lecture 3--surveying fieldwork and instrumentation
TRANSCRIPT
GE
10
Lectu
re 3
Su
rveyin
g F
ield
wo
rk a
nd
Instru
me
nta
tion
Su
rveyin
g F
ield
wo
rk a
nd
Instru
me
nta
tion
En
gr. Je
ark
A. P
rincip
eD
ep
artm
en
t of G
eo
de
tic En
gin
ee
ring
(DG
E)
Train
ing
Ce
nte
r for A
pp
lied
Ge
od
esy
an
d P
ho
tog
ram
me
try(T
CA
GP
)
1
Ob
jective
s
•id
en
tify e
ssen
tial in
form
atio
n th
at m
ust b
e
inclu
de
d in
a fie
ld n
ote
bo
ok
•n
am
e d
iffere
nt p
erso
nn
el in
a su
rvey
pa
rty
an
d sp
ecify
the
ir role
sa
nd
spe
cify th
eir ro
les
•g
ain
kn
ow
led
ge
on
the
pro
pe
r care
an
d
ha
nd
ling
of su
rvey
ing
instru
me
nts
•o
rien
t stud
en
ts with
the
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit—
its pa
rts, op
era
tion
s an
d p
rop
er ca
re
2
Ou
tline
I.S
urve
y F
ield
No
tes
A.
Ch
ara
cteristics o
f a g
oo
d fie
ld n
ote
B.
Th
e fie
ld n
ote
bo
ok
C.
Typ
es o
f no
tes
D.
Info
rma
tion
Fo
un
d in
a F
ield
no
teb
oo
k
II.F
ield
Su
rvey
Pa
rty
III.C
are
an
d H
an
dlin
g o
f Instru
me
nts
III.C
are
an
d H
an
dlin
g o
f Instru
me
nts
IV.
Th
e E
ng
ine
er’s Tra
nsit
A.
Po
sition
ing
the
Tripo
d
B.
Mo
un
ting
the
Tran
sit
C.
Atta
chin
g th
e p
lum
b b
ob
D.
Pa
rts of th
e Tra
nsit
E.
Leve
ling
the
Pla
te le
vel b
ub
ble
F.
Re
ad
ing
Tran
sit Ve
rnie
rs
G.
Ca
re o
f the
Tran
sit
3
Ch
ara
cteristics o
f a g
oo
d fie
ld n
ote
Th
e fie
ld n
ote
bo
ok
Typ
es o
f no
tes
Info
rma
tion
Fo
un
d in
a F
ield
No
teb
oo
k
SU
RV
EY
FIE
LD N
OT
ES
4
Su
rvey
ing
Fie
ld N
ote
s
•C
on
stitute
the
on
ly re
liab
le a
nd
pe
rma
ne
nt
reco
rd o
f actu
al w
ork
do
ne
in th
e fie
ld
•R
elia
bility
mu
st be
en
sure
d
•Fo
rms p
art o
f the
officia
l surve
y re
cord
•
Form
s pa
rt of th
e o
fficial su
rvey
reco
rd
•K
ep
t for fu
ture
refe
ren
ce
5
Ch
ara
cteristics o
f a G
oo
d F
ield
No
te
•M
ust b
e co
mp
lete
, leg
ible
, con
cise,
com
pre
he
nsive
an
d lo
gica
lly a
rran
ge
d
•S
ho
uld
be
inte
lligib
le to
oth
ers
•M
ust re
flect a
ctua
l ob
serva
tion
s
Su
rvey
ing
Fie
ld N
ote
s
•M
ust re
flect a
ctua
l ob
serva
tion
s
•M
ust b
e n
ea
tly d
on
e a
s this ca
n b
e u
sed
in a
cou
rt pro
cee
din
g
6
Th
e F
ield
No
teb
oo
k
Sh
ou
ld b
e:
–o
f go
od
qu
ality
rag
pa
pe
r
–w
ith stiff b
oa
rd o
r lea
the
r cove
r
–o
f po
cket size
Su
rvey
ing
Fie
ld N
ote
s
–o
f po
cket size
7
Typ
es o
f No
tes
1.
Ske
tche
s
–D
raw
n fre
eh
an
d a
nd
of lib
era
l size
–R
are
ly tru
e to
scale
–M
ay u
se co
nve
ntio
na
l surve
y sy
mb
ols
Su
rvey
ing
Fie
ld N
ote
s
2.
Tab
ula
tion
s
–U
sed
for n
um
erica
l valu
es
–A
dva
nta
ge
s:
�P
reve
nts m
istake
s
�A
llow
s ea
sy ch
eck
ing
8
Typ
es o
f No
tes
3.
Exp
lan
ato
ry N
ote
s
–W
ritten
de
scriptio
n o
f field
wo
rk
–P
lace
d a
t strate
gic p
ositio
ns:
�R
igh
t-ha
nd
pa
ge
of th
e fie
ld n
ote
bo
ok
Su
rvey
ing
Fie
ld N
ote
s
�R
igh
t-ha
nd
pa
ge
of th
e fie
ld n
ote
bo
ok
�W
he
re th
ey
do
no
t inte
rfere
with
oth
er d
ata
�C
lose
as p
ossib
le to
tha
t wh
ich th
ey
exp
lain
9
Typ
es o
f No
tes
4.
