Lecture in the INAE Seminar on “Towards Lecture in the INAE Seminar on “Towards a Better Innovation Ecosystem”, New a Better Innovation Ecosystem”, New Delhi, September 21, 2012. Delhi, September 21, 2012.

byby

R. ChidambaramR. ChidambaramPrincipal Scientific Adviser to Principal Scientific Adviser to

Govt. of IndiaGovt. of India&&

DAE-Homi Bhabha Professor, DAE-Homi Bhabha Professor, Bhabha Atomic Research Bhabha Atomic Research

Centre, Mumbai, IndiaCentre, Mumbai, India

Research & Innovation EcosystemResearch & Innovation Ecosystem

An An Ecosystem,Ecosystem, in biology, is a in biology, is a community of organisms community of organisms interacting with one another and interacting with one another and with the environment. And there with the environment. And there are functional aspects of the are functional aspects of the system – energy flows within the system – energy flows within the system; utilization of the natural system; utilization of the natural resources in the system; its resources in the system; its sustainability; etc. sustainability; etc.

We have to paraphrase these We have to paraphrase these aspects in the context of the aspects in the context of the Research and Innovation Research and Innovation Ecosystem.Ecosystem.

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

Innermost layer – School Education Innermost layer – School Education SystemSystem Higher Education SystemHigher Education System Research & Development System – Many Research & Development System – Many DimensionsDimensions Innovation System – Many Sub-layersInnovation System – Many Sub-layers LeadershipLeadership e-science infrastructuree-science infrastructure International CooperationInternational Cooperation Government PolicyGovernment Policy

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

Talented young people Talented young people Adequate FundsAdequate Funds Strong InfrastructureStrong Infrastructure Appetite for Risk-TakingAppetite for Risk-Taking LeadersLeaders

Support for both Basic Research and Support for both Basic Research and Applied Research and establishment Applied Research and establishment of a strong manufacturing base (the of a strong manufacturing base (the services sector alone is not enough) services sector alone is not enough) are essential for developing an are essential for developing an excellent National R&I Ecosystemexcellent National R&I Ecosystem

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

The LeadersThe Leaders(They create their own Ecosystems)(They create their own Ecosystems)

Srinivasa Ramanujan Srinivasa Ramanujan : : The ‘magical genius’: The ‘magical genius’: SOLOISTSOLOIST

C.V. Raman C.V. Raman : : Created the next generation Created the next generation of physicists of physicists

Homi Bhabha Homi Bhabha : : Created a whole field: ‘Atomic Created a whole field: ‘Atomic Energy’ - it was actually a Energy’ - it was actually a ‘leader swarm’ backing Bhabha ‘leader swarm’ backing Bhabha

J.N. TataJ.N. Tata : : Created the concept of Created the concept of

‘Indigenous Manufacturing ‘Indigenous Manufacturing Industry’. Industry’.

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

……Peter MedawarPeter Medawar(Nobel Prize - winning (Nobel Prize - winning Biologist)Biologist)

““Advice to a Young Scientist”Advice to a Young Scientist”

- Important to Science or to Society! This advice is useful for everybody, Scientist or otherwise!

My motto when I was Director BARC: “Relevance or My motto when I was Director BARC: “Relevance or Excellence, preferably both”.Excellence, preferably both”. R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

RESEARCH & RESEARCH & INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMINNOVATION ECOSYSTEM Many S&T institutions in India Many S&T institutions in India

have a high brand equity – IISc, have a high brand equity – IISc, IITs, BARC, etc. IITs, BARC, etc.

Multiple leaders converging to Multiple leaders converging to the same point create the same point create excellent excellent institutional institutional ecosystems – e.g. ecosystems – e.g. Gôttingen Gôttingen University in Germany University in Germany (associated with (associated with 45 Nobel 45 Nobel Laureates): Gauss, Riemann in Laureates): Gauss, Riemann in the 19the 19thth Century; Century; achieved achieved its academic peak in the its academic peak in the beginning of the 20beginning of the 20thth Century – Century – Hilbert, Klein, Born, Hilbert, Klein, Born, Sommerfeld.Sommerfeld.

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

Paradigm Shifts in Interpreting InnovationParadigm Shifts in Interpreting Innovation

From : From : “Put Innovation into the Product”“Put Innovation into the Product”

To:To:

““Innovation is the Product”Innovation is the Product”

... ... Kevin Rivette (Boston Kevin Rivette (Boston Consulting Group)Consulting Group)

““Innovation in Process trumps Innovation in Product”Innovation in Process trumps Innovation in Product” .. .. Lester ThurlowLester Thurlow

[…processes of manufacturing and distribution; “on-site and […processes of manufacturing and distribution; “on-site and off-off-shore business model of the IT Industry (Kiran Karnik)”;…]shore business model of the IT Industry (Kiran Karnik)”;…]

““Innovation in Process + Design trumps Innovation in Process Innovation in Process + Design trumps Innovation in Process alone” alone”

……William Buxton William Buxton [… extracting value from creative insights e..g., - Indian [… extracting value from creative insights e..g., - Indian textiles; design-inspired innovation…]textiles; design-inspired innovation…]We must examine India’s strengths in all these approaches.We must examine India’s strengths in all these approaches.

