lecture outlines powerpoint chapter 6 tarbuck/lutgens · powerpoint chapter 6 earth science 11e...
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© 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall
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Lecture Outlines
PowerPoint
Chapter 6
Earth Science 11e
Tarbuck/Lutgens
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Earth Science, 11e
Glaciers, Deserts,
and Wind
Chapter 6
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Glaciers are a part of both the hydrologic
cycle and rock cycle
Glacier - a thick mass of ice that forms over
land from the compaction and recrystal-
lization of snow and shows evidence of past
or present flow
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Types of glaciers
• Valley, or alpine glaciers – form in mountainous
areas
• Ice sheets, or continental glaciers
• Large scale
• e.g., Over Greenland and Antarctica
• Other types
• Ice caps and piedmont glaciers
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Currently
continental
ice sheets
cover
Greenland
and
Antarctica
Figure 6.1
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Movement of glacial ice
• Types of glacial movements
• Plastic flow
• Slipping along the ground
• Zone of fracture
• Uppermost 50 meters
• Crevasses form in brittle ice
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Glaciers move by basal
sliding and internal plastic flow
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Movement of glacial ice
• Zone of accumulation – the area where a glacier
forms
• Zone of wastage – the area where there is a net
loss due to melting
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The glacial budget
Figure 6.6
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Glaciers erode by
• Plucking – lifting of rock blocks
• Abrasion
• Rock flour (pulverized rock)
• Striations (grooves in the bedrock)
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Landforms created by glacial erosion
• Glacial trough
• Hanging valley
• Cirque
• Arête
• Horn
• Fiord
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Erosional landforms created
by alpine glaciers
Figure 6.9 C
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The Matterhorn in
the Swiss Alps
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Glacial deposits
• Glacial drift
• All sediments of glacial origin
• Types of glacial drift
• Till – material that is deposited directly by ice
• Stratified drift - sediment deposited by
meltwater
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Glacial till is typically
unstratified and unsorted
Figure 6.13
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Close-up view of the boulder
in the previous slide
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Glacial deposits
• Depositional features
• Moraines – layers or ridges of till
• Types of moraines
• Lateral
• Medial
• End
• Ground
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Glacial deposits
• Depositional features
• Outwash plain, or valley train
• Kettles
• Drumlins
• Eskers
• Kames
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Glacial depositional features
Figure 6.18
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A drumlin in upstate New York
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Kettle lakes
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Glaciers of the past
• Ice Age
• Began 2 to 3 million years ago
• Division of geological time is called the Pleistocene
epoch
• Ice covered 30% of Earth's land area
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Maximum extent of ice
during the Ice Age
Figure 6.19
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Glaciers of the past
• Indirect effects of Ice Age glaciers
• Migration of animals and plants
• Rebounding upward of the crust
• Worldwide change in sea level
• Climatic changes
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Causes of glaciation
• Successful theory must account for
• Cooling of Earth, as well as
• Short-term climatic changes
• Proposed possible causes
• Plate tectonics
• Continents were arranged differently
• Changes in oceanic circulation
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Glaciers: a part of two basic
cycles in the Earth system
Causes of glaciation
• Proposed possible causes
• Variations in Earth's orbit
• Milankovitch hypothesis
• Shape (eccentricity) of Earth's orbit varies
• Angle of Earth's axis (obliquity) changes
• Axis wobbles (precession)
• Changes in climate over the past several hundred thousand years are closely associated with variations in Earth's orbit
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Deserts
Geologic processes in arid climates
• Weathering
• Not as effective as in humid regions
• Mechanical weathering forms unaltered rock and
mineral fragments
• Some chemical weathering does occur
• Clay forms
• Thin soil forms
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Deserts
Geologic processes in arid climates
• Role of water in arid climates
• Streams are dry most of the time
• Desert streams are said to be ephemeral
• Flow only during periods of rainfall
• Different names are used for desert streams
including wash, arroyo, wadi, donga, and nullah
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Deserts
Geologic processes in arid climates
• Role of water in arid climates
• Desert rainfall
• Rain often occurs as heavy showers
• Causes flash floods
• Poorly integrated drainage
• Most erosional work in a desert is done by running
water
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A dry stream channel
in the desert
Figure 6.26 A
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The same stream channel
following heavy rainfall
Figure 6.26 B
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Deserts
Basin and Range: the evolution of a desert
landscape
• Uplifted crustal blocks
• Interior drainage into basins produces
• Alluvial fans and bajadas
• Playas and playa lakes
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Deserts
Basin and Range: the evolution of a desert
landscape
• Erosion of mountain mass causes local relief to
continually diminish
• Eventually mountains are reduced to a few
large bedrock knobs called inselbergs
projecting above a sediment filled basin
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Landscape evolution in a
mountainous desert – early stage
Figure 6.27 A
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Landscape evolution in a
mountainous desert – middle stage
Figure 6.27 B
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Landscape evolution in a
mountainous desert – late stage
Figure 6.27 C
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Inselbergs in
southern California
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Deserts
Wind erosion
• Deflation
• Lifting of loose material
• Produces
• Blowouts
• Desert pavement
• Abrasion
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Formation of a desert blowout
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Formation of desert pavement
Figure 6.32
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Deserts
Types of wind deposits
• Loess
• Deposits of windblown silt
• Extensive blanket deposits
• Primary sources are deserts and glacial stratified
drift
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Deserts
Types of wind deposits
• Sand dunes
• Mounds and ridges of sand formed from the wind's
bed load
• Characteristic features
• Slip face – the leeward slope of the dune
• Cross beds – sloping layers of sand in the dune
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Formation of sand dunes
Figure 6.35
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Deserts
Types of wind deposits
• Sand dunes
• Types of sand dunes
• Barchan dunes
• Transverse dunes
• Longitudinal dunes
• Parabolic dunes
• Star dunes
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Sand dune types
Figure 6.36
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Sand dunes in the
western United States
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End of Chapter 6
© 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
© 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 7 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens