Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 4099Edited by J. G. Carbonell and J. Siekmann

Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Qiang Yang Geoff Webb (Eds.)

PRICAI 2006:Trends inArtificial Intelligence

9th Pacific Rim International Conferenceon Artificial IntelligenceGuilin, China, August 7-11, 2006Proceedings

13

Series Editors

Jaime G. Carbonell, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USAJörg Siekmann, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany

Volume Editors

Qiang YangHong Kong University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringClearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, ChinaE-mail: qyang@cse.ust.hk

Geoff WebbMonash UniversitySchool of Information TechnologyP.O. Box 75, Victoria 3800, AustraliaE-mail: Geoff.Webb@infotech.monash.edu

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006929802

CR Subject Classification (1998): I.2, F.1

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 7 – Artificial Intelligence

ISSN 0302-9743ISBN-10 3-540-36667-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New YorkISBN-13 978-3-540-36667-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publicationor parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965,in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liableto prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

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Preface

The Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (PRICAI) isone of the preeminent international conferences on artificial intelligence (AI).PRICAI 2006 (http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/pricai06/Header.htm) was theninth in this series of biennial international conferences highlighting the mostsignificant contributions to the field of AI. The conference was held during Au-gust 7-11, 2006, in the beautiful city of Guilin in Guangxi Province, China.

As in previous years, this year’s technical program saw very high standards inboth the submission and paper review process, resulting in an exciting programthat reflects the great variety and depth of modern AI research. This year’scontributions covered all traditional areas of AI, including machine learning anddata mining, knowledge representation and planning, probabilistic reasoning,constraint satisfaction, computer vision and automated agents, as well as variousexciting and innovative applications of AI to many different areas. There wasparticular emphasis in the areas of machine learning and data mining, intelligentagents, evolutionary computing and intelligent image and video analysis.

The technical papers in this volume were selected from a record of 596 sub-missions after a rigorous review process. Each submission was reviewed by atleast three members of the PRICAI Program Committee, including at least tworeviewers and one Vice Program Chair. Decisions were reached following dis-cussions among the reviewers of each paper, and finalized in a highly selectiveprocess that balanced many aspects of a paper, including the significance of thecontribution and originality, technical quality and clarity of contributions, andrelevance to the conference objectives.

The technical paper review process was very selective. Out of the 596 submis-sions, we accepted 81(13.6%) papers for oral presentation and 87 papers (14.6%)for presentation as posters at the conference. This corresponds to an overall ac-ceptance rate of 28.8% among all submissions. In addition, we were honoredto have keynote speeches by notable leaders in the field: Pedro Domingos, AhChung Tsoi, Wei-Xiong Zhang, Ning Zhong and Zhi-Hua Zhou and an invitedtalk by a further distinguished academic, Kuang-chih Huang. In addition to themain conference, PRICAI 2006 also featured an exciting tutorial program andworkshop program, as well as several co-located international conferences.

PRICAI 2006 relied on the generous help of many people. We extend ourappreciation to the Vice PC Chairs: David Albrecht, Hung Bui, William Che-ung, John Debenham, Achim Hoffmann, Huan Liu, Wee Keong Ng, Hui Xiong,Mingsheng Ying, Shichao Zhang and Zhi-Hua Zhou, as well as the hard work of333 members of the Program Committee and reviewers. We thank in particu-lar the professional help of Rong Pan and Michelle Kinsman, who provided anenormous amount of assistance with the conference reviewing system and web-site, and thank the generous help of the previous PRICAI Chair Chengqi Zhang

VI Preface

and the support of Local Arrangement Chairs Shichao Zhang and Taoshen Li.We thank the strong support of the Conference General Chairs Ruqian Lu andHideyuki Nakashima. We also thank the PRICAI Steering Committee for giv-ing us this chance to co-chair the PRICAI 2006 conference, and Springer for itscontinuing support in publishing the proceedings.

August 2006 Qiang Yang and Geoff Webb

Organization

Conference Co-chairs:

Ruqian Lu (Chinese Academy of Sciences) ChinaHideyuki Nakashima (Future University - Hakodate) Japan

Program Committee Co-chairs:

Qiang Yang (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) Hong KongGeoff Webb (Monash University) Australia

Organizing Chair:

Shichao Zhang (Guangxi Normal University) ChinaTaoshen Li (Guangxi Normal University) China

Workshops Chair:

Riichiro Mizoguchi (Osaka University) JapanRong Pan (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) Hong Kong

Tutorials Chair:

Charles Ling (University of Western Ontario) Canada

Industrial Chair:

Wei-Ying Ma (Microsoft Research) China

Sponsorship Co-chairs:

Zhongzhi Shi (Chinese Academy of Sciences) ChinaChengqi Zhang (University of Technology, Sydney) Australia

Publicity Co-chairs:

Jian Pei (Simon Fraser University) CanadaXudong Luo (University of Southampton) UK

VIII Organization

Program Committee Vice Chairs:

David Albrecht (Monash University) AustraliaHung Bui (SRI International) USAWilliam Cheung (Hong Kong Baptist University) Hong KongJohn Debenham (University of Technology, Sydney) AustraliaAchim Hoffmann (University of New South Wales) AustraliaHuan Liu (Arizona State University) USAWee Keong Ng (Nanyang Technological University) SingaporeHui Xiong (Rutgers University) USAMingsheng Ying (Tsinghua University) ChinaShichao Zhang (University of Technology, Sydney) AustraliaZhi-Hua Zhou (Nanjing University) China

Program Committee:

David AlbrechtAijun AnA. AnbulaganHiroki ArimuraLaxmidhar BeheraHung BuiLongbing CaoTru CaoNicholas CerconeRong ChenYin ChenZheng ChenJian-Hung ChenSongcan ChenDavid CheungWilliam CheungYiu-ming CheungSung-Bae ChoAndy ChunPaul ComptonJirapun DaengdejHonghua DaiDao-Qing DaiPallab DasguptaManoranjan DashJohn DebenhamJames DelgrandeZhi-Hong DengNorman Foo

Christian FreksaYan FuSharon XiaoYing GaoYang GaoShyam GuptaUdo HahnJames HarlandAchim HoffmannJiman HongMichael HorschWynne HsuXiangji HuangJoshua HuangShell Ying HuangZhiyong HuangMitsuru IshizukaSanjay JainMargaret JefferiesRong JinGeun Sik JoKen KaneiwaHiroyuki KawanoRay KempShamim KhanDeepak KhemaniBoonserm KijsirikulEun Yi KimYasuhiko KitamuraAlistair Knott

Organization IX

Ramamohanarao KotagiriPeep KngasKazuhiro KuwabaraJames KwokWai LamLongin Jan LateckiWee Sun LeeTze Yun LeongXue LiHang LiChun-Hung LiJinyan LiGerard LigozatEe-Peng LimZuoquan LinHong LiuTie-Yan LiuJiming LiuBing LiuHuan LiuDickson LukoseXudong LuoMichael MaherYuji MatsumotoChris MessonChunyan MiaoKyongHo MinAntonija MitrovicShivashankar NairGeok See NgWee Keong NgZaiqing NieMasayuki NumaoTakashi OkadaLin PadghamRong PanJeng-Shyang PanHyeyoung ParkFred PopowichArun K. PujariHiok Chai QuekAnca Luminita RalescuJochen RenzClaude SammutKen Satoh

Rudy SetionoYidong ShenZhongZhi ShiDaming ShiAkira ShimazuCarles SierraArul SiromoneyRaymund SisonPaul SnowVon-Wun SooKaile SuRuixiang SunWing Kin SungHideaki TakedaAh-Hwee TanChew Lim TanQing TaoTakao TeranoJohn ThorntonKai Ming TingShusaku TsumotoMiroslav VelevToby WalshHuaiqing WangJun WangLipo WangTakashi WashioIan WatsonGeoff WebbJi-Rong WenGraham WilliamsWayne WobckeLimsoon WongZhaohui WuXindong WuHui XiongBaowen XuSeiji YamadaJun YanQiang YangYing YangHyun Seung YangYiyu YaoMin YaoRoland H. C. Yap

X Organization

Dit-Yan YeungJian YinMingsheng YingXinghuo YuJeffrey Xu YuLei YuJian YuPong Chi YuenHuajun ZengHongbin ZhaChengqi ZhangZili Zhang

Benyu ZhangJunping ZhangMingyi ZhangXuegong ZhangByoung-Tak ZhangJian ZhangShichao ZhangJun ZhangNing ZhongAoying ZhouShuigeng ZhouZhi-Hua Zhou

Additional Reviewers:

Mina AkaishiBill AndreopoulosHiroshi AoyamaNaresh BabuNilufar BaghaeiStuart BainShankar BalachandranRavindran BalaramanThomas BarkowskyJ. P. BekmannSven BertelMichael BlumensteinAbdenour BouzouaneTiberio CaetanoLawrence CavedonHong ChangRatthachat ChatpatanasiriQingliang ChenJilin ChenYuanhao ChenJie ChenDing-Yi ChenKenil ChengPak-Ming CheungVic CiesielskiAndrew ConnorDiana CukiermanGuang DaiUgo Dal Lago

Martina DankovaLuc De RaedtMarina De VosAldric DegorreMike DixonJeremy DokterDidier DuboisFrank DyllaWeiguo FanJoel FenwickLiliana Mara Carrillo FlrezLutz FrommbergerKen-ichi FukuiNaoki FukutaChun Che FungGabriel FungDorian GaertnerBin GaoAlban GrastienXue Gui-RongMakoto HaraguchiXuefeng HeKeijo HeljankoJan HladikChenyong HuJinbo HuangAaron HunterSun Jian-TaoMike Jones

Organization XI

Sindhu JosephRohit JoshiNorihiro KamideGour KarmakarYoshikiyo KatoElizabeth KempPhilip KilbyKazuki KobayashiTakanori KomatsuYasuo KudoSreenivasa KumarSatoshi KuriharaRoberto LegaspiHua LiXiaodong LiGuoliang LiChavalit LikitvivatanavongChenxi LinHan LinNing LiuJimmy LiuYang LiuXiangyu LuoWei LuoStephen MacDonellStephen MarslandAkio MaruyamaShouichi MatsuiLe Ngoc MinhNguyen Le MinhMasaharu MizumotoMikihiko MoriKoji MorikawaKoichi MoriyamaMasao MukaidonoHiroshi MurataTsuyoshi MurataN. S. NarayanaswamyNide NaoyukiYoshimasa OhmotoMasayuki OkabeYoshiaki OkuboTakashi OnodaMehmet A. OrgunMehrdad Oveisi

Piero PaglianiJeffrey Junfeng PanTanasanee PhienthrakulAdrin Perreau de PinninckKim Leng PohWayne PullanPrasertsak PungprasertyingJosep Puyol-GruartHo Bao QuocM. Masudur RahmanShri RaiArthur RamerDelip RaoRamesh RayuduJochen RenzKai-Florian RichterJuan A. Rodrguez-AguilarMaxim RoyJordi Sabater-MirAshish SabharwalFalko SchmidHolger SchultheisInessa SeifertSteven ShapiroAndy SongFausto SpotoAnantaporn SrisawatSufatrioXichen SunYasufumi TakamaShiro TakataMartti TammiThora TenbrinkQuan Thanh ThoMirek TruszczynskiIvor TsangDinh Duc Anh VuJan Oliver WallgrnMeng wangGang WangMinhong WangYang Wendy WangAmali WeerasingheMiao WenMichael Winter

XII Organization

Kok Wai WongSwee Seong WongBozena WoznaWensi XiShuicheng Yan

Sheng ZhangKai ZhangMengjie ZhangXin Zheng

Table of Contents

Keynote Speech

Learning, Logic, and Probability: A Unified ViewPedro Domingos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Impending Web Intelligence (WI) and Brain Informatics (BI) ResearchNing Zhong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Learning with Unlabeled Data and Its Application to Image RetrievalZhi-Hua Zhou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Regular Papers

Intelligent Agents

Learning as Abductive DeliberationsBudhitama Subagdja, Iyad Rahwan, Liz Sonenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Using a Constructive Interactive Activation and Competition NeuralNetwork to Construct a Situated Agent’s Experience

Wei Peng, John S. Gero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Rule-Based Agents in Temporalised Defeasible LogicGuido Governatori, Vineet Padmanabhan, Antonino Rotolo . . . . . . . . 31

Compact Preference Representation for Boolean GamesElise Bonzon, Marie-Christine Lagasquie-Schiex, Jerome Lang . . . . . . 41

Agent-Based Flexible Videoconference System with Automatic QoSParameter Tuning

Sungdoke Lee, Sanggil Kang, Dongsoo Han . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Kalman Filter Based Dead Reckoning Algorithm for MinimizingNetwork Traffic Between Mobile Game Users in Wireless GRID

Seong-Whan Kim, Ki-Hong Ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Affective Web Service DesignInsu Song, Guido Governatori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

XIV Table of Contents

An Empirical Study of Data Smoothing Methods for Memory-Basedand Hybrid Collaborative Filtering

Dingyi Han, Gui-Rong Xue, Yong Yu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Eliminate Redundancy in Parallel Search: A Multi-agent CoordinationApproach

Jiewen Luo, Zhongzhi Shi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Intelligent Market Based Learner ModelingMaryam Ashoori, Chun Yan Miao, Angela Eck Soong Goh,Wang Qiong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

User Preference Through Bayesian Categorization for RecommendationKyung-Yong Jung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Automated Reasoning

A Stochastic Non-CNF SAT SolverRafiq Muhammad, Peter J. Stuckey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Reasoning About Hybrid Probabilistic Knowledge BasesKedian Mu, Zuoquan Lin, Zhi Jin, Ruqian Lu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Update Rules for Parameter Estimation in Continuous Time BayesianNetwork

Dongyu Shi, Jinyuan You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

On Constructing Fibred Tableaux for BDI LogicsVineet Padmanabhan, Guido Governatori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

The Representation of Multiplication Operation on Fuzzy Numbersand Application to Solving Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision MakingProblems

Chien-Chang Chou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Finding a Natural-Looking Path by Using Generalized Visibility GraphsKyeonah Yu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Comparison Between Two Languages Used to Express Planning Goals:CTL and EAGLE

Wei Huang, Zhonghua Wen, Yunfei Jiang, Aixiang Chen . . . . . . . . . . 180

Trajectory Modification Using Elastic Force for Collision Avoidanceof a Mobile Manipulator

Nak Yong Ko, Reid G. Simmons, Dong Jin Seo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Table of Contents XV

A Hybrid Architecture Combining Reactive Plan Executionand Reactive Learning

Samin Karim, Liz Sonenberg, Ah-Hwee Tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

A Knowledge-Based Modeling System for Time-Critical DynamicDecision-Making

Yanping Xiang, Kim-Leng Poh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Machine Learning and Data Mining

Mining Frequent Itemsets for Protein Kinase RegulationQingfeng Chen, Yi-Ping Phoebe Chen, Chengqi Zhang,Lianggang Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Constructing Bayesian Networks from Association AnalysisOhm Sornil, Sunatashee Poonvutthikul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Bayesian Approaches to Ranking Sequential Patterns InterestingnessKuralmani Vellaisamy, Jinyan Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Mining Multi-dimensional Frequent Patterns Without Data CubeConstruction

Chuan Li, Changjie Tang, Zhonghua Yu, Yintian Liu,Tianqing Zhang, Qihong Liu, Mingfang Zhu, Yongguang Jiang . . . . . . 251

A New Approach to Symbolic Classification Rule Extraction Basedon SVM

Dexian Zhang, Tiejun Yang, Ziqiang Wang, Yanfeng Fan . . . . . . . . . . 261

Feature Selection for Bagging of Support Vector MachinesGuo-Zheng Li, Tian-Yu Liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Neural Classification of Lung Sounds Using Wavelet Packet CoefficientsEnergy

Yi Liu, Caiming Zhang, Yuhua Peng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Wireless Communication Quality Monitoring with Artificial NeuralNetworks

Dauren F. Akhmetov, Minoru Kotaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

Prediction of MPEG Video Source Traffic Using BiLinear RecurrentNeural Networks

Dong-Chul Park, Chung Nguyen Tran, Young-Soo Song,Yunsik Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

XVI Table of Contents

Dynamic Neural Network-Based Fault Diagnosis for Attitude ControlSubsystem of a Satellite

Z.Q. Li, L. Ma, K. Khorasani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Gauss Chaotic Neural NetworksYao-qun Xu, Ming Sun, Ji-hong Shen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Multiscale BiLinear RecurrentNeural Network

Dong-Chul Park, Chung Nguyen Tran, Yunsik Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

A Comparison of Selected Training Algorithms for Recurrent NeuralNetworks

Suwat Pattamavorakun, Suwarin Pattamavorakun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Neural Network Recognition of Scanning Electron Microscope Imagefor Plasma Diagnosis

Byungwhan Kim, Wooram Ko, Seung Soo Han . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

A New Multi-constrained QoS Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad HocNetworks

Hu Bin, Liu Hui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Sparse Kernel Ridge Regression Using Backward DeletionLing Wang, Liefeng Bo, Licheng Jiao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Using Locally Weighted Learning to Improve SMOreg for RegressionChaoqun Li, Liangxiao Jiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

Palmprint Recognition Using Wavelet and Support Vector MachinesXinhong Zhou, Yuhua Peng, Ming Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

Context Awareness System Modeling and Classifier CombinationMi Young Nam, Suman Sedai, Phill Kyu Rhee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Non-negative Matrix Factorization on KernelsDaoqiang Zhang, Zhi-Hua Zhou, Songcan Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Modelling Citation Networks for Improving Scientific PaperClassification Performance

Mengjie Zhang, Xiaoying Gao, Minh Duc Cao, Yuejin Ma . . . . . . . . . 413

Analysis on Classification Performance of Rough Set Based ReductsQinghua Hu, Xiaodong Li, Daren Yu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Table of Contents XVII

Parameter Optimization of Kernel-Based One-Class Classifieron Imbalance Text Learning

Ling Zhuang, Honghua Dai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Clustering-Based Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction on ManifoldGuihua Wen, Lijun Jiang, Jun Wen, Nigel R. Shadbolt . . . . . . . . . . . . 444

Sparse Kernel PCA by Kernel K-Means and Preimage ReconstructionAlgorithms

Sanparith Marukatat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Clustering-Based Relevance Feedback for Web PagesSeung Yeol Yoo, Achim Hoffmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Building Clusters of Related Words: An Unsupervised ApproachDeepak P, Delip Rao, Deepak Khemani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Natural Language Processing and Speech Recognition

