LectureLecture
Periods of childhood: characteristics and peculiarities. Periods of childhood: characteristics and peculiarities. Main components of neurologic and psychological Main components of neurologic and psychological development in children of early age. development in children of early age. Evaluation of Evaluation of the children neurological and psychological the children neurological and psychological developmentdevelopment in children of different age group. in children of different age group. Semiotics disorder. Semiotics disorder.
Doc.Doc. Nykytyuk S.O Nykytyuk S.O
Prenatal period: it lasts from conception to birth. Prenatal period is divided into embryonic and fetal periods.
Embryonic period begins from conception to 8 weeks of gestations.
Fetal period lasts from 8 to 40 weeks of intrauterine life (by the birth).
A rapid growth rate and total dependency makes this one of the most crucial periods in the developmental process. The relationship between maternal health and certain manifestations in the newborn emphasizes the importance of adequate prenatal care to the health and well-being of the infant.
The common diseases that appear in embryonic period (embryopathy):
anencephalia, hydrocephaly, pylorostenosis, congenital malformation of lungs, kidney, congenital heart defect. The common diseases that appear in fetal period
(fetopathy): microsomia – decreased sizes of some parts of the body, hypoplasia – organ or system of organs underdeveloped, macrosomia – increased sizes of some parts of the body, intrauterine infection (herpetic infection, hepatitis,
rubella, mycoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis).
New-born child
Infancy periodInfancy period: it lasts from birth to : it lasts from birth to 12 months. Infancy is divided into 12 months. Infancy is divided into neonatal and infancy.neonatal and infancy.
Neonatal periodNeonatal period: it begins from birth of the baby and : it begins from birth of the baby and lasts by 28 days.lasts by 28 days.
InfancyInfancy lasts from 1 to 12 months. lasts from 1 to 12 months. The infancy period is one of rapid motor, cognitive, The infancy period is one of rapid motor, cognitive,
and social development. Through mutuality with the and social development. Through mutuality with the caregiver (mother), the infant establishes a basic trust caregiver (mother), the infant establishes a basic trust in the world and the foundation for future in the world and the foundation for future interpersonal relationships. The critical first month of interpersonal relationships. The critical first month of life, although the part of the infancy period, is often life, although the part of the infancy period, is often differentiated from the remainder because of the differentiated from the remainder because of the major physical adjustments to extrauterine existence major physical adjustments to extrauterine existence and the psychologic adjustment of the mother.and the psychologic adjustment of the mother.
General appearance of
a newborn
Muscle Hypertonus
The Newborn
Adaptation to extrauterine life requires rapid and profound physiologic changes
This includes aeration of the lungs, rerouting of the circulation and activation of the GI tract
Behavioral states: quiet sleep, active sleep, drowsy, alert, fussy, and crying
The common diseases that appear in neonatal period: embryopathy, fetopathy, intrauterine infection, birth ingeries (cephalhematoma, caput succedaneum, skull fracture,
fractures of clavicle, humerus, facial paralysis, brachial palsy). The common diseases that appear in infancy: rickets, rachitis, anemia, hypotrophy, paratrophy, acute diarrhea, acute respiratory virus infections, acute pneumonia, infantile eczema.
Hydrocefalus
Cefalogematoma
Cephalogematoma
What the new-born What the new-born child can do?child can do?
Coordinate sucking and swallowing Coordinate sucking and swallowing and breathingand breathing
a movement all over the bodya movement all over the body
Coordinate the movements of Coordinate the movements of the hand to the mouththe hand to the mouth
Can Can smellsmell
Can seeCan see
Make a movement the whole of the bodyPut an arm into a mouth
•Respire, respond (to)
Sense of Sense of touch (slightly)touch (slightly),, have a have a sensationsensation
Early childhoodEarly childhood includes the children in includes the children in age from 1 to 6 years. It is divided into age from 1 to 6 years. It is divided into toddler and preschool periods.toddler and preschool periods.
