lecture 9: computer supported cooperative work & groupware
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Lecture 9: Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Groupware. Dr. Xiangyu WANG Acknowledgement: Figen Gul for partial notes. Agenda Today. 2:00-3:00 Lecture 3:00-3:45 Group 1-5 work on “Workstation design” in Secondlife with Taiwan Student for ONLY 30 minutes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lecture 9: Computer Supported Cooperative Work &
Groupware
Dr. Xiangyu WANG
Acknowledgement: Figen Gul for partial notes
Agenda Today
• 2:00-3:00 Lecture• 3:00-3:45 Group 1-5 work on “Workstation
design” in Secondlife with Taiwan Student for ONLY 30 minutes
• 3:45-4:30 Group 6-10 work on “Workstation design” in Secondlife with Taiwan Student for ONLY 30 minutes
• Note: each student should give AUD $5.7 to Irene NOW for the use of Secondlife
What is CSCW?
• ‘In its most general form, CSCW examines the possibilities and effects of technological support for humans involved in collaborative group communication and work processes’. (Bowers, J. and S. Benford 1991)
• Greif defines CSCW as ‘computer-assisted coordinated activity such as communication and problem solving carried out by a group of collaborating individuals’ (Greif 1988).
What is CSCW?
• What is CSCW– The field was coined in the 1980th by researchers
from computer science, information science and social science.
– Interdisciplinary field – where researchers are from various fields contribute with “different perspectives and methodologies for acquiring knowledge of group work and for suggesting how the group’s work could be supported”.
– E.g., computer scientists, social scientists, psychologist, cognitive scientists, etc.
• Two sides of CSCW: – Group work and social phenomena. – The technology and computer hardware and software
CSCW
• CSCW should be conceived as an endeavor to understand the nature and characteristics of cooperative work with the objective of designing adequate computer-based technologies.
• CSCW is a research area addressing questions like the following: – What are the specific characteristics of cooperative work
as opposed to work performed by individuals in seclusion? – How can computer-based technology be applied to
enhance cooperative work relations? – How should designers approach the complex and delicate
problems of designing systems that will shape social relationships?
– And so forth. • The focus is to understand, so as to better support,
cooperative work.
Groupware
• Definition (Ellis et al. 1991)– Groupware are computer-based systems that
support groups of people engaged in a common task (or goal) and that provide an interface to a shared environment.
Groupware
• Groupware can support different activities– Direct interpersonal communication– Ideas generation and decision making– Sharing computer objects
CSCW v.s. Groupware
• CSCW v.s. Groupware– Groupware is the product (program) resulting
from the research done in the CSCW field.
– CSCW as a research field will persist, because it addresses larger questions about the design and refinement of groupware.
CSCW v.s. Groupware
• CSCW:– Focus on
• workplace activities,• organizational impact of technology,• co-evolution of the technology and the groups using it,
– Interdisciplinary: Social scientists and technologists.
• Groupware:– Focus on
• computer systems,• the design of the computer systems,
– Mainly a technical discipline: technologists
Groupware classificationClassification by support functions – 3C
model
Design of Groupware
• Important design aspects– Sociological
• Effect of the computer support on position and evaluation of team members.
– Psychological• Effect of the computer support on individual
behavior
• Time/Space matrix– When and where the participants are working
• People-Artifact Framework– The function it performs for cooperative work
Classifying Groupware
More taxonomy
Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742
The COLAB meeting room, Xerox PARC http://www2.parc.com/istl/members/stefik/colab.htm
•Support decision making process
– dedicated computer-based conference facility
– real time large group support (5-50)
– embeds a structured meeting process
•Typical function– explore unstructured
problems– brainstorm ideas– generate ideas– voting…
Group Decision Rooms
– device characteristics– social affordances of
tables/wall
Shared Table / Wall Displays
InteracTable and Dynawall, From the GMD Darmstadt web site on I-Land
From the GMD Darmstadt web site on I-Land
• computer-augmented room elements– integrated desk/wall displays for collaboration– Inter-operation between devices
Roomware
More taxonomy
Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742
• Desktop conferencing
– bandwidth/latency issues
Video / Audio conferencing
From Saul Greenberg
• Casual interaction– awareness to
light-weight conversations
Instant messengers
• Space for meeting and interacting with people
Chat rooms/MUDS/Virtual worlds
More taxonomy
Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742
from Multimedia Fliers, Churchill, Nelson, Denoue, Communites and Technoligies 2003
• Post information from various sources to public place
Community Bulletin Boards
More taxonomy
Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742
Common calendar
http://www.americusglobal.com/images/groupcalender.gif
• common calendar– meeting scheduling– resource use
Wikis
• Using wikis
More taxonomy
Baecker, Grudin, Buxton, & Greenberg, 1995, p.742
Meeting Rooms
Veterinary Report Vol 26, 1 Winter 2002 http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/vetreport/winter2002/technology.html
Meeting roomsMeeting roomsSupport face to face groupsSupport face to face groups
People-Artifact Framework
participants
artefacts of work
control andfeedback
P P
A
communication
understanding
direct
• Cooperative work involves:– Participants (P) who are working– Artefacts (A) upon which they work
Dix, Finlay, Abowd & Beale Dix, Finlay, Abowd & Beale Human Computer Interaction, 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall. 1998Human Computer Interaction, 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall. 1998
participants
artefacts of work
control andfeedback
P P
A
communication
understanding
direct
meeting and decision support systems
– common understanding
computer-mediated communication
– direct communication between participants
shared applications and artefacts
– control and feedback with shared work objects
What interactions does a tool support?
People-Artifact Framework
• Meeting and Decision
• Communication
• Share artefacts
Meeting and decision support systems
• Participants must establish a common understanding about the task they perform and generate ideas.
Computer-mediated communication
Using blog for communication
participants
artefacts of work
control andfeedback
P P
A
communication
understanding
direct
meeting and decision support systems
– common understanding
computer-mediated communication
– direct communication between participants
shared applications and artefacts
– control and feedback with shared work objects
Computer-mediated Communication and shared/artefacts
Computer-mediated Communication and shared/artefacts
Synchronous remoteSynchronous remote
communicationcommunication
Video-based systemsVideo-based systems
Shared drawing surfacesShared drawing surfaces
synchronous remote synchronous remote design meetingsdesign meetings
Computer-mediated Communication and shared/artefacts
Shared applications and artefacts
• The focus of sharing is the participants’ work domain itself – Include the computers people are using– Applications on those computers– The documents they are working with
•Share unaltered single user applications
Shared Screens/Windows
Richardson, T., Stafford-Fraser, Q., Wood, K. and Hopper, A.
Virtual Network Computing. IEEE Internet Computing. Vol. 2, No. 1. p33-39. January/February, 1998.
Shared applications and artefacts
Shared applications
Second LifeDesign World•Sharing a design object