Recognition of Simultaneous Speech by Estimating Reliability ofSeparated Signals for Robot Audition

Shun’ichi Yamamoto, Ryu Takeda, Kazuhiro Nakadai, Mikio Nakano,Hiroshi Tsujino, Jean-Marc Valin, Kazunori Komatani,Tetsuya Ogata, Hiroshi G. Okuno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

Chinese Abbreviation-Definition Identification: A SVM ApproachUsing Context Information

Xu Sun, Houfeng Wang, Yu Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

Clause Boundary Recognition Using Support Vector MachinesHyun-Ju Lee, Seong-Bae Park, Sang-Jo Lee, Se-Young Park . . . . . . . . 505

Large Quantity of Text Classification Based on the ImprovedFeature-Line Method

XianFei Zhang, BiCheng Li, WenBin Mu, Yin Liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Automatic Multi-level Summarizations Generation Based on BasicSemantic Unit for Sports Video

Jianyun Chen, Xinyu Zhao, Miyi Duan, Tingting Wu,Songyang Lao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Query-Topic Focused Web Pages SummarizationSeung Yeol Yoo, Achim Hoffmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

XVIII Table of Contents

Computer Vision

Invariant Color Model-Based Shadow Removal in Traffic Image anda New Metric for Evaluating the Performance of Shadow RemovalMethods

Young Sung Soh, Hwanju Lee, Yakun Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Uncontrolled Face Recognition by Individual Stable Neural NetworkXin Geng, Zhi-Hua Zhou, Honghua Dai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Fuzzy Velocity-Based Temporal Dependency for SVM-Driven RealisticFacial Animation

Pith Xie, Yiqiang Chen, Junfa Liu, Dongrong Xiao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Re-ordering Methods in Adaptive Rank-Based Re-indexing SchemeKang Soo You, Jae Ho Choi, Hoon Sung Kwak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

Use of Nested K-Means for Robust Head Location in Visual SurveillanceSystem

Hyun Jea Joo, Bong Won Jang, Suman Sedai, Phill Kyu Rhee . . . . . . 583

Appearance Based Multiple Agent Tracking Under Complex OcclusionsPrithwijit Guha, Amitabha Mukerjee, K.S. Venkatesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

Perception and Animation

Variable Duration Motion Texture for Human Motion ModelingTianyu Huang, Fengxia Li, Shouyi Zhan, Jianyuan Min . . . . . . . . . . . 603

A Novel Motion Blending Approach Based on Fuzzy ClusteringXiangbin Zhu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

Efficient Optimization of Inpainting Scheme and Line Scratch Detectionfor Old Film Restoration

Seong-Whan Kim, Ki-Hong Ko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Partial Encryption of Digital Contents Using Face Detection AlgorithmKwangjin Hong, Keechul Jung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

Relevance Feedback Using Adaptive Clustering for Region Based ImageSimilarity Retrieval

Deok-Hwan Kim, Seok-Lyong Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Table of Contents XIX

Evolutionary Computing

Learning and Evolution Affected by Spatial StructureMasahiro Ono, Mitsuru Ishizuka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Immune Clonal Selection Evolutionary Strategy for ConstrainedOptimization

Wenping Ma, Licheng Jiao, Maoguo Gong, Ronghua Shang . . . . . . . . 661

An Intelligent System for Supporting Personal Creativity Basedon Genetic Algorithm

Heng-Li Yang, Cheng-Hwa Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Generating Creative Ideas Through PatentsGuihua Wen, Lijun Jiang, Jun Wen, Nigel R. Shadbolt . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

An Improved Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm Basedon Dominating Tree

Chuan Shi, Qingyong Li, Zhiyong Zhang, Zhongzhi Shi . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

Fuzzy Genetic System for Modelling Investment PortfolioRahib H. Abiyev, Mustafa Menekay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

Fuzzy Genetic Algorithms for Pairs MiningLongbing Cao, Dan Luo, Chengqi Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

A Novel Feature Selection Approach by Hybrid Genetic AlgorithmJinjie Huang, Ning Lv, Wenlong Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

Evolutionary Ensemble Based Pattern Recognition by Data ContextDefinition

Mi Young Nam, In Ja Jeon, Phill Kyu Rhee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Optimization with a HybridProbability Distribution

Jun Sun, Wenbo Xu, Wei Fang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

A Selection Scheme for Excluding Defective Rules of EvolutionaryFuzzy Path Planning

Jong-Hwan Park, Jong-Hwan Kim, Byung-Ha Ahn,Moon-Gu Jeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747

An Improved Genetic-Based Particle Swarm Optimization for No-IdlePermutation Flow Shops with Fuzzy Processing Time

