lecture 9, fall 2014

63
Lecture 9 Laboratory Monitoring of An3coagulant Therapy Assays to Monitor An3coagulant Response to Therapy

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Lecture  9  

Laboratory  Monitoring  of  An3coagulant  Therapy  

Assays  to  Monitor  An3coagulant  Response  to  Therapy  

 

An3coagulant  Therapy  

•  Goal  ▫  Prevent  the  forma-on  or  extension  of  a  thrombus  

•  Indica3ons  ▫  Arterial  thrombosis  ▫  Atrial  fibrilla3on    ▫  Cerebrovascular  disease  ▫  Extracorporeal  procedures  –  Renal  dialysis,  CPB  ▫  Mechanical  heart  valves  ▫  Myocardial  infarc3on  ▫  Peripheral  vascular  disease  ▫  Radiologic  procedures  –  Interven3onal/Diagnos3c    ▫  Venous  thromboembolism    –  DVT/PE  

2  

Tradi3onal  Approach  to  An3coagulant  Therapy  

 

4  

Heparin   Coumarins   Aspirin  Clot  busters  

Venous  thrombosis   Arterial  thrombosis  

Target  thrombin  genera3on   Interfere  platelet  func3on  

Clot  lysis  

Two  Classes  of  An3coagulant  Drugs    

•  An3coagulant  Drugs  –  Inhibit  in  vivo  thrombosis  –  Prolong  cloMng  3me  –  Show  concentra3on-­‐dependent  effect  on  the  clot-­‐based  assays  

–  Monitored  with  tradi-onal  assays  

•  An3thrombo3c  Drugs  –  Inhibit  in  vivo  thrombosis  –  “Variable”  prolonga3on  of  the  cloMng  3me  

–  Monitored  with  nontradi-onal  assays  for  monitoring  effec3vely  

5  

Clot-­‐based  Assays  Global  screening  assays   Chromogenic  Assays    

•  Nonspecific  –  PT,  aPTT,  TT,  ACT  –  Depend  on  a  func-onal  coagula3on  

cascade  –  Phospholipid  dependent  –  Subject  to  numerous  preanaly-cal  

variables  •  Coagula3on  factor  abnormali3es  •  Inhibitors    •  Concurrent  drug  interac3ons  

–  Fast  and  inexpensive  –  PT,  aPTT,  TT,  ACT  

•  Protein  converted  to  its  ac3ve  form  •  Enzyme  cleaves  (hydrolyzes)  a  substrate  

–  Consists  of  a  pep3de  sequence  and  a  chromophore  (pNA)  

•  Pep3de  releases  the  pNA  à  gives  off  a  color  •  Measure  intensity  of  the  color    •  Subject  to  fewer  preanaly3cal  variables  

6 Pa3ent  Plasma  

Ca2+  +  

Reagent  

Bates S M , Weitz J I Circulation 2005;112:e53-e60

Oral  An3coagulants  

•  Most  common  of  the  oral  an3coagulants  •  Frank  W  Schofield,  1922  ▫  Reported  a  bleeding  diathesis  in  ca^le  that  simulated  hemorrhagic  sep3cemia  and  “black  leg  syndrome”  ▫  Spoiled  sweet  clover  mixed  with  hay  

 

7

Oral  An3coagulants  

•  Karl  Paul  Link,  1933,  University  of  Wisconsin  –  A  WI  farmer—pail  of  blood  that  would  not  coagulate  –  Isolated  and  purified  3,3’-­‐methylene-­‐bis-­‐[4-­‐hydroxycoumarin]  –  Dicumarol  and  WARF-­‐42  

•  Led  to  the  iden3fica3on  of  Coumarin  (Warfarin)  

8

Oral  An3coagulants  

•  Called  Warfarin—WI  Alumni  Research  Founda3on,  1948  

• Mechanism  à  greatly  diminished  prothrombin  ac3vity  and  delayed  the  blood  cloMng  mechanism  ▫  Ini-ally  used  as  a  roden-cide  ▫  Army  inductee  1951  ▫  Dwight  D  Eisenhower  1955  

    9

Warfarin  

•  Coumarins—class  of  drugs  which  inhibit  vitamin  K  ac3vity  ▫  Warfarin  (Coumadin)  ▫  Acenocoumarol  (Sintrom)  ▫  Phenprocoumon  (Marcoumar)  

 •  Indica3ons    ▫  Atrial  fibrilla3on  ▫  Prosthe3c  heart  valves  ▫  Thromboembolic  disease  ▫  Hypercoagulable  states  ▫  Depressed  cardiac  func3on  

10

Warfarin  and  Vitamin  K  

•  Warfarin  is  an  analogue  of  vitamin  K    •  Vitamin  K    -­‐  discovered  from  defects  in  

blood    “koagula3on”  •  Vitamin  K  synthesized  by  plants  and  

bacteria  ▫  Leafy  green  vegetables  and  intes3nal  

flora  •  Vitamin  K  -­‐  required  coenzyme  for  post  

transla3on  modifica3on  reac3on  •  γ-­‐carboxyla3on  of  glutamic  acid  residues  

1.  Adds  carboxyl  group  (COOH)  onto  Gla  residues  of  the  vitamin  K  dependent  proteins  

2.  Needed  for  Ca2+  binding  à  clot  forma3on    

•  Warfarin  inhibits  the  ac-on  of  vitamin  K  •  Vitamin  K  administra-on  is  the  an-dote  

for  warfarin  toxicity  

11 Similari3es  of  Warfarin  to  Vitamin  K  

Vitamin  K  -­‐  Carboxyglutamate  FII,  FV,  FVII,  FX,  PC,  PS  

ACTIVE  FII,  FVII,  FIX,  FX,  PC,  PS  

INACTIVE  

oxidized  reduced  

Warfarin  •  Racemic  mixture  of  two  op3cally  ac3ve  

enan3omers–  R  and  S    ▫  S  enanAomer  is  more  potent    

•  “S”  metabolized  primarily  by  the  CYP2C9  of  cytochrome  p450    

•  ½-­‐life  ~  29  hours    •  Oral  administra3on  •  Water  soluble  •  Rapidly  absorbed  in  stomach  and  

duodenum  •  Binds  to  albumin  (~98%)  ▫  Only  the  non-­‐bound  (FREE)  form  is  

biologically  ac3ve  •  Peak  an3coagulant  effect  occurs  36-­‐42  

hours  aper  drug  administra3on  

13

Warfarin’s  An3coagulant  Effect  

�  Does  NOT  have  a  DIRECT  an3coagulant  effect  �  Onset  of  Warfarin’s  effect  is  dependent  on  the  ½-­‐life  of  the  VKDFs  �  PT/INR  elevates  rapidly  due  to  the  short  ½-­‐life  of  FVII  •  Full  onset  of  Warfarin’s  an3coagulant  effect  takes  from  72-­‐96  hours  

�  ***INR  does  NOT  become  stable  un-l  72-­‐96  hours  

14

Factor   Decreased  aHer    iniAaAon  of  Warfarin  

Factor  VII   6  hours  

Factor  IX   24  hours  

Factor  X   36  hours  

Factor  II   72  hours  

Ac3on  of  Warfarin    

InacAve    FII,  FVII,  FIX,  FX,  PC,  PS  

WAR

FARIN  

INACTIVE  FII,  FV,  FVII,  FX,  PC,  PS  

Polymorphism  CYP2C9  

•  CYP2C9*2  and  CYP2C9*3    •  Reduce  clearance  of  S-­‐enan3omer    •  Increase  sensi3vity  to  warfarin  

 •  Require  ▫  Lower  dose  of  warfarin  ▫  Longer  -me  to  reach  steady  state  ▫  Result    

�  Higher  risk  for  over-­‐an-coagula-on  and  serious  bleeding  

�  More  common  in  Caucasian  pa3ents    

16

CYP2C9CYP2C9CYP1A1CYP1A1CYP1A2CYP1A2CYP3A4CYP3A4

RR--warfarinwarfarin

SS--warfarin

warfarin

Oxidized Vitamin KOxidized Vitamin K Reduced Vitamin KReduced Vitamin KOO22

HypofunctionalHypofunctionalF. II, VII, IX, XF. II, VII, IX, X

Protein C, S, ZProtein C, S, Z

Functional Functional F. II, VII, IX, XF. II, VII, IX, X

Proteins C, S, ZProteins C, S, Z

γ--glutamyl glutamyl carboxylasecarboxylase

Vitamin K Vitamin K ReductaseReductase

COCO22

WarfarinWarfarin

RR--warf

arin

warfari

n SS--warfarin

warfarin

Calumenin

Polymorphism  of  VKORC1  

Ø  VKORC1  is  the  “target”  enzyme  for  Warfarin  Ø  VKORC1  is  essen3al  cofactor  for                    

γ-­‐carboxyla3on  of  VKDFs  Ø  Warfarin  inhibits  VKOR1’s  ac3vity  Ø  Results  in  produc3on  of  “non-­‐

func3on”  PIVKAs  

Ø  VKORC1  polymorphisms    

Ø  Pa-ents  have  variable  resistance  and  sensi3vity  to  Warfarin    

Ø  Need  for  lower  doses  of  warfarin  during  long  term  therapy  

 17

Epoxide Reductase (VKORC1)

γ -Carboxylase (GGCX)

Warfarin

Molecular  Interven-ons  6:223-­‐227,  (2006)  

Heparin  •  Probably  the  most  widely  prescribed  drug  in  the  US  •  An3thrombo3c  proper3es  were  described  by  McLean  and  Howell  in  1918  •  First  used  clinically  as  an  an3thrombo3c  agent  in  the  1930’s  •  Heterogeneous  mixture  of  highly  sulfated  mucopolysaccharides  ranging  in  

molecular  weight  from  3,000  –  30,000  Da  –>  averaging  15,000  Da  •  Contains  alterna3ng  residues  of  D-­‐glucuronic  acid  and  N-­‐acetyl-­‐D-­‐

glucosamine  

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Heparin  

•  Naturally  occurring  an3coagulant  produced  by  basophils  and  mast  cells  

•  Exogenous  heparin  derived  from  two  sources  –  Bovine  lung  3ssue  –  Porcine  intes3nal  mucosa  

•  Two  forms  –  Unfrac3onated  Heparin  (UFH)  

–  Low  Molecular  Weight  Heparin  (LMWH)  

19

Heparin  •  Used  clinically  to  treat  

1.  Prophylaxis  and  treatment  of  DVT  

2.  Treatment  of  PE  or  other  clinically  significant  thromboses  

3.  Acute  coronary  syndrome,  unstable  angina,  non-­‐ST  eleva3on  AMI  

4.  Preven3on  of  stroke  due  to  atrial  fibrilla3on  

5.  Intra-­‐opera3vely    •  Cardiopulmonary  bypass  surgery  

•  Coronary  angioplasty  •  Vascular  surgery  •  Hemodialysis  

•  Administered  parentally—(degraded  by  oral  administra3on)  

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Heparin:  Mechanism  of  Ac3on  

•  Mechanism  is  mediated  through  an3thrombin  in  the  coagula3on  cascade  

•  Exerts  is  an3coagulant  ac3vity  via  2  proteins  1.  An3thrombin  (AT)  

�  Binds  to  an3thrombin  �  Induces  a  conforma3on  change  in  AT  molecule  �  Enhances  AT-­‐mediated  inhibi3on  of  

�  Thrombin,  Factor  Xa  �  Factors  XIIa,  XIa,  IXa  

2.  Heparin  Cofactor  II  (HCII)  �  Binds  to  heparin  cofactor  II  (HCII)  �  HCII  requires  higher  levels  of  

heparin  �  Specifically  bind  to  thrombin  

 Unfrac3onated  Heparin  •  In  the  absence  of  exogenous  heparin  ▫  AT  binds  to  heparinoid  substances  located  on  the  endothelium  surface  

�  Dermatan  sulfate  �  Chondroi3n  sulfate  �  Heparan  sulfate  

22 h^p://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar3cles/PMC1915585/figure/Fig1/  

Mechanism  of  Ac3on  UFH  

•  Polysaccharide  chain  –  18  saccharide  units  (nega3vely  charged)  

 •  Binds  to  AT  (posi3vely  charged)  via  a  unique  pentasaccharide  sequence  

•  Induces  a  conforma-onal  change  in  the  AT  molecule  à  reac3ve  center  loop  of  AT  more  accessible  

 •  Converts  AT  from  a  slow  progressive  inhibitor  to  an  aggressive  inhibitor  of  Thrombin  (IIa)  

 •  Heparin  chains  are  released  and  used  again  

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NEJM,  337:688,  1997,  Weitz  

Mechanism  of  Ac3on  UFH  •  Polysaccharide  chain  containing    at  

least  18  saccharide  units  •  Binds  to  AT  via  a  unique  

pentasaccharide  sequence  •  Induces  a  conforma3onal  change  in  

the  AT  molecule  •  Converts  AT  from  a  slow  progressive  

inhibitor  to  an  aggressive  inhibitor  of  thrombin  

•  Heparin  chain  then  serves  as  a  template  binding  AT  and  Thrombin—(ternary  complex)  

•  Heparin  chain  is  released  and  is  used  again  

 •  In  the  absence  of  exogenous  heparin  

–  AT  binds  to  heparinoid  substances  located  on  the  endothelium  surface  

•  Dermatan  sulfate  •  Chondroi3n  sulfate  •  Heparan  sulfate  

24  

NEJM,  337:688,  1997,  Weitz  

Antithrombin

Thrombin

UFH

Pentasaccharide

Mechanism  of  Ac3on  for  LMWH  

•  Binds  to  AT  via  unique  pentasaccharide  sequence  

•  LMWH:AT  complex  binds  to  the  ac3ve  site  of  Xa  and  inhibits  its  ac3vity  

•  Exerts  its  an3coagulant  ac3vity  via  AT  

•  Mean  molecular  weight  5000  Daltons  –  <  18  saccharide  units  

�  Advantages  �  Bioavailability  approaches  100%  �  Peak  an3-­‐Xa  ac3vity  occurs  

between  3-­‐5  hours  sc  �  Rarely  associated  with  HIT  �  Does  not  cause  osteoporosis  �  Usually  does  not  need  to  be  

monitored  

25  

NEJM,  337:688,  1997,  Weitz  

1.   FXa  is  added  to  plasma  containing  syntheAc  factor  Xa  substrate  with  a  chromophore  a^ached  to  the  end  

2.  Substrate  is  cleaved  by  FXa  

3.  Chromophore  à  color  change  à  quan3fied    –  Directly  propor3onal  to  enzyme  ac3vity  

4.  If  heparin  (UFH/LMW)  is  present  in  plasma  sample  à  it  will  promote  factor  Xa  inhibi3on  by  AT  à  less  FXa  available  to  cleave  substrate  

5.  Compared  to  standard  curve  using  known  amounts  of  heparin  

Factor  Xa  Heparin  Assay      

Monitoring  UFH—aPTT    

�  Most  widely  used  test  �  Adapted  to  monitor  heparin  therapy  �  Inexpensive  and  easy  to  perform  

•  Perform  4-­‐6  hours  aper  bolus  dosage  and  every  24  hours  thereaper  �  A  dose  adjustment  requires  monitoring  6  hours  aper  the  dose  adjustment  

�  1.5-­‐2.5  x  “normal”    

�  Advantages  –  Rapid  –  Easy  to  perform  –  Inexpensive  –  Widely  available  

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Factors  Affec3ng  the  aPTT  

Variable   Mechanism  

Sample  collec3on  and  processing  

Time  of  blood  sampling   Diurnal  varia3on  

Citrate  concentra3on   >  Concentra3on  à  >  prolonga3on  

Centrifuga3on   •  Delayed  plasma  separa3on  (>1  hr)  à  shorter  cloMng  3me  à  PF4  

•  Platelet  count  <  10  x  109/L    

Test  Characteris3cs   Reagent   Variable  responsiveness  to  UFH  

Coagulometer   Differences  in  methods  of  end  point  detec3on  

Biologic  variables   UFH  pharmacokine3cs   •  Altered  intravascular  volume  (obesity,  aging)  •  Increased  concentra3ons  of  heparin  binding  proteins  

(infec3on,  inflamma3on,  malignancy)  

aPTT  dose-­‐response  to  UFH   •  Increased  FVIII  and  Fibrinogen  •  Low  concentra3on  of  AT  (congenital,  acute  thrombosis,  

LD)  •  Reduced  levels  of  coagula3on  proteins  (DIC,  LD)    

Baseline  aPTT   •  LA  •  Specific  factor  deficiencies  (PK,  HMWK,  XII,  XI,  IX,  VIII)  •  Reduced  levels  of  coagula3on  proteins  (DIC,  LD)    

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Addi3onal  Tests  to  Monitor  UFH  

• An3-­‐factor  Xa  assay  (UFH)  

▫  4  hours  aper  administra3on  ▫  Therapeu3c  target—0.3-­‐0.7  anA-­‐Xa  U/mL  ▫ Monitor  platelet  count  daily  ▫  SUPERIOR  to  the  aPTT  assay  for  monitoring  UFH  therapy  

