Lecture 8: The Lecture 8: The War Ends—What War Ends—What

Next?Next?January 23, 2009January 23, 2009

Lend-Lease: The Garden Lend-Lease: The Garden Hose ParableHose Parable

““Suppose my neighbor’s home catches Suppose my neighbor’s home catches fire and I have a length of garden hose four fire and I have a length of garden hose four or five hundred feet away. If he can take my or five hundred feet away. If he can take my garden hose and connect it up with his garden hose and connect it up with his hydrant, I may help him to put out his fire. hydrant, I may help him to put out his fire. Now, what do I do? I don’t say to him before Now, what do I do? I don’t say to him before that operation, ‘Neighbor, my garden hose that operation, ‘Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it.’cost me $15; you have to pay me $15 for it.’

““What is the transaction that goes on? I What is the transaction that goes on? I don’t want $15—I want my garden hose don’t want $15—I want my garden hose back after the fire is over. All right. If it goes back after the fire is over. All right. If it goes through the fire all right, intact, without any through the fire all right, intact, without any damage to it, he gives it back to me and damage to it, he gives it back to me and thanks me very much for the use of it.”thanks me very much for the use of it.”

Major Events of the WarMajor Events of the War October 1939: Germany Invades PolandOctober 1939: Germany Invades Poland May 1940: Germany invades Belgium, France, May 1940: Germany invades Belgium, France,

Luxembourg and the NetherlandsLuxembourg and the Netherlands September 1940: Nazi Germany, Italy, Japan conclude September 1940: Nazi Germany, Italy, Japan conclude

three-power pactthree-power pact June 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union June 1941: Germany invades the Soviet Union September 1941: Siege of Leningrad BeginsSeptember 1941: Siege of Leningrad Begins December 1941: US enters the warDecember 1941: US enters the war June 1942: Manhattan Project beginsJune 1942: Manhattan Project begins September 1942-February 1943: Battle of StalingradSeptember 1942-February 1943: Battle of Stalingrad June 1943: Allies invade SicilyJune 1943: Allies invade Sicily September 1943: Italy surrendersSeptember 1943: Italy surrenders January 1944: Soviets break Siege of LeningradJanuary 1944: Soviets break Siege of Leningrad June 1944: Allied Forces invade FranceJune 1944: Allied Forces invade France

Armaments Production Armaments Production (billions of $s)(billions of $s)

19401940 19411941 19431943

UKUK 3.53.5 6.56.5 11.111.1

USSRUSSR 5.05.0 8.58.5 13.913.9

USUS 1.51.5 4.54.5 37.537.5Total Total AlliesAllies

3.53.5 19.519.5 62.562.5

GermanyGermany 6.06.0 6.06.0 13.813.8

JapanJapan 1.01.0 2.02.0 4.54.5

ItalyItaly 0.750.75 1.01.0 ----Total Total AxisAxis

6.756.75 9.09.0 18.318.3

How the War EndedHow the War Ended

Europe: race to Berlin and Europe: race to Berlin and occupation of Germanyoccupation of Germany

How the War EndedHow the War Ended

Europe: race to Berlin and occupation of Europe: race to Berlin and occupation of GermanyGermany

Pacific: atomic bomb and occupation of JapanPacific: atomic bomb and occupation of Japan

Arguments—ProArguments—Pro

--end war quickly, save lives--end war quickly, save lives

--psychological impact on USSR--psychological impact on USSR

Arguments—ConArguments—Con

--unnecessary loss of lives; Japan would have --unnecessary loss of lives; Japan would have surrenderedsurrendered

--set a precedent--set a precedent

Postwar PlanningPostwar Planning 8/41: Atlantic Conference8/41: Atlantic Conference 11/43: Teheran11/43: Teheran 2/45: Yalta2/45: Yalta

UK: retain empire, greater post-war role for UK: retain empire, greater post-war role for FranceFrance

USSR: punish Germany, buffer in Eastern USSR: punish Germany, buffer in Eastern EuropeEurope

US: US-led U.N., Soviet help in Asia, free US: US-led U.N., Soviet help in Asia, free Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

First salvo of Cold War?First salvo of Cold War? 7/45: Potsdam7/45: Potsdam

1941 1945

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybnzMnFEWJYv=ybnzMnFEWJY

Taking stockTaking stock

Unprecedented levels of violence Unprecedented levels of violence and scope of warand scope of war

Taking stockTaking stock

Unprecedented levels of violence Unprecedented levels of violence and scope of warand scope of war

The “paradox of modernity”The “paradox of modernity”