from my address in TIFAC-National Academies(US) meet, Delhi, 18, from my address in TIFAC-National Academies(US) meet, Delhi, 18, Dec. 2007Dec. 2007

““The Many Dimensions of Indian The Many Dimensions of Indian Innovation”Innovation”

‘‘Because India is so large and so diverse and because Because India is so large and so diverse and because change is occurring at such a rapid pace, it is change is occurring at such a rapid pace, it is impossible to talk about a single innovation policy. impossible to talk about a single innovation policy. Conditions vary widely among technologies, among Conditions vary widely among technologies, among industries and among regions. For example, India is on industries and among regions. For example, India is on par with global leaders in some technologies (nuclear par with global leaders in some technologies (nuclear power, space), well behind in other sectors power, space), well behind in other sectors (productivity of small and medium enterprises), and in (productivity of small and medium enterprises), and in a position to leapfrog into global leadership in some a position to leapfrog into global leadership in some areas (tools for rural development)’.areas (tools for rural development)’.

from Chidambaram, “Indian Innovation: Action on Many Fronts”, In “Issues in Science and Technology” Special Issue on ‘Global Tour of Innovation Policy’, National Academy(US), Volume XXIV, No. 1 Fall 2007, pp.59-62.

The concept of collaborative Innovation – we normally associate innovative concept creation with individuals – is based on the idea of “swarm creativity” and transcends International borders. Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINS) are cyberteams enabled by the Web to share knowledge “directly and not through hierarchies.”

Collaborative InnovationCollaborative Innovation

““Collaborative InnovationCollaborative Innovation” was the theme of the ” was the theme of the January 2008 Davos meeting of the World Economic January 2008 Davos meeting of the World Economic Forum which I attended as a member of the Faculty. But I Forum which I attended as a member of the Faculty. But I would like to suggest that we should also think of would like to suggest that we should also think of altruisticaltruistic Collaborative Innovation Collaborative Innovation while tackling the while tackling the problems of pandemic diseases Climate Change threat problems of pandemic diseases Climate Change threat and Cyber security, without worrying about IPR issues.and Cyber security, without worrying about IPR issues.

from my address in the Science and Technology infrom my address in the Science and Technology in Society Forum Kyoto, October, 2009Society Forum Kyoto, October, 2009

The Large Hadron Collider ModelThe Large Hadron Collider Model(Knowledge Diffusion through International R&D Collaboration(Knowledge Diffusion through International R&D Collaboration))

The world’s largest accelerator has been The world’s largest accelerator has been built in the Centre for European Nuclear built in the Centre for European Nuclear Research(CERN) in Geneva – a more than 4 Billion Research(CERN) in Geneva – a more than 4 Billion U.S. Dollars machine. Under an agreement U.S. Dollars machine. Under an agreement signed in 1996 when I was Chairman AEC, India signed in 1996 when I was Chairman AEC, India contributed 40 Million U.S. Dollars – worth hi-tech contributed 40 Million U.S. Dollars – worth hi-tech equipment like a thousand superconducting equipment like a thousand superconducting sextuple magnets, etc. and advanced ‘grid’ sextuple magnets, etc. and advanced ‘grid’ software. Half of this contribution has been put software. Half of this contribution has been put into an ‘India Fund’ which will support Indian into an ‘India Fund’ which will support Indian scientists who will work with the Accelerator. scientists who will work with the Accelerator. Indian scientist groups are also participating in Indian scientist groups are also participating in the construction and experimentation with two the construction and experimentation with two giant Detector systems – CMS and Alice – TIFR giant Detector systems – CMS and Alice – TIFR and VECC/SINP lead the Indian teams for these and VECC/SINP lead the Indian teams for these two experiments (post-script: CMS was one of the two experiments (post-script: CMS was one of the 2 detectors involved in providing the recent 2 detectors involved in providing the recent experimental evidence on the Higgs Boson). experimental evidence on the Higgs Boson).

Collaboration with CERN has helped in Collaboration with CERN has helped in nucleating the presently fast growing e-Research nucleating the presently fast growing e-Research Infrastructure in India. Infrastructure in India.

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

Raman Effect and the Raman Effect and the Higgs BosonHiggs BosonFor discovering the For discovering the Raman EffectRaman Effect, ,

a physicist was enough, with a few a physicist was enough, with a few students. students. To look for the To look for the Higgs BosonHiggs Boson, we , we have the multi-billion dollar have the multi-billion dollar precision – engineered Large Hadron precision – engineered Large Hadron Collider and teams involving Collider and teams involving hundreds of scientists , across hundreds of scientists , across international borders --- studying international borders --- studying the data from various detectors. the data from various detectors. And we need an e-science And we need an e-science infrastructure. infrastructure.