   

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Laboratory  Monitoring  of  LMWH  •  Monitoring  not  required  in  most  pa3ents  •  Collect  blood  sample  4  hours  aper  subcutaneous  dose  •  Monitored  only  by  the  chromogenic  an3-­‐factor  Xa  assay  

•  Calibra3on  curve  –  LMWH  that  the  pa3ent  is  on  –  Commercial  calibrators  

•  Perform  regular  CBCs  to  monitor  platelet  count,  anemia,  occult  bloods  

•  Ranges:  –  Target  range  for  prophylaxis—0.2  -­‐  0.4  an--­‐Xa  U/mL  –  Therapeu-c  target  range  for  2x/day  dosing—0.5  -­‐  1.1  an--­‐Xa  U/mL  –  Therapeu-c  target  range  for  1x/day  dosing—1.1  -­‐  2.0  an--­‐Xa  U/mL  

•  aPTT  can  not  be  used  to  monitor  LMWH  –  insensi-ve  to  LMWH    

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Heparins  

h^p://quizlet.com/13750648/pharm-­‐test-­‐1-­‐coagula3on-­‐flash-­‐cards/  

Ac3vated  CloMng  Time  

•  Used  to  monitor  pa3ents  on  extremely  high  doses  of  heparin  –  CPB  

•  Range  =  71  –  180  seconds  •  Heparin  =  400  –  500  seconds  

•  Does  not  correlate  well  with  other  coagula-on  tests  

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Thrombin  Inhibitors  

Thrombin  Inhibitors  

Indirect  Thrombin  Inhibitors  

Parenteral  

UFH  LMWH  

Fondaparinux  

Oral  

Rivaroxaban  Apixaban  

Direct  Thrombin  Inhibitors  

Parenteral  

Hirudin  Lepirudin  Argatroban  Bivalirudin  

Oral  

Dabigatran  etexilate  

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Fondaparinux  (Arixtra)  �  Synthe3c  pentasaccharide  

�  Mechanism    �  Contains  the  unique  pentasaccharide  sequence  �  Binds  to  AT  à  Inhibits  Factor  Xa  

�  Indirect  inhibitor  of  IIa    

34 NEJM  

Pharmacology  of  the  Pentasaccharides  •  Predictable  dose  response  

–  Administered  1x/day  –  Plasma  half-­‐life  14-­‐24  hours  –  Does  not  bind  PF4  or  plasma  proteins    –  Monitoring  generally  not  necessary  

•  Peak  ac3vity  –  3  hours  

•  No  an3dote,  protamine  ineffec3ve  –  Most  common  adverse  reac3on  is  bleeding  –  Excreted  by  the  kidneys  

 •  Indica3ons    

–  Orthopedic  periopera3ve  DVT  prophylaxis  •  Approved  for  use  in  the  preven3on  of  DVT  in  hip  and  knee  replacement  à  Fondaparinux  

35

Pa-ents  with  history  of  HIT    Despite  no  reac-on  with  PF4*  

Hirudin  •  Most  powerful  naturally  occurring  

inhibitor  of  thrombin  

•  Found  in  the  salivary  glands  of  medicinal  leech  (Hirudo  medicinalis)  

•  65-­‐amino  acid  polypep-de  

•  Available  in  recombinant  form  –  Lepirudin  and  Desirudin  –  Differ  from  the  natural  form  

only  by  the  absence  of  sulfated  tyrosine  residue  at  posi-on  -­‐63  

•  Plasma  half-­‐life—  60-­‐120  minutes  ader  subcutaneous  injec-on  

•  Excreted  by  the  kidneys  

36 h\p://www.theguardian.com/money/us-­‐money-­‐blog/2014/mar/09/leech-­‐therapy-­‐brooklyn-­‐immigrants-­‐favor-­‐leeches  

Lepirudin  (Refludan—Berlex)    

•  Recombinant  form  of  Hirudin  released  in  1988  

•  ~65  amino  acids  with  a  molecular  weight  of  7000  Daltons  

 •  First  direct  thrombin  inhibitor  approved  

by  FDA  for  HIT  

•  Pharmacology  –  Inhibits  both  circula3ng  and  clot-­‐

bound  thrombin  –  Does  not  cross-­‐react  with  HIT  

an3bodies  –  Plasma  half-­‐life—60-­‐120  minutes  –  ~40%  of  pa-ents  develop  

an-bodies  to  Lepirudin  •  Prolongs  clearance  without  

abroga3ng  its  ac3vity  

▫  Monitoring  with  aPTT  ▫  aPTT  target  is  1.5-­‐2.5  3mes  mean  

reference  value    �  4  hrs  aper  ini3a3on  

37

Argatroban  

•  Synthe33c  compe33ve  inhibitor  of  thrombin  derived  from  L-­‐arginine  

•  Pharmacology  –  Does  not  interact  with  PF4  

–  Smaller  size  makes  if  more  effec3ve  than  hirudin  at  inhibi3ng  clot-­‐bound  thrombin  

–  Metabolized  in  the  liver  and  excreted  in  the  feces  

–  Half-­‐life  ~  45  minutes    

38

Bivalirudin  (Angiomax)  

•  Synthe-c  20  amino-­‐acid-­‐pep3de  analog  of  Hirudin  

•  ½-­‐life  ~25  minutes  •  Neutralizes  free  and  bound  

thrombin  •  No  an3body  forma3on  •  Excreted  by  the  kidney  

•  Indica3ons  –  Reduce  the  risk  of  acute  ischemic  

complica-ons  a)  Procedures  in  pa-ents  with  

unstable  angina  pectoris  undergoing  PCI  

b)  Has  been  successful  in  pa-ents  with  HIT  

39

New  “Oral”  An3coagulants  Direct  and  Indirect  Thrombin  Inhibitors  

40

Dabigatran  Etexilate  Mesylate  (Pradaxa)  Boehringer-­‐Ingelheim  

•  Novel  oral  factor  IIa  inhibitor  •  Cleared  by  FDA  (10/19/2010)  for  stroke  

preven3on  in  atrial  fibrilla3on  •  Prodrug  converted  to  an  ac3ve  drug    •  Several  advantages  over  Warfarin  and  

Enoxaparin  –  Specifically  and  selec3vely  inhibits  both  free  

and  clot  bound  thrombin  –  Predictable  and  consistent  pharmacokine3c  

profile  –  Not  significantly  affected  by  interac3ons  

with  food  –  Not  metabolized  by  cytochrome  P450  

system    •  Does  not  affect  the  metabolism  of  other  drugs  that  u-lize  this  system  

•  Lower  poten-al  for  drug  interac-ons    

41

Dabigatran  Pharmacology  

•  ½  life  14-­‐17  hours  •  Bioavailability  ~6-­‐7%  •  Peak  plasma  levels  within  0.5-­‐2  hours  •  Delayed  2  hours  by  food  •  ~50%  of  the  drug  is  gone  12  hours  aper  a  dose    

•  Metabolized  by  the  liver  –  No  liver  toxicity  –  Dyspepsia  in  ~11%  of  individuals  

•  Eliminated  mainly  via  the  kidneys  –  GFR  <30  mL/min  ~  28  hours  

  42

Rivaroxaban  (Xarelto)  Bayer/Johnson  &  Johnson  

•  Potent,  selec3ve,  oral  factor  Xa  inhibitor    

•  Cleared  by  FDA  (10/19/2012)  for  stroke  preven3on  in  atrial  fibrilla3on  

•  Minimal  interac3ons  with  food  and  drugs    

•  Non-­‐inferior  to  warfarin  for  preven3on  of  stroke  and  non-­‐CNS  embolism  

 43

Rivaroxaban  Pharmacology  

•  ½  life  ~13  hours  •  Bioavailability  ~80%  •  Peak  plasma  level  in  2-­‐4  hours  •  ~12  hours  in  pa3ents  >75,  5-­‐9  hours  (young  individuals)  

 •  Metabolized  by  liver    •  CYP3A4,  CYP3A5,  CYP2J2  

•  Excreted  by  Kidney  •  Urine    66%    •  Feces  33%      

44

Apixaban  (Eliquis)  Bristol-­‐Myers  Squibb/Pfizer  

•  Oral,  direct,  selec3ve  factor  Xa  inhibitor  

•  No  forma3on  of  reac3ve  intermediates  

•  No  organ  toxicity  or  LFT  abnormali3es  in  chronic  toxicology  studies    

•  Low  likelihood  of  drug  interac3ons  or  QTc  prolonga3on  –  Good  oral  bioavailability    –  No  food  interac3ons    –  Balanced  elimina3on  (~25%  renal)    –  ½-­‐life    ~12  hrs  

