LectureLecture

Periods of childhood: characteristics and peculiarities. Periods of childhood: characteristics and peculiarities. Main components of neurologic and psychological Main components of neurologic and psychological development in children of early age. development in children of early age. Evaluation of Evaluation of the children neurological and psychological the children neurological and psychological developmentdevelopment in children of different age group. in children of different age group. Semiotics disorder. Semiotics disorder.

Doc.Doc. Nykytyuk S.O Nykytyuk S.O

Prenatal period: it lasts from conception to birth. Prenatal period is divided into embryonic and fetal periods.

Embryonic period begins from conception to 8 weeks of gestations.

Fetal period lasts from 8 to 40 weeks of intrauterine life (by the birth).

A rapid growth rate and total dependency makes this one of the most crucial periods in the developmental process. The relationship between maternal health and certain manifestations in the newborn emphasizes the importance of adequate prenatal care to the health and well-being of the infant.

The common diseases that appear in embryonic period (embryopathy):

anencephalia, hydrocephaly, pylorostenosis, congenital malformation of lungs, kidney, congenital heart defect. The common diseases that appear in fetal period

(fetopathy): microsomia – decreased sizes of some parts of the body, hypoplasia – organ or system of organs underdeveloped, macrosomia – increased sizes of some parts of the body, intrauterine infection (herpetic infection, hepatitis,

rubella, mycoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis).

New-born child

Infancy periodInfancy period: it lasts from birth to : it lasts from birth to 12 months. Infancy is divided into 12 months. Infancy is divided into neonatal and infancy.neonatal and infancy.

Neonatal periodNeonatal period: it begins from birth of the baby and : it begins from birth of the baby and lasts by 28 days.lasts by 28 days.

InfancyInfancy lasts from 1 to 12 months. lasts from 1 to 12 months. The infancy period is one of rapid motor, cognitive, The infancy period is one of rapid motor, cognitive,

and social development. Through mutuality with the and social development. Through mutuality with the caregiver (mother), the infant establishes a basic trust caregiver (mother), the infant establishes a basic trust in the world and the foundation for future in the world and the foundation for future interpersonal relationships. The critical first month of interpersonal relationships. The critical first month of life, although the part of the infancy period, is often life, although the part of the infancy period, is often differentiated from the remainder because of the differentiated from the remainder because of the major physical adjustments to extrauterine existence major physical adjustments to extrauterine existence and the psychologic adjustment of the mother.and the psychologic adjustment of the mother.

General appearance of

a newborn

Muscle Hypertonus

The Newborn

Adaptation to extrauterine life requires rapid and profound physiologic changes

This includes aeration of the lungs, rerouting of the circulation and activation of the GI tract

Behavioral states: quiet sleep, active sleep, drowsy, alert, fussy, and crying

The common diseases that appear in neonatal period: embryopathy, fetopathy, intrauterine infection, birth ingeries (cephalhematoma, caput succedaneum, skull fracture,

fractures of clavicle, humerus, facial paralysis, brachial palsy). The common diseases that appear in infancy: rickets, rachitis, anemia, hypotrophy, paratrophy, acute diarrhea, acute respiratory virus infections, acute pneumonia, infantile eczema.

Hydrocefalus

Cefalogematoma

Cephalogematoma

What the new-born What the new-born child can do?child can do?

Coordinate sucking and swallowing Coordinate sucking and swallowing and breathingand breathing

a movement all over the bodya movement all over the body

Coordinate the movements of Coordinate the movements of the hand to the mouththe hand to the mouth

Can Can smellsmell

Can seeCan see

Make a movement the whole of the bodyPut an arm into a mouth

•Respire, respond (to)

Sense of Sense of touch (slightly)touch (slightly),, have a have a sensationsensation

Early childhoodEarly childhood includes the children in includes the children in age from 1 to 6 years. It is divided into age from 1 to 6 years. It is divided into toddler and preschool periods.toddler and preschool periods.

