIMAL COMMUNICATION IN TERMS OF:
• BIOLOGICAL ASPECT
• NEUROLOGICAL ASPECT
• HUMANS ARE BORN WITH THE ABILITY TO LEARN LANGUAGE.
• SPECIFIC AREAS OF HUMAN BRAIN ARE DEVOTED TO LANGUAGE.
HUMAN LANGUAGE PROPERTIES
• ARBITRARINESS
• CREATIVITY
• DISPLACEMENT
• DISCRETENESS
• CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
(YULE, 2010)
ARBITRARINESS
• A WORD OF EVERY LANGUAGE CONSIST OF ‘FORM’ AND ‘MEANING’.
• SUCH A CONNECTION BETWEEN ‘FORM’ AND ‘MEANING’ IS ARBITRARY, KNOWN AS A ‘LINGUISTIC SIGN’.
• THERE IS NO “NATURAL” CONNECTION BETWEEN A LINGUISTIC FORM AND ITS MEANING. (YULE, 2010: 12)
• A LANGUAGE MAY BE SIMPLY DEFINED AS ‘A SIGN SYSTEM’.
• THAT IS, THE FORM OF A WORD IS INDEPENDENT OF ITS MEANING AND VICE VERSA.
ARBITRARINESS
• H-O-U-S-E (ENGLISH)
• บ้-า-น (THAI)
• M-A-I-S-O-N (FRENCH)
• 家-庭 (JAPANESE)
• 房-子 (CHINESE)
kvinii
ACTIVITY: THE FOLLOWING ARE WORDS IN SOME DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. HOW MANY OF THEM CAN YOU UNDERSTAND?
(FROMKIN ET AL, 2007, PP. 5-6)
1. right on! (in Hausa)
doakam 2. teacher (in Warao)
_____
_____
odun
asa
toowq
bolna
wartawan
inaminatu
yawwa
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
3. reporter (in Indonesian)
4. to speak (in Hindi-Urdu)
5. is seeing (in Luiseno)
6. morning (in Japanese)
7. wood (in Turkish)
8. living creatures (in Tohono O’odham)
9. a large parasol (in Twi)
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
CREATIVITY
• HUMANS ARE CONTINUALLY CREATING NEW EXPRESSIONS AND NOVEL UTTERANCES BY
MANIPULATING THEIR LINGUISTIC RESOURCES TO DESCRIBE NEW OBJECTS AND SITUATIONS.
(YULE, 2010: 13)
• A FIXED SET OF SIGNALS FOR COMMUNICATION. THE POTENTIAL NUMBER OF UTTERANCES IN
ANY HUMAN LANGUAGE ARE CONVEYED VIA A FIXED SET OF SIGNALS FOR
COMMUNICATION.
CREATIVITY
• THE POTENTIAL TO CREATE WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS TO CONVEY NEW IDEAS AND
EXPERIENCES AROUND US. LANGUAGE MUST BE PRODUCTIVE IN ORDER TO MEET THE
CHANGING AND INCREASING COMMUNICATIVE DEMANDS OF THEIR SPEAKERS.
WEBCAM GOLF CAR
STICKY NOTES
CREATIVITY
(A) MIKE DECIDED TO BUY AN APARTMENT.
(B) MIKE DECIDED TO BUY A BIG APARTMENT. (AN ADJECTIVE CAN MODIFY A NOUN)
(C) MIKE DECIDED TO BUY A BIG FULLY-FURNISHED APARTMENT.
(D) MIKE DECIDED TO BUY A BIG FULLY-FURNISHED APARTMENT IN LONDON. (A PREPOSITION
PHRASE CAN MODIFY A NOUN) (TIMYAM, 2010, P. 2)
(“SYSTEMATIC”)
THE OLD, OLD, OLD, OLD MAN CAME.
(HOW MANY “OLDS” ARE TOO MANY?)
RULES + LEXICON
CREATIVITY
CREATIVITY IS AN INTRINSIC FEATURE OF LANGUAGE; HOWEVER, THERE ARE ALSO LIMITS ON
WHICH INNOVATIONS CAN OCCUR.
ACT - REACT HAPPY - *REHAPPY
USE - REUSE EVENT - *REEVENT
CYCLE - RECYCLE OUT - *REOUT
DECORATE - REDECORATE CAREFULLY - *RECAREFULLY
BROADCAST - REBROADCAST SOME - *RESOME
DISPLACEMENT
• DISPLACEMENT IS THE CAPABILITY OF LANGUAGE TO COMMUNICATE ABOUT THINGS THAT
ARE NOT PRESENT WITHOUT SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL LIMITATIONS, OR EVEN THINGS THAT
ARE NOT HERE IN IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT (YULE, 2012, P.12).
• “TOMORROW, I WILL GO TO SEE THE MOVIE”, “I DIDN’T SEE THE MOVIE YESTERDAY.”
• “NO ONE HAS EVER SEEN ANGEL, SERPENT, AND NO ONE HAS EVER GONE TO HEAVEN AND
HELL.”
DISCRETENESS
DISCRETENESS REFERS TO THE FACT THAT ELEMENTS IN LANGUAGE HAVE DEFINABLE BOUNDARIES (CRYSTAL,
2008). THEY CAN BE BROKEN INTO DISTINCT SMALLER LINGUISTIC UNITS (KANOKSILAPATHAM, 2012, P. 7).