•  FDA  approval  12/28/2012  

45

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Fibrinoly3c  Agents  

•  Thromboly3c  (fibrinoly3c)  therapy  is  used  to  restore  vascular  patency  in  order  to  prevent  loss  of  3ssue,  limb,  and  organ  func3on  

▫  Indica3ons  �  AMI  �  PE/DVT  �  Thrombo3c  stroke  �  PAD  �  Occlusion  of  indwelling  catheter  

46

Fibrinoly3c  Agents  ▫  Mechanism  of  Ac3on  

1.  Acts  by  conver3ng  plasminogen  to  plasmin    2. Plasmin  lyses  clots  by  diges3ng  fibrin  contained  in  clots  

47

Two  Classes  of  Fibrinoly3c  Agents  

�  Streptokinase  �  1st  thromboly3c  agent  �  Derived  from  Streptococcus  �  Long  half-­‐life  �  Pa-ents  can  develop  an-bodies    

�  Urokinase  �  Direct  ac3vator  of  plasminogen  �  Derived  from  human  -ssue  culture  media  and  recombinant  deriva-ves  �  Not  used  for  coronary  disease—more  commonly  used    for  catheter-­‐based  thrombosis  

�  tPA  �  One  of  the  first  recombinant  forms  �  Secreted  by  endothelial  cells  �  Converts  plasminogen  to  plasmin    

48

Fibrin  Non

-­‐Spe

cific  

Fibrin  Spe

cific  

Catheter  Directed  Thrombolysis  (CDT)  

•  Objec3ves  of  –  Iden3fy  underlying  lesion  

–  Dissolve  thrombus  and  restore  perfusion  

 

Monitoring  Fibrinoly3c  Agents  

•  D-­‐Dimer  •  FDP  •  Euglobulin  Lysis  Time  •  Plasminogen  •  α2An3plasmin  •  Plasminogen  ac3vator  inhibitor-­‐1  

50

IVC  Filters  

51

Indica3ons:    1.  Pa3ents  in  whom  an3coagulant  therapy  is  

contra-­‐indicated    2.  When  an3coagula3on  therapy  is  not  working    

Placed  below  the  junc3on  of  the  IVC  and  the  lowest  renal  vein  

Atherosclero3c  Plaque  Disrup3on  and  Platelet  Ac3va3on  

Mohler E. N Engl J Med 2007;357:293-296

An3platelet  Therapies  •  Proven  efficacy  in  the  treatment  of  acute  thrombosis  and  preven-on  of  arterial  

thrombosis  •  However  they  do  increase  the  risk  of  bleeding  

53

Target   Drug  Cyclooxygenase  inhibitors   Ø Aspirin  

Ø NSAIDS  Ø Ibuprofen  (Motrin)  Ø Indomethacin  (Indocin)  Ø Naproxen  (Aleve)  

ADP  receptor  antagonists   Ø Thienopyridines  Ø Ticlopidine  Ø Clopidogrel  

GPIIb/IIIa  antagonists   Ø Abciximab  Ø Tirofiban  Ø Ep3fiba3de    

Phosphodiesterase  inhibitors   Ø Dipyridamole    

An3platelet  Drugs  

Ø  Cyclooxygenase  inhibitors  –  Aspirin    

•  Mechanism  of  ac3on  1.  Irreversibly  inhibits  cyclooxygenase-­‐1  

in  platelets  and  megakaryocytes  2.  Blocks  the  forma3on  of  Thromboxane  

A2    

•  Immediate  an-thrombo-c  effect  lasts  7-­‐10  days  

a)  Inhibi3on  of  COX-­‐1    achieved  with  low  doses  of  aspirin  

b)  Inhibi3on  of  COX-­‐2  requires  larger  doses  of  aspirin  

•  Pharmacokine3cs  –  Absorbed  in  the  stomach  and  upper  

intes3ne  –  Peak  plasma  levels  

•  30-­‐40  minutes  aper  inges3on  •  3-­‐4  hours  with  enteric-­‐coated  

aspirin    –  Inhibi3on  of  platelet  func3on  occurs  in  

1  hour    

54

An3platelet  Therapies:  Other  NSAIDS  

COX-­‐1  Selec3ve   COX-­‐2  Selec3ve  •  Transient  and  incomplete  inhibi3on  of  TXA2    •  Tradi3onal  