Toddler periodToddler period lasts from 1 to 3 years. lasts from 1 to 3 years. Preschool periodPreschool period begins from 3 years and ended at 6 begins from 3 years and ended at 6

years.years. This period, which extends from the time children This period, which extends from the time children

attain upright locomotion until they enter school, is attain upright locomotion until they enter school, is characterized by intense activity and discovery. It is a characterized by intense activity and discovery. It is a time of marked physical and personality time of marked physical and personality development. Motor development advances steadily. development. Motor development advances steadily. Children at this age acquire language and wider social Children at this age acquire language and wider social relationships, learn role standards, gain self-control relationships, learn role standards, gain self-control and mastery, develop increasing awareness of and mastery, develop increasing awareness of dependence and independence, and begin to develop dependence and independence, and begin to develop a self-concept.a self-concept.

The First Year

Characterized by rapid growth Acquisition of new competencies Psychological reorganization

0-2 months

Physiologic weight loss Average weight gain: 30g/day Six behavioral states Crying: peaks at 6 weeks of life Healthy infants cry up to 3 hr/day Trust vs mistrust

0-2 months

Physiologic weight loss Average weight gain: 30g/day Six behavioral states Crying: peaks at 6 weeks of life Healthy infants cry up to 3 hr/day Trust vs mistrust

2-6 months

Emergence of social smile Growth rate: 20g/day Sleep requirement: 14-16 hr/day Social hatching Face to face interactions

6-12 months

Increased mobility and exploration of the inanimate world

Slower growth Increased myelinization and cerebellar

growth Appearance of the pincer grasp (around 9

mo) Object constancy (about 9 mo) Appearance of tantrums Dentition

V. The Second Year

Age 12-18 months– Slower growth rate– Independent walking– Receptive language precedes

expressive– Points to major body parts (15 mo)

18-24 months

Incremental motor development Balance and agility Object permanence is firmly established Cause and effect is better understood Rapprochement – increased clinginess

around 18 mo Use of transitional objects Linguistic development – most dramatic

(vocabulary balloons from 10-15 words to 100 words or more)

VI. Preschool Years

Between 2 and 5 years Widening social sphere Stubborn opposition and cheerful

compliance Adaptation to new rules and

relationships

Language, Cognition and Play Most rapid language development Vocabulary expands from 100 to

2000 words Mental retardation may first

become apparent with delayed speech at 2 yr old

Developmental dysfluency and stuttering

Middle childhood:Middle childhood: it lasts from 6 it lasts from 6 to 12 years.to 12 years. Middle childhood includes Middle childhood includes prepubertal period:prepubertal period: it begins from it begins from

10 years and completes at 12 years.10 years and completes at 12 years. Frequently referred to as the "school age," this period of Frequently referred to as the "school age," this period of

development is one in which the child is directed away from development is one in which the child is directed away from the family group and is centered around the wider world of the family group and is centered around the wider world of peer relationships. There is steady advancement in physical, peer relationships. There is steady advancement in physical, mental, and social development with emphasis on developing mental, and social development with emphasis on developing skill competencies. Social cooperation and early moral skill competencies. Social cooperation and early moral development take on more importance with relevance for later development take on more importance with relevance for later life stages. This is a critical period in the development of a life stages. This is a critical period in the development of a self-concept.self-concept.

A developmental task is a set of skills and competencies A developmental task is a set of skills and competencies peculiar to each developmental stage that children must peculiar to each developmental stage that children must accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their environment. environment.