Niu Qun, Xingsheng Gu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757

XX Table of Contents

Industrial Applications

Determinants of E-CRM in Influencing Customer SatisfactionYan Liu, Chang-Feng Zhou, Ying-Wu Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

Penalty Guided PSO for Reliability Design ProblemsTa-Cheng Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

Developing Methodologies of Knowledge Discovery and Data Miningto Investigate Metropolitan Land Use Evolution

Yongliang Shi, Jin Liu, Rusong Wang, Min Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787

Vibration Control of Suspension System Based on a Hybrid IntelligentControl Algorithm

Ke Zhang, Shiming Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

Short Papers Part

Intelligent Agents

An Intelligent Conversational Agent as the Web Virtual RepresentativeUsing Semantic Bayesian Networks

Kyoung-Min Kim, Jin-Hyuk Hong, Sung-Bae Cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

Three-Tier Multi-agent Approach for Solving Traveling SalesmanProblem

Shi-Liang Yan, Ke-Feng Zhou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

Adaptive Agent Selection in Large-Scale Multi-Agent SystemsToshiharu Sugawara, Kensuke Fukuda, Toshio Hirotsu,Shin-ya Sato, Satoshi Kurihara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818

A Mobile Agent Approach to Support Parallel EvolutionaryComputation

Wei-Po Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823

The Design of Fuzzy Controller by Means of Genetic Algorithmsand NFN-Based Estimation Technique

Sung-Kwun Oh, Jeoung-Nae Choi, Seong-Whan Jang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

GA-Based Polynomial Neural Networks Architecture and ItsApplication to Multi-variable Software Process

Sung-Kwun Oh, Witold Pedrycz, Wan-Su Kim, Hyun-Ki Kim . . . . . . 834

Table of Contents XXI

Topical and Temporal Visualization Using WaveletsT. Mala, T.V. Geetha, Sathish Kumar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

LP-TPOP: Integrating Planning and Scheduling Through ConstraintProgramming

Yuechang Liu, Yunfei Jiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

Integrating Insurance Services, Trust and Risk Mechanisms intoMulti-agent Systems

Yuk-Hei Lam, Zili Zhang, Kok-Leong Ong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Cat Swarm OptimizationShu-Chuan Chu, Pei-wei Tsai, Jeng-Shyang Pan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854

Heuristic Information Based Improved Fuzzy Discrete PSO Methodfor Solving TSP

Bin Shen, Min Yao, Wensheng Yi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859

Automated Reasoning

A Network Event Correlation Algorithm Based on Fault FiltrationQiuhua Zheng, Yuntao Qian, Min Yao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864

CPR Localization Using the RFID Tag-FloorJung-Wook Choi, Dong-Ik Oh, Seung-Woo Kim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870

Development of a Biologically-Inspired Mesoscale RobotAbdul A. Yumaryanto, Jaebum An, Sangyoon Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875

Timed Petri-Net(TPN) Based Scheduling Holon and Its Solution witha Hybrid PSO-GA Based Evolutionary Algorithm(HPGA)

Fuqing Zhao, Yahong Yang, Qiuyu Zhang, Huawei Yi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880

Recognition Rate Prediction for Dysarthric Speech Disorder Via SpeechConsistency Score

Prakasith Kayasith, Thanaruk Theeramunkong,Nuttakorn Thubthong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

An Emotion-Driven Musical Piece Generator for a ConstructiveAdaptive User Interface

Roberto Legaspi, Yuya Hashimoto, Masayuki Numao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890

An Adaptive Inventory Control Model for a Supply Chain withNonstationary Customer Demands

Jun-Geol Baek, Chang Ouk Kim, Ick-Hyun Kwon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

XXII Table of Contents

Context-Aware Product Bundling Architecture in UbiquitousComputing Environments

Hyun Jung Lee, Mye M. Sohn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901

A Relaxation of a Semiring Constraint Satisfaction Problem UsingCombined Semirings

Louise Leenen, Thomas Meyer, Peter Harvey, Aditya Ghose . . . . . . . . 907

Causal Difference Detection Using Bayesian NetworksTomoko Murakami, Ryohei Orihara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912

Tabu Search for Generalized Minimum Spanning Tree ProblemZhenyu Wang, Chan Hou Che, Andrew Lim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918

Evolutionary Computing

Investigation of Brood Size in GP with Brood Recombination Crossoverfor Object Recognition

Mengjie Zhang, Xiaoying Gao, Weijun Lou, Dongping Qian . . . . . . . . 923

An Immune Algorithm for the Optimal Maintenance of NewConsecutive-Component Systems

Y.-C. Hsieh, P.-S. You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929

Immune Genetic Algorithm and Its Application in Optimal Designof Intelligent AC Contactors

Li-an Chen, Peiming Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934

The Parametric Design Based on Organizational EvolutionaryAlgorithm

Chunhong Cao, Bin Zhang, Limin Wang, Wenhui Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940