–  Acetaminophen  •  Does  not  inhibit  or  impair  platelet  

func-on    –  Indomethacin,  Ibuprofen,  Naproxen    

•  Inhibit  both  COX-­‐1  and  COX-­‐2  •  Reversible  inhibi3on  

•  Designed  to  reduce  prostaglandin  synthesis  à  inflamma3on    

•  Do  not  have  an3platelet  ac3vity  •  Do  not  inhibit  TXA2  ac3vity    

•  Block  PGI2  synthesis  in  endothelial  cells  •  Celebrex,  Vioxx  

•  Rofecoxib  withdrawn  from  the  market  –  increases  risk  of  myocardial  infarc3on  3-­‐to-­‐5-­‐fold  

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An3platelet  Therapies:  Aspirin  •  Adverse  effects  ▫  Aspirin  Resistance—inability  of  aspirin  to:    

1.  Protect  individuals  from  thrombo3c  complica3ons  �  Inability  to  reduce  TXA2  produc-on  in  pa-ents  �  Clinical  aspirin  resistance    

2.  To  inhibit  TXA2-­‐dependent  platelet  aggrega3on  –  In  one  or  more  in  vitro  “tests”  of  platelet  func-on  –  Laboratory  (pharmacologic)  resistance    

▫  Associated  with  upper-­‐GI  toxicity  ▫  Note:  

�  Aspirin  does  not  cause  a  generalized  bleeding  abnormality  unless  given  to  pa-ents  with  an  underlying  �  Hemosta-c  defect  �  Uremia  �  Concomitant  an-coagulant  therapy    

56

Aspirin  

Aspirin  on  Platelets  and  Endothelial  Cells  

www.nbs.csudh.edu/chemistry/faculty/nsturm/CHE452/10_Arachidon…  

An3platelet  Drugs  ADP  receptor  antagonists  –  THIENOPYRIDINES    

▫  ADP  ac3vates  platelets  by  binding  its  purinergic  P2Y1  and  P2Y12  receptors  �  P2Y1  mediates  Ca2+  mobiliza3on,  shape  

change  and  a  transient  reversible  aggrega3on  �  P2Y12  induces  las3ng  aggrega3on  and  

decrease  in  cAMP  

Thienopyridines  1.   Clopidogrel  (Plavix)  

�  Irreversibly  blocks  the  ADP  P2Y12  receptor  à  inhibi3on  of  gpIIb/IIIa  receptor  

�  Inhibits  platelet  aggrega3on    

2.   Ticlopidine  (Ticlid)  �  Blocks  the  ADP  P2Y12  receptor  à  

inhib3on  of  gpIIb/IIIa  receptor  �  Inhibits  platelet  aggrega3on  and  

release  

59

Prasugrel  -­‐-­‐  Effient®  is  an  inhibitor  of  platelet  ac3va3on  and  aggrega3on  through  the  irreversible  binding  of  its  ac3ve  metabolite  to  the  P2Y12  class  of  ADP  receptors  on  platelets  

An3platelet  Drugs  Ø  GPIIb/IIIa  antagonists  

Ø  Block  the  gpIIb/IIIa  fibrinogen  binding  receptor  

Ø  Prevent  the  crucial  mechanical  step  in  aggrega3on  

Ø  Strongest  an3thrombo3c  poten3al  

1.  Abciximab  (ReoPro)  �  Monoclonal  an3body  that  binds  to  the  

IIb/IIIa  receptor  to  block  platelet  aggrega3on  

2.  Ep3fiba3de  (Integrelin)  �  SyntheAc  cyclic  hexapep3de  

derived  from  a  snake  venom  that  irreversibly  binds  the  IIb/IIIa  receptor  

3.  Tirofiban  (Aggrastat)  �  SyntheAc,  non-­‐pep3de  inhibitor  of  

IIb/IIIa  receptor  

60

An3platelet  Drugs  Ø  Phosphodiesterase  inhibitors  

Ø  Inhibit  platelet  aggrega3on  by  increasing  cAMP  

Ø Elevated  cAMP  inhibits  platelet  func3on  

ü  Dipyridamole  (PersanAne)  �  Inhibits  the  

phosphodiesterase  enzymes  which  normally  break  down  cAMP  a.  Increases  cAMP  ▫  Blocks  platelet  response  

to  ADP    ▫  Inhibits  aggregaAon  

response  to  collagen,  epinephrine,  ADP    

b.  Does  not  prolong  the  bleeding  3me  

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