The common diseases that appear in toddler period: acute children infections (rubella, measles,

scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery).The common diseases that appear in preschool period:

acute children infections (rubella, measles, scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery),

tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, obesity, rheumatism,

VII. Middle Childhood

6-12 years Increased separation time from

parents Seeks acceptance from teachers and

other adults Central issue: self-esteem Production of socially valued outputs Industry and inferiority

Physical Development

3-3.5 kg/yr, 6 cm/yr Myelinization is complete by 7

years old Loss of deciduous teeth Sexual organs remain physically

immature Body habitus remains relatively

stable

Middle childhood: it lasts from 6 to 12 years. Middle childhood includes prepubertal period: it begins from

10 years and completes at 12 years. Frequently referred to as the "school age," this period of

development is one in which the child is directed away from the family group and is centered around the wider world of peer relationships. There is steady advancement in physical, mental, and social development with emphasis on developing skill competencies. Social cooperation and early moral development take on more importance with relevance for later life stages. This is a critical period in the development of a self-concept.

A developmental task is a set of skills and competencies peculiar to each developmental stage that children must accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their environment.

Later childhood (Later childhood (adolescence periodadolescence period)): : it lasts from 12 to 18 years.it lasts from 12 to 18 years.

The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and change The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and change known as adolescence has been described in various known as adolescence has been described in various ways. It is considered to be a transitional period that ways. It is considered to be a transitional period that begins at the onset of puberty and extends to the point begins at the onset of puberty and extends to the point of entry into the adult world - usually high school of entry into the adult world - usually high school graduation. Biologic and personality maturation are graduation. Biologic and personality maturation are accompanied by physical and emotional turmoil, and accompanied by physical and emotional turmoil, and there is redefining of the self-concept. In the late there is redefining of the self-concept. In the late adolescent period the child begins to internalize all the adolescent period the child begins to internalize all the previously learned values and to focus on an previously learned values and to focus on an individual, rather than a group, identity.individual, rather than a group, identity.

Social and Emotional Development

Proceeds in 3 contexts: home, school, neighborhood

Home remains the most influential

Conformity

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• brain begins to develop at 4-6 months

• myelinization is completed by 6-12 months

• pineal body calcifies at 10 y/o

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Brain Growth

• rapid - infancy and childhood

• slowing - mid-childhood to 10 yrs

- adolescence

1/2 adult – 1 year old

3/4 adult – 3 years old

9/10 adult – 7 years old

• weight of the brain at 10 yrs. = adult

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Critical Periods in Brain Development:

• Embryonic period or early fetal period

• Late fetal life and infancy

SENSORY DEVELOPMENT

Evolution of pain responses:

• generalized movement and crying: <1-2 mos.

• localize site of pain and withdraw: 7-9 mos.

• shoves painful stimulus and brings hand to irritated area: 12-16 mos.

•Pain Sensation

SENSORY DEVELOPMENT

•Tactile Sensation

Face Limbs Trunk

(cephalocaudal)

• Visual Sensation

• clear vision achieved only at 16 weeks with maturation and myelinization of the macula and fovea

• VA of 20/20 achieved at 7 y/o

SENSORY DEVELOPMENT

SENSORY DEVELOPMENT

•Auditory Sensation

Birth – intact

6 mos. – localization of sound

•Taste

NB

3 mos. – taste discrimination

A child’s developmental level is the end result of a wide variety of factors, namely: prenatal, perinatal and postnatal.

VIII. AdolescenceVIII. Adolescence

10-20 years10-20 years Accelerated growth ( height and Accelerated growth ( height and

weight)weight) Appearance of secondary sexual Appearance of secondary sexual

characteristicscharacteristics

ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURTADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT

Period characterized by rapid increase Period characterized by rapid increase in size of the body and other organsin size of the body and other organs

WEIGHT SPURTWEIGHT SPURT- rapid gain in weight noted at - rapid gain in weight noted at adolescenceadolescence

HEIGHT SPURTHEIGHT SPURT- rapid increase in height observed at - rapid increase in height observed at adolescenceadolescence

In girls: appearance of breast In girls: appearance of breast buds is the first sign of puberty buds is the first sign of puberty ( usually between 8 and 13 years)( usually between 8 and 13 years)