Toddler periodToddler period lasts from 1 to 3 years. lasts from 1 to 3 years. Preschool periodPreschool period begins from 3 years and ended at 6 begins from 3 years and ended at 6
years.years. This period, which extends from the time children This period, which extends from the time children
attain upright locomotion until they enter school, is attain upright locomotion until they enter school, is characterized by intense activity and discovery. It is a characterized by intense activity and discovery. It is a time of marked physical and personality time of marked physical and personality development. Motor development advances steadily. development. Motor development advances steadily. Children at this age acquire language and wider social Children at this age acquire language and wider social relationships, learn role standards, gain self-control relationships, learn role standards, gain self-control and mastery, develop increasing awareness of and mastery, develop increasing awareness of dependence and independence, and begin to develop dependence and independence, and begin to develop a self-concept.a self-concept.
The First Year
Characterized by rapid growth Acquisition of new competencies Psychological reorganization
0-2 months
Physiologic weight loss Average weight gain: 30g/day Six behavioral states Crying: peaks at 6 weeks of life Healthy infants cry up to 3 hr/day Trust vs mistrust
0-2 months
Physiologic weight loss Average weight gain: 30g/day Six behavioral states Crying: peaks at 6 weeks of life Healthy infants cry up to 3 hr/day Trust vs mistrust
2-6 months
Emergence of social smile Growth rate: 20g/day Sleep requirement: 14-16 hr/day Social hatching Face to face interactions
6-12 months
Increased mobility and exploration of the inanimate world
Slower growth Increased myelinization and cerebellar
growth Appearance of the pincer grasp (around 9
mo) Object constancy (about 9 mo) Appearance of tantrums Dentition
V. The Second Year
Age 12-18 months– Slower growth rate– Independent walking– Receptive language precedes
expressive– Points to major body parts (15 mo)
18-24 months
Incremental motor development Balance and agility Object permanence is firmly established Cause and effect is better understood Rapprochement – increased clinginess
around 18 mo Use of transitional objects Linguistic development – most dramatic
(vocabulary balloons from 10-15 words to 100 words or more)
VI. Preschool Years
Between 2 and 5 years Widening social sphere Stubborn opposition and cheerful
compliance Adaptation to new rules and
relationships
Language, Cognition and Play Most rapid language development Vocabulary expands from 100 to
2000 words Mental retardation may first
become apparent with delayed speech at 2 yr old
Developmental dysfluency and stuttering
Middle childhood:Middle childhood: it lasts from 6 it lasts from 6 to 12 years.to 12 years. Middle childhood includes Middle childhood includes prepubertal period:prepubertal period: it begins from it begins from
10 years and completes at 12 years.10 years and completes at 12 years. Frequently referred to as the "school age," this period of Frequently referred to as the "school age," this period of
development is one in which the child is directed away from development is one in which the child is directed away from the family group and is centered around the wider world of the family group and is centered around the wider world of peer relationships. There is steady advancement in physical, peer relationships. There is steady advancement in physical, mental, and social development with emphasis on developing mental, and social development with emphasis on developing skill competencies. Social cooperation and early moral skill competencies. Social cooperation and early moral development take on more importance with relevance for later development take on more importance with relevance for later life stages. This is a critical period in the development of a life stages. This is a critical period in the development of a self-concept.self-concept.
A developmental task is a set of skills and competencies A developmental task is a set of skills and competencies peculiar to each developmental stage that children must peculiar to each developmental stage that children must accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their environment. environment.