Buying and Selling with Insurance in Open Multi-agent MarketplaceYuk-Hei Lam, Zili Zhang, Kok-Leong Ong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

Game

Ensemble Evolution of Checkers Players with Knowledge of Opening,Middle and Endgame

Kyung-Joong Kim, Sung-Bae Cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 950

Dynamic Game Level Design Using Gaussian Mixture ModelSangkyung Lee, Keechul Jung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955

Table of Contents XXIII

Machine Learning and Data Mining

Application Architecture of Data Mining in Telecom CustomerRelationship Management Based on Swarm Intelligence

Peng Jin, Yunlong Zhu, Sufen Li, Kunyuan Hu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960

Mining Image Sequence Similarity Patterns in Brain ImagesHaiwei Pan, Xiaoqin Xie, Wei Zhang, Jianzhong Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965

Weightily Averaged One-Dependence EstimatorsLiangxiao Jiang, Harry Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970

SV-kNNC: An Algorithm for Improving the Efficiency of k-NearestNeighbor

Anantaporn Srisawat, Tanasanee Phienthrakul,Boonserm Kijsirikul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

A Novel Support Vector Machine Metamodel for Business RiskIdentification

Kin Keung Lai, Lean Yu, Wei Huang, Shouyang Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . 980

Performing Locally Linear Embedding with Adaptable NeighborhoodSize on Manifold

Guihua Wen, Lijun Jiang, Jun Wen, Nigel R. Shadbolt . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

Stroke Number and Order Free Handwriting Recognition for NepaliK.C. Santosh, Cholwich Nattee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990

Diagnosis Model of Radio Frequency Impedance Matching in PlasmaEquipment by Using Neural Network and Wavelets

Byungwhan Kim, Jae Young Park, Dong Hwan Kim,Seung Soo Han . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

Program Plagiarism Detection Using Parse Tree KernelsJeong-Woo Son, Seong-Bae Park, Se-Young Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1000

Determine the Optimal Parameter for Information Bottleneck MethodGang Li, Dong Liu, Yangdong Ye, Jia Rong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005

Optimized Parameters for Missing Data ImputationShichao Zhang, Yongsong Qin, Xiaofeng Zhu, Jilian Zhang,Chengqi Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010

Expediting Model Selection for Support Vector Machines Basedon an Advanced Data Reduction Algorithm

Yu-Yen Ou, Guan-Hau Chen, Yen-Jen Oyang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017

XXIV Table of Contents

Study of the SMO Algorithm Applied in Power System LoadForecasting

Jingmin Wang, Kanzhang Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022

Filtering Objectionable Image Based on Image ContentZhiwei Jiang, Min Yao, Wensheng Yi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027

MRA Kernel Matching Pursuit MachineQing Li, Licheng Jiao, Shuyuan Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032

Multiclass Microarray Data Classification Using GA/ANN MethodTsun-Chen Lin, Ru-Sheng Liu, Ya-Ting Chao, Shu-Yuan Chen . . . . . 1037

Texture Classification Using Finite Ridgelet Transform and SupportVector Machines

Yunxia Liu, Yuhua Peng, Xinhong Zhou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042

Reduction of the Multivariate Input Dimension Using PrincipalComponent Analysis

Jianhui Xi, Min Han . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047

Designing Prolog Semantics for a Class of ObservablesLingzhong Zhao, Tianlong Gu, Junyan Qian, Guoyong Cai . . . . . . . . . 1052

A Fingerprint Capture System and the Corresponding Image QualityEvaluation Algorithm Based on FPS200

Hong Huang, Jianwei Li, Wei He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058

Multi-agent Motion Tracking Using the Particle Filter in ISpacewith DINDs

TaeSeok Jin, ChangHoon Park, Soo-hong Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063

Combining Multiple Sets of Rules for Improving Classification ViaMeasuring Their Closenesses

Yaxin Bi, Shengli Wu, Xuming Huang, Gongde Guo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068

Industrial Applications

Multiple SVMs Enabled Sales Forecasting Support SystemYukun Bao, Zhitao Liu, Rui Zhang, Wei Huang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

The Application of B-Spline Neurofuzzy Networks for ConditionMonitoring of Metal Cutting Tool

Pan Fu, A.D. Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078

Table of Contents XXV

Simplified Fuzzy-PID Controller of Data Link Antenna Systemfor Moving Vehicles

Jong-kwon Kim, Soo-hong Park,TaeSeok Jin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083

Neuron Based Nonlinear PID ControlNing Wang, Jinmei Yu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089

Information Retrieval

An Image Retrieval System Based on Colors and Shapes of ObjectsKuo-Lung Hong, Yung-Fu Chen, Yung-Kuan Chan,Chung-Chuan Cheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094

