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Hospitals were a terrible place to be before nightingaleo Dirty, not regulated, not sufficient staff, poorest of the poor would only goo Had rats, bugs, no one changed the linens,

When it came to care, it was expected that women in the family would care, Do it in a home not hospital No work for women besides the household, Jobs like maid, nanny, etc When it came to care people who took care of soldiers were other soldiers Not a lot of formalize training James Durham (1783)

o Born into slavery and bought his freedom working as a nurseo First African American to practice without a degree

Slave owners were all doctors and encourage him to do nursing Crimean War (1853-1856)

oWar over ottoman empire

France, brittain, 450,000 men were killed in this war

British side- 2755 killedo 2019- wound

NOT ALL FROM CRIMEAN WAR!

o Florence Nightingale Heard about the war from London from a reporter Came from an aristocratic family Parents werent happy about it Went to a school in germany for a while and started her career at home Gets a bunch of nurses to come with her and she uses a hospital at Scutari

Scutari was built on an old cesspool She tried to organized and clean the hospital Because she was so educated she was able to do statistics

She collected detailed morbidity and mortality of the soldiers fromScutari

She practiced as a nurse for 3 years Contracted a disease that fatigued her and put her on bed rest and she

chose to stay in bed

She continued to be part of nursing and involve in nursing She was invited to be buried at Westminster Abby in London because of all of

her contributions

Had formalize training from decans in germany She founded a school (st. thomass hospital)

o Mary Seacole

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British war nurse that cared for the colliders during the Crimean war Jamaican by birth Operated several successful business in Caribbean

o Francis Margaret Taylor Born in 1832 in England English nurse and nun Nurse briefly with nightingale and was moved to another hospital

Civil Waro Over 625,000 meno US sanitary commission

Dorothea Dixo Put in charge to train nurses for union armyo Good health, courage, and character were required

Clara Bartono Started the American red cross (1861)o 1821-1912o Practice as a nurse in Mass.o Influence by her aunt to become a nurse

Mary Mother Breckinridgeo Hospital Nurse administrator for union soldiers under Grant during civil waro She was instrumental Getting veterans and civil war nurses pensions after the war

Louisa May Alcotto Nurse in civil waro Famous for writing little womeno Followed in mothers footstepso Big on anti-slavery

Harriet Tubmano Known for underground railroado Volunteered as a nurse in civil waro Also acted as a spy on union side

Walt Whitmano Volunteered as a nurse in civil waro Writer

After war, women went back home to work In 1872, the NE hospital for women and children opened

o Open nursing schoolo First only Admitted only 5 student nurses

Linda Richardso 1 of 4 childreno 1 of 5 students to graduate from the school of nursingo Took over Boston training school

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o Took lead in bedside patient chartingo Spent some time in japan to set up nursing school

Germ Theoryo In 1890, Koch published his theory that microorganism spread diseases

Nurses didnt work in hospitals but they worked for home care visits Private duty

o $15 a weeko Move from house to house

Visiting nurses were freeo Combat public health concerns

TB and infant morality Industrial revolution has been going on after the civil war

o Getting a lot of people coming to city to worko Developing new ways to create power

1893 (nursing was beginning to be professionalized)o Henry Street Settlement

Founded in 1893 by lilian wald Advocate of formalize training In 1909, she partnered with metropolitan life insurance company and

persuaded them that it is in their best interest to give people who are

not sick health insurance

Community based entity Sent nurses out and had services in the building Also had youth programs in the building

Lavinia Dock

o Big in protest movemento Help women get a right to voteo She wrote one of the first nursing textbook on medicationso Cofounded Henry street seto Support labor uniono Jailed for protesting womens suffrageo Co-wrote the history of nursingo Hygiene and morality : create eqauilty of delivery of care for men and women

Chicago worlds fairo Isabel Hampton Robb (1893)

Wrote paper about the lack of uniformity across nursing schools Founded the ANA in 1896 but wasnt officially named it until 1911

Spanish American war (1893)o First war with formally trained nurses on hando Sofia palmer (1900)

She was at the worlds fair

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Part of the superintend society Precursor for nln Editor for ALN State licensure

North Carolina acted their mandatory state license in 1903o Also NY, VA, and NJ

Clara maasso Volunteer in Spanish American waro First service took her out of the country (cuba)o After discharged she went back again to serveo While in the Philippines she contracted a disease (denghee fever)o Volunteered to get bitten by a mosquito that carried yellow fever and died

1903- RN Nightingale was against womens right to vote 1908

o Mary Eliza Mahoney (1908) First african american to graduate from Founded the NACGN

1912o National organization of public health nursingo Margaret Sanger

Birth control activist Founded parent planninghood Gave up nursing to be an advocate

WWI

o Annie Goodrich Ny training hospital Dean of army school of nursing during WW1 Developed nursing program at yale

1918o Spanish flu pandemic broke out and killed thousands of people

1920o 19th amendment

Womens suffrage 1925

o Mary Breckinridge Founded frontier nursing service in Ky She was a midwife

1929- stock market crashed and began the great depressiono Work became scarceo Childbirth moved from home to hospitals

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WW2 (1939-1945)o US involvement started in 1941o United states public health service act (1944)

Making organizations for education and breaking things up into smallersegments (one of them is cadet nurse core)

Where nurses held rank as officers 1951

o NACGN was recognized by the ANA 1950s

o Associate degreeso Addressed need that education was done in community college setting and not hospital

setting

Mildred Montago Came up with model for associate nursing degree

1953o First heart transplant

1956o First clinical degree

1960-1973 (vitnam war)o Margaret Houlihan

Fictional character from MASH Based on Real nurse Army nurse corp

1960so

Diff of care NP program began in 1965

Offered through university of Coloradoo 1965

Medicare/Medicaid act was out into place Nurses responded to that (modify it)

1974o American Assembly for Men in Nursing was est

HEALTH CARE REFORM (2000s) HEALTHCARE moving to home and community WAR OEF/OIF 2011

o First nurse being nominated to army surgeon general