The common diseases that appear in toddler period: acute children infections (rubella, measles,
scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery).The common diseases that appear in preschool period:
acute children infections (rubella, measles, scarlet fever, pertussis, chickenpox, dysentery),
tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, obesity, rheumatism,
VII. Middle Childhood
6-12 years Increased separation time from
parents Seeks acceptance from teachers and
other adults Central issue: self-esteem Production of socially valued outputs Industry and inferiority
Physical Development
3-3.5 kg/yr, 6 cm/yr Myelinization is complete by 7
years old Loss of deciduous teeth Sexual organs remain physically
immature Body habitus remains relatively
stable
Middle childhood: it lasts from 6 to 12 years. Middle childhood includes prepubertal period: it begins from
10 years and completes at 12 years. Frequently referred to as the "school age," this period of
development is one in which the child is directed away from the family group and is centered around the wider world of peer relationships. There is steady advancement in physical, mental, and social development with emphasis on developing skill competencies. Social cooperation and early moral development take on more importance with relevance for later life stages. This is a critical period in the development of a self-concept.
A developmental task is a set of skills and competencies peculiar to each developmental stage that children must accomplish or master in order to deal effectively with their environment.
Later childhood (Later childhood (adolescence periodadolescence period)): : it lasts from 12 to 18 years.it lasts from 12 to 18 years.
The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and change The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and change known as adolescence has been described in various known as adolescence has been described in various ways. It is considered to be a transitional period that ways. It is considered to be a transitional period that begins at the onset of puberty and extends to the point begins at the onset of puberty and extends to the point of entry into the adult world - usually high school of entry into the adult world - usually high school graduation. Biologic and personality maturation are graduation. Biologic and personality maturation are accompanied by physical and emotional turmoil, and accompanied by physical and emotional turmoil, and there is redefining of the self-concept. In the late there is redefining of the self-concept. In the late adolescent period the child begins to internalize all the adolescent period the child begins to internalize all the previously learned values and to focus on an previously learned values and to focus on an individual, rather than a group, identity.individual, rather than a group, identity.
Social and Emotional Development
Proceeds in 3 contexts: home, school, neighborhood
Home remains the most influential
Conformity
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• brain begins to develop at 4-6 months
• myelinization is completed by 6-12 months
• pineal body calcifies at 10 y/o
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain Growth
• rapid - infancy and childhood
• slowing - mid-childhood to 10 yrs
- adolescence
1/2 adult – 1 year old
3/4 adult – 3 years old
9/10 adult – 7 years old
• weight of the brain at 10 yrs. = adult
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Critical Periods in Brain Development:
• Embryonic period or early fetal period
• Late fetal life and infancy
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT
Evolution of pain responses:
• generalized movement and crying: <1-2 mos.
• localize site of pain and withdraw: 7-9 mos.
• shoves painful stimulus and brings hand to irritated area: 12-16 mos.
•Pain Sensation
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT
•Tactile Sensation
Face Limbs Trunk
(cephalocaudal)
• Visual Sensation
• clear vision achieved only at 16 weeks with maturation and myelinization of the macula and fovea
• VA of 20/20 achieved at 7 y/o
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT
SENSORY DEVELOPMENT
•Auditory Sensation
Birth – intact
6 mos. – localization of sound
•Taste
NB
3 mos. – taste discrimination
A child’s developmental level is the end result of a wide variety of factors, namely: prenatal, perinatal and postnatal.