In boys: testicular enlargementIn boys: testicular enlargement

DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH SPURTS DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH SPURTS BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALESBETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES

PHV occurs about 18-24 months PHV occurs about 18-24 months earlier in the females than in earlier in the females than in malesmales

PHV in females averages 2 cms. PHV in females averages 2 cms. per year less than in malesper year less than in males

PWV coincides with PHV in PWV coincides with PHV in males, but PWV occurs 6-9 males, but PWV occurs 6-9 months after PHV in females months after PHV in females

SECONDARY SEX SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTIC CHANGESCHARACTERISTIC CHANGES

MALEMALE genital genital

changeschanges appearance appearance

of pubic, of pubic, axillary, and axillary, and facial hairfacial hair

voice changevoice change

FEMALEFEMALE breast breast

changeschanges growth of growth of

pubic and pubic and axillary hairaxillary hair

onset of onset of menarchemenarche

EARLY ADOLESCENTEARLY ADOLESCENT (10 -13 yrs) (10 -13 yrs) SMR 1-2SMR 1-2 Somatic: secondary sex Somatic: secondary sex

characteristics; beginning of rapid characteristics; beginning of rapid growth; awkwardgrowth; awkward

Sexual: interest exceeds activitySexual: interest exceeds activity Cognitive and Moral: concrete Cognitive and Moral: concrete

operations; conventional moralityoperations; conventional morality Self Concept: Preoccupation with Self Concept: Preoccupation with

changing body; self-consciousnesschanging body; self-consciousness

EARLY ADOLESCENTEARLY ADOLESCENT

Family: Bids for increased Family: Bids for increased independence; ambivalenceindependence; ambivalence

Peers: Same sex groups; cliquesPeers: Same sex groups; cliques Relationship to Society: Middle school Relationship to Society: Middle school

adjustment – elementary to high adjustment – elementary to high schoolschool

MIDDLE ADOLESCENTMIDDLE ADOLESCENT

14 – 16 years14 – 16 years SMR 3-5SMR 3-5 Somatic: Height growth peaks; Somatic: Height growth peaks;

body shape and composition body shape and composition change; acne and odor; menarche; change; acne and odor; menarche; spermarchespermarche

Sexual: sexual drive surges; Sexual: sexual drive surges; experimentation; questions of experimentation; questions of sexual orientationsexual orientation

MIDDLE ADOLESCENTMIDDLE ADOLESCENT

Peers: Dating; peer groups Peers: Dating; peer groups less importantless important

Relationship to society: Relationship to society: Gauging skills and Gauging skills and opportunitiesopportunities

The common diseases that appear in middle childhood:

chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, rheumatism),

chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis),

diseases of nervious systems, scoliosis, disease of eye sight.

LATE ADOLESCENTLATE ADOLESCENT(>17 YRS)(>17 YRS)

SMR 5SMR 5 Slower growthSlower growth Consolidation of sexual identityConsolidation of sexual identity Idealism; absolutismIdealism; absolutism Relatively stable body imageRelatively stable body image Practical independence; family Practical independence; family

remains secure baseremains secure base

LATE ADOLESCENTLATE ADOLESCENT

Peers: Intimacy; possibly commitmentPeers: Intimacy; possibly commitment Career decisionsCareer decisions

Later childhood (adolescence period): it lasts from 12 to 18 years.

The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and change known as adolescence has been described in various ways. It is considered to be a transitional period that begins at the onset of puberty and extends to the point of entry into the adult world - usually high school graduation. Biologic and personality maturation are accompanied by physical and emotional turmoil, and there is redefining of the self-concept. In the late adolescent period the child begins to internalize all the previously learned values and to focus on an individual, rather than a group, identity.

The common diseases that appear in later childhood: dysfunction of the nervous system, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, dysfunction of the digestive system, dysfunction of the endocrine system, chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, rheumatism), chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis,

glomerulonephritis), diseases of the nervous systems.