A Hybrid Mood Classification Approach for Blog TextYuchul Jung, Hogun Park, Sung Hyon Myaeng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099

Modeling and Classification of Audio Signals Using Gradient-BasedFuzzy C-Means Algorithm with a Mercer Kernel

Dong-Chul Park, Chung Nguyen Tran, Byung-Jae Min,Sancho Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104

A Quick Rank Based on Web StructureHongbo Liu, Jiaxin Wang, Zehong Yang, Yixu Song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109

A Biologically-inspired Computational Model for Perceiving the TROIsfrom Texture Images

Woobeom Lee, Wookhyun Kim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114

A Computer-Assisted Environment on Referential Understandingto Enhance Academic Reading Comprehension

Wing-Kwong Wong, Jian-Hau Lee, Yu-Fen Yang, Hui-Chin Yeh,Chin-Pu Chiao, Sheng-Cheng Hsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119

An Object-Oriented Framework for Data Quality Managementof Enterprise Data Warehouse

Li Wang, Lei Li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125

Natural Language Processing

Extending HPSG Towards HDS as a Fragment of pCLLErqing Xu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130

XXVI Table of Contents

Chinese Multi-document Summarization Using Adaptive Clusteringand Global Search Strategy

Dexi Liu, Yanxiang He, Donghong Ji, Hua Yang,Zhao Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135

Genetic Algorithm Based Multi-document SummarizationDexi Liu, Yanxiang He, Donghong Ji, Hua Yang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140

MaxMatcher: Biological Concept Extraction Using ApproximateDictionary Lookup

Xiaohua Zhou, Xiaodan Zhang, Xiaohua Hu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145

Bootstrapping Word Sense Disambiguation Using Dynamic WebKnowledge

Yuanyong Wang, Achim Hoffmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150

Automatic Construction of Object Oriented Design Models [UMLDiagrams] from Natural Language Requirements Specification

G.S. Anandha Mala, G.V. Uma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155

A Multi-word Term Extraction SystemJisong Chen, Chung-Hsing Yeh, Rowena Chau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160

Neural Networks

A Multiscale Self-growing Probabilistic Decision-Based Neural Networkfor Segmentation of SAR Imagery

Xian-Bin Wen, Hua Zhang, Zheng Tian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166

Face Detection Using an Adaptive Skin-Color Filter and FMM NeuralNetworks

Ho-Joon Kim, Tae-Wan Ryu, Juho Lee, Hyun-Seung Yang . . . . . . . . . 1171

GA Optimized Wavelet Neural NetworksJinhua Xu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176

The Optimal Solution of TSP Using the New Mixture Initializationand Sequential Transformation Method in Genetic Algorithm

Rae-Goo Kang, Chai-Yeoung Jung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181

Steering Law Design for Single Gimbal Control Moment GyroscopesBased on RBF Neural Networks

Zhong Wu, Wusheng Chou, Kongming Wei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186

Table of Contents XXVII

Automatic Design of Hierarchical RBF Networks for SystemIdentification

Yuehui Chen, Bo Yang, Jin Zhou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191

Dynamically Subsumed-OVA SVMs for Fingerprint ClassificationJin-Hyuk Hong, Sung-Bae Cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196

Design on Supervised / Unsupervised Learning Reconfigurable DigitalNeural Network Structure

In Gab Yu, Yong Min Lee, Seong Won Yeo, Chong Ho Lee . . . . . . . . . 1201

Car Plate Localization Using Pulse Coupled Neural Networkin Complicated Environment

Ming Guo, Lei Wang, Xin Yuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206

A Split-Step PSO Algorithm in Predicting Construction LitigationOutcome

Kwok-wing Chau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211

Computer Vision

An Efficient Unsupervised MRF Image Clustering MethodYimin Hou, Lei Guo, Xiangmin Lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216

Robust Gaze Estimation for Human Computer InteractionKang Ryoung Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222

A New Iris Control Mechanism for Traffic Monitoring SystemYoung Sung Soh, Youngtak Kwon, Yakun Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227

Invariant Object Recognition Using Circular Pairwise ConvolutionalNetworks

Choon Hui Teo, Yong Haur Tay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232

Face Detection Using Binary Template Matching and SVMQiong Wang, Wankou Yang, Huan Wang, Jingyu Yang,Yujie Zheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237

Gain Field Correction Fast Fuzzy c-Means Algorithm for SegmentingMagnetic Resonance Images

Jingjing Song, Qingjie Zhao, Yuanquan Wang, Jie Tian . . . . . . . . . . . 1242

LVQ Based Distributed Video Coding with LDPC in Pixel DomainAnhong Wang, Yao Zhao, Hao Wang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1248

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Object Matching Using Generalized Hough Transform and ChamferMatching

Tai-Hoon Cho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259