- I
, , - LOVE
,,, -CATS I LOVE CATS.
sounds words sentences
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
• WHILE WE MAY INHERIT PHYSICAL FEATURES SUCH AS BROWN EYES AND DARK HAIR FROM
OUR PARENTS, WE DO NOT INHERIT THEIR LANGUAGE. WE ACQUIRE A LANGUAGE IN A
CULTURE WITH OTHER SPEAKERS AND NOT FROM PARENTAL GENES.
• THEREFORE, LANGUAGE IS SOCIALLY LEARNED BEHAVIOUR, A SKILL THAT IS ACQUIRED AS ONE
GROWS UP IN A SOCIETY.
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION
• LANGUAGE IS NOT INSTINCT, BUT LEANING LANGUAGE IS INSTINCT.
FATHER: AMERICAN
MOTHER: THAI-ENGLISH
WHEN SHE WAS A CHILD, CINDY LIVES IN PATTAYA.
WHAT LANGUAGES CAN SHE SPEAK? (A) ENGLISH
(B) THAI
(C) BOTH
FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE
• INFORMATIVE “I WAS ABSENT BECAUSE OF SICKNESS.”
• EXPRESSIVE “WE ENJOY VISITING AN AMUSEMENT PARK.”
• DIRECTIVE “SHUT UP!”
• INTERACTIONAL “HAVE A NICE DAY.”
SPOKEN & WRITTEN LANGUAGE
• “SPOKEN FORM” OR “WRITTEN FORM”
• “SPOKEN LANGUAGE” VS. “WRITTEN LANGUAGE”
• “SPOKEN LANGUAGE” VS. “WRITTEN LANGUAGE” & SPEECH STYLES
• SPEECH STYLES
• FROZEN STYLE
• FORMAL STYLE
• NEUTRAL STYLE (SLANG, JARGON, ARGOT, ETC)
• INFORMAL STYLE
• INTIMATE STYLE
SPOKEN & WRITTEN LANGUAGE
• GREETING
FROZEN STYLE: GOOD MORNING, YOUR ROYAL HIGHNESS/YOUR MAJESTY.
FORMAL STYLE: GOOD MORNING, MR. SMITH.
NEUTRAL STYLE: HELLO, SMITH.
CASUAL STYLE: HEY, BILL. WHAT’S UP?
INTIMATE STYLE: HI, CINDY! HOW’S MY LITTLE CUTIE?
(KANOKSILAPATHAM, 2012, P. 237)
WRITING SYSTEM
• ALPHABETIC WRITING SYSTEM (EX ENGLISH, THAI, FRENCH)
• WORD OR LOGOGRAPHIC WRITING SYSTEM (EX CHINESE, JAPANESE: KANJI)
• SYLLABIC WRITING SYSTEM (EX JAPANESE: HIRAGANA FOR NATIVE WORDS)
(EX JAPANESE: KATAKANA FOR LOAN WORDS)
ALPHABETIC WRITING SYSTEM
• ALPHABETIC WRITING SYSTEM IS A SYSTEM IN WHICH BOTH CONSONANTS AND VOWELS
ARE SYMBOLIZED.
• A STANDARD SET OF LETTERS (BASED ON CERTAIN GENERAL PRINCIPLE) REPRESENT SPEECH
SOUNDS.
• EXAMPLE C REPRESENT
A REPRESENT CAT , ACT
T REPRESENT
ALPHABETIC WRITING SYSTEM
• IN SOME CASES, LETTERS MAY NOT REPRESENT ONE SOUND. IT IS NOT ONE-TO-ONE
RELATIONSHIP.
• EXAMPLE ข REPRESENT IN ขา
ข REPRESENT IN สขุ
WORD OR LOGOGRAPHIC WRITING SYSTEM
• IN A WORD-WRITING (OR LOGOGRAPHIC WRITING SYSTEM), A WRITTEN CHARACTER
REPRESENTS BOTH THE MEANING AND PRONUNCIATION OF EACH WORD.
• LONGER WORDS MAY BE FORMED BY COMBINING TWO WORDS.
• EXAMPLE REPRESENT BUY REPRESENT
REPRESENT SELL - SELLING AND BUYING
- BUSINESS (INTERACTION)
(PINYIN)
SYLLABIC WRITING SYSTEM HTTPS://WWW.NHK.OR.JP/LESSON/THAI/SYLLABARY/
• SYLLABIC WRITING SYSTEM IS A SET OF WRITTEN SYMBOLS THAT REPRESENT SYLLABLES
• A SYMBOL IN SYLLABLES TYPICALLY REPRESENT “CONSONANT” FOLLOWING BY “VOWEL”, OR
ONLY VOWEL TO MAKE A WORD.
• EXAMPLE お
い
おいしい --- YUMMY, TASTY, DELICIOUS
し
い
REFERENCES
• FROMKIN, V. ET AL. (2007). AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE. (8TH EDITION) BOSTON:
THOMSON HIGHER EDUCATION.
• KANOKSILAPATHAM, B. (2012). ENGLISH SOCIOLINGUISTICS AT WORK. NAKORN PATHOM:
SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY.
• TIMYAM, N. (2010). AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH LINGUISTICS. BNGKOK: THAILAND
RESEARCH FUND.