VIII. AdolescenceVIII. Adolescence
10-20 years10-20 years Accelerated growth ( height and Accelerated growth ( height and
weight)weight) Appearance of secondary sexual Appearance of secondary sexual
characteristicscharacteristics
ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURTADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT
Period characterized by rapid increase Period characterized by rapid increase in size of the body and other organsin size of the body and other organs
WEIGHT SPURTWEIGHT SPURT- rapid gain in weight noted at - rapid gain in weight noted at adolescenceadolescence
HEIGHT SPURTHEIGHT SPURT- rapid increase in height observed at - rapid increase in height observed at adolescenceadolescence
In girls: appearance of breast In girls: appearance of breast buds is the first sign of puberty buds is the first sign of puberty ( usually between 8 and 13 years)( usually between 8 and 13 years)
In boys: testicular enlargementIn boys: testicular enlargement
DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH SPURTS DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH SPURTS BETWEEN MALES AND FEMALESBETWEEN MALES AND FEMALES
PHV occurs about 18-24 months PHV occurs about 18-24 months earlier in the females than in earlier in the females than in malesmales
PHV in females averages 2 cms. PHV in females averages 2 cms. per year less than in malesper year less than in males
PWV coincides with PHV in PWV coincides with PHV in males, but PWV occurs 6-9 males, but PWV occurs 6-9 months after PHV in females months after PHV in females
SECONDARY SEX SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTIC CHANGESCHARACTERISTIC CHANGES
MALEMALE genital genital
changeschanges appearance appearance
of pubic, of pubic, axillary, and axillary, and facial hairfacial hair
voice changevoice change
FEMALEFEMALE breast breast
changeschanges growth of growth of
pubic and pubic and axillary hairaxillary hair
onset of onset of menarchemenarche
EARLY ADOLESCENTEARLY ADOLESCENT (10 -13 yrs) (10 -13 yrs) SMR 1-2SMR 1-2 Somatic: secondary sex Somatic: secondary sex
characteristics; beginning of rapid characteristics; beginning of rapid growth; awkwardgrowth; awkward
Sexual: interest exceeds activitySexual: interest exceeds activity Cognitive and Moral: concrete Cognitive and Moral: concrete
operations; conventional moralityoperations; conventional morality Self Concept: Preoccupation with Self Concept: Preoccupation with
changing body; self-consciousnesschanging body; self-consciousness
EARLY ADOLESCENTEARLY ADOLESCENT
Family: Bids for increased Family: Bids for increased independence; ambivalenceindependence; ambivalence
Peers: Same sex groups; cliquesPeers: Same sex groups; cliques Relationship to Society: Middle school Relationship to Society: Middle school
adjustment – elementary to high adjustment – elementary to high schoolschool
MIDDLE ADOLESCENTMIDDLE ADOLESCENT
14 – 16 years14 – 16 years SMR 3-5SMR 3-5 Somatic: Height growth peaks; Somatic: Height growth peaks;
body shape and composition body shape and composition change; acne and odor; menarche; change; acne and odor; menarche; spermarchespermarche
Sexual: sexual drive surges; Sexual: sexual drive surges; experimentation; questions of experimentation; questions of sexual orientationsexual orientation
MIDDLE ADOLESCENTMIDDLE ADOLESCENT
Peers: Dating; peer groups Peers: Dating; peer groups less importantless important
Relationship to society: Relationship to society: Gauging skills and Gauging skills and opportunitiesopportunities
The common diseases that appear in middle childhood:
chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, rheumatism),
chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis),
diseases of nervious systems, scoliosis, disease of eye sight.
LATE ADOLESCENTLATE ADOLESCENT(>17 YRS)(>17 YRS)
SMR 5SMR 5 Slower growthSlower growth Consolidation of sexual identityConsolidation of sexual identity Idealism; absolutismIdealism; absolutism Relatively stable body imageRelatively stable body image Practical independence; family Practical independence; family
remains secure baseremains secure base
LATE ADOLESCENTLATE ADOLESCENT
Peers: Intimacy; possibly commitmentPeers: Intimacy; possibly commitment Career decisionsCareer decisions
Later childhood (adolescence period): it lasts from 12 to 18 years.
The tumultuous period of rapid maturation and change known as adolescence has been described in various ways. It is considered to be a transitional period that begins at the onset of puberty and extends to the point of entry into the adult world - usually high school graduation. Biologic and personality maturation are accompanied by physical and emotional turmoil, and there is redefining of the self-concept. In the late adolescent period the child begins to internalize all the previously learned values and to focus on an individual, rather than a group, identity.
The common diseases that appear in later childhood: dysfunction of the nervous system, dysfunction of the cardiovascular system, dysfunction of the digestive system, dysfunction of the endocrine system, chronic heart diseases (myocarditis, rheumatism), chronic kidneys diseases (pyelonephritis,
glomerulonephritis), diseases of the nervous systems.