So the way we do science has So the way we do science has changed and the ecosystem must changed and the ecosystem must adjust to this factadjust to this fact

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

ITER (ITER (IInternational nternational TTokamak okamak EExperimental xperimental RReactor)eactor)

ITER

Fusion Power: 500 MW

Plasma Volume: 840 m3

Plasma Current: 15 MA

Typical Density: 1020 m-3

Typical Temperature: 20 keV

ITER complex at Cadarache, FRANCE (an artists view)

Joint Venture of 7 parties

Courtesy : Y.C. Saxena

(an example of International Collaboration as ‘Equal Partner’)

India also welcomes international participation in our ‘Mega-Science Projects’ like GMRT.

(an engineering marvel; I visited NIF in April 2012)

For the next 2 or 3 decades, most of our capacity addition For the next 2 or 3 decades, most of our capacity addition may come from coal-burning. Need for Advanced USC may come from coal-burning. Need for Advanced USC coal-based plants, where the steam temperature is 700-coal-based plants, where the steam temperature is 700-750 deg.C.750 deg.C.

While the main R&D project is aimed towards the full While the main R&D project is aimed towards the full development of a 800 Mwe A-USC plant, my Office has development of a 800 Mwe A-USC plant, my Office has supported two projects, which can be called pre-projects, supported two projects, which can be called pre-projects, one for the development of boiler tubes and the other for one for the development of boiler tubes and the other for blade material. Consortium of IGCAR, BHEL and NTPC – Dr. blade material. Consortium of IGCAR, BHEL and NTPC – Dr. Baldev Raj spear-headed the initial effort, now Shri S.C. Baldev Raj spear-headed the initial effort, now Shri S.C. Chetal. Chetal.

Two new indigenous materials have been developed by Two new indigenous materials have been developed by IGCAR for boiler tubes, with the help of MIDHANI and NFC: IGCAR for boiler tubes, with the help of MIDHANI and NFC:

304HCu SS Tubes304HCu SS TubesAlloy 617 M tubesAlloy 617 M tubesToday, for advanced technology projects, Today, for advanced technology projects, fragmented capabilities have to be synergised. fragmented capabilities have to be synergised. Such synergism should be considered an Such synergism should be considered an important component of the ecosystem. important component of the ecosystem.

( an example of synergising exceptional component capabilities)

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

Through innovative Academia-Industry Interaction Through innovative Academia-Industry Interaction Interfaces for ‘Pre-competitive Applied Research’ and Interfaces for ‘Pre-competitive Applied Research’ and through ‘Directed Basic Research’ , for Industrial through ‘Directed Basic Research’ , for Industrial DevelopmentDevelopment

Examples: CAR, CMAT and CAREL of PSA’s OfficeExamples: CAR, CMAT and CAREL of PSA’s Office

Through Innovative Through Innovative Technology Delivery Systems Technology Delivery Systems for Rural Development. for Rural Development. RuTAG (of PSA’s Office) is an RuTAG (of PSA’s Office) is an open platform innovation open platform innovation strategy. RuTAG Centres are strategy. RuTAG Centres are there in seven IITsthere in seven IITs

Research

Development

Delivery

Mechanisms for establishing ‘Coherent Synergy’ Mechanisms for establishing ‘Coherent Synergy’ in the Ecosystem for Technology Development and in the Ecosystem for Technology Development and

DeliveryDelivery

(Industrial Development vs Rural Development )(Industrial Development vs Rural Development )

Synergy is enhanced by e-connectivitySynergy is enhanced by e-connectivity

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

► 31 PoP► 89 Backbone

Links► 1500 Edge Links► 860 connected

National Knowledge Network National Knowledge Network On Conclusion of Final PhaseOn Conclusion of Final Phase

Courtesy: R.S. Mani, NICCourtesy: R.S. Mani, NIC

Regional and International Research Collaboration can be enhanced by connecting such Knowledge Networks

Aims to connect all Knowledge Institutions in India through a high-speed all-optical fibre low-latency network

Here is a huge opportunity to indigenise the manufacture of high-speed network products

Thermodynamic Equilibrium Thermodynamic Equilibrium between Knowledge in the between Knowledge in the Academic System & Knowledge Academic System & Knowledge created in or transferred to created in or transferred to Industry (in Developed Industry (in Developed Countries)Countries)

Lack of such Equilibrium (in Lack of such Equilibrium (in Developing Countries)Developing Countries)

That is why the R&I Ecosystems That is why the R&I Ecosystems are different in India at present are different in India at present and, say, the U.S.A . and, say, the U.S.A .

But But Things are changing rapidly Things are changing rapidly in Indiain India

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram

I think so, provided we create an I think so, provided we create an excellent research & innovation excellent research & innovation ecosystem; provided we have ecosystem; provided we have proper 'technology foresight' to proper 'technology foresight' to make the right technology make the right technology choices, in a national perspective; choices, in a national perspective; and provided we introduce and provided we introduce 'Coherent Synergy' (a phrase 'Coherent Synergy' (a phrase coined by me some years back) in coined by me some years back) in our S&T related activities. our S&T related activities.

Without ‘Coherent Synergy’ Without ‘Coherent Synergy’ among its various components, among its various components, establishing an excellent R&I establishing an excellent R&I Ecosystem is not possible.Ecosystem is not possible.

R. ChidambaramR. Chidambaram