Co
mp
uta
tion
s
–M
ost a
re m
ad
e a
lge
bra
ically
by sim
ple
a
rithm
etica
l step
s an
d trig
on
om
etric
fun
ction
s
–G
rap
hica
l solu
tion
s usin
g a
ccura
tely
scale
d
Su
rvey
ing
Fie
ld N
ote
s
–G
rap
hica
l solu
tion
s usin
g a
ccura
tely
scale
d
dra
win
gs a
re a
lso u
sed
5.
Co
mb
ina
tion
s
–M
ost e
xten
sive su
rveys u
se th
e m
en
tion
ed
fo
ur ty
pe
s
–D
ep
en
ds o
n th
e su
rveyo
r’s jud
gm
en
t
10
Info
rma
tion
Fou
nd
in a
Fie
ld N
ote
bo
ok
1.
Fie
ldw
ork
Title
–O
fficial n
am
e o
f the
surve
y to
be
do
ne
; Sta
te
na
ture
or p
urp
ose
; Sh
ou
ld a
lso in
clud
e lo
catio
n
2.
Da
te a
nd
Tim
e
3.
We
ath
er C
on
ditio
ns
Su
rvey
ing
Fie
ld N
ote
s
3.
We
ath
er C
on
ditio
ns
–R
ela
tive te
mp
era
ture
; rain
y, clou
dy o
r fine
; win
d
velo
city, fog
4.
Gro
up
Me
mb
ers a
nd
De
sign
atio
ns
5.
Eq
uip
me
nts/A
ccesso
ries U
sed
–In
clud
e b
ran
d a
nd
seria
l/instru
me
nt n
um
be
r
11
Ch
ief o
f Pa
rty
Assista
nt C
hie
f of P
arty
Instru
me
nt M
an
Tech
nicia
n
Co
mp
ute
r
Re
cord
er
He
ad
Tap
em
an
Re
ar Ta
pe
ma
n
Fla
gm
an
Ro
dm
an
FIE
LD S
UR
VE
Y P
AR
TY
Ro
dm
an
Pa
cer
Axe
ma
n/Lin
em
an
Aid
ma
n
Utility
Me
n
12
Fie
ld S
urve
y P
arty
1.
Ch
ief o
f Pa
rty
–R
esp
on
sible
for
�o
vera
ll dire
ction
, sup
erv
ision
an
d o
pe
ratio
na
l
con
trol o
f the
surve
y p
arty
con
trol o
f the
surve
y p
arty
�Lo
gistics a
nd
tech
nica
l req
uire
me
nts
�C
on
sulta
tion
with
the
clien
t or im
me
dia
te su
pe
rior
�S
urve
y re
po
rts an
d re
cord
s
�P
rep
are
s cost e
stima
tes a
nd
disb
urse
me
nts
–M
ay b
e ca
lled
up
on
as a
n e
xpe
rt witn
ess in
cou
rts1
3
Fie
ld S
urve
y P
arty
2.
Assista
nt C
hie
f of P
arty
–A
ssists the
chie
f
–R
esp
on
sible
for
�G
rou
nd
reco
nn
aisa
nce
�G
rou
nd
reco
nn
aisa
nce
�E
mp
loy
me
nt o
f eq
uip
me
nts
�P
rep
ara
tion
of re
po
rts an
d p
lan
s to b
e su
bm
itted
to
the
chie
f
14
Fie
ld S
urve
y P
arty
3.
Instru
me
nt M
an
–D
utie
s:
�S
et u
p, le
vel a
nd
op
era
te in
strum
en
ts
�C
he
cks tha
t instru
me
nts a
re in
go
od
wo
rkin
g
�C
he
cks tha
t instru
me
nts a
re in
go
od
wo
rkin
g
con
ditio
n a
nd
in p
rop
er a
dju
stme
nts
�A
ssists tech
nicia
n in
op
era
ting
ele
ctron
ic
eq
uip
me
nts
�Lim
ited
sup
erv
ision
ove
r pe
rson
ne
l do
ing
ma
nu
al
tasks
15
Fie
ld S
urve
y P
arty
4.
Tech
nicia
n
–R
esp
on
sible
for :
�th
e u
se a
nd
op
era
tion
of e
lectro
nic in
strum
en
ts
�E
stab
lishm
en
t of tw
o-w
ay
com
mu
nica
tion
link
by
rad
io
for lo
ng
surve
y lin
es o
r dista
nt sta
tion
sfo
r lon
g su
rvey
line
s or d
istan
t statio
ns
5.
Co
mp
ute
r
–P
erfo
rms su
rvey d
ata
com
pu
tatio
ns a
nd
che
cks
–R
esp
on
sible
for th
e u
se o
f calcu
lato
rs an
d o
the
r e
lectro
nic co
mp
utin
g e
qu
ipm
en
ts
–A
ssists in co
mp
ute
rized
surve
yin
g syste
ms o
r e
qu
ipm
en
ts
16
Fie
ld S
urve
y P
arty
6.
Re
cord
er
–D
utie
s:
�K
ee
p a
reco
rd o
f field
no
tes, sch
ed
ule
of w
ork
, e
mp
loye
d p
erso
nn
el
�C
lerica
l job
s rela
ted
to su
rvey
ing
in th
e o
ffice�
Cle
rical jo
bs re
late
d to
surve
yin
g in
the
office
�U
nd
erta
kes lim
ited
carto
gra
ph
ic job
s
7.
He
ad
Tap
em
an
–R
esp
on
sible
for:
�A
ccura
cy a
nd
spe
ed
of ta
pin
g o
pe
ratio
ns
�D
irects m
ark
ing
of sta
tion
s an
d cle
arin
g th
e LO
S
�C
he
cks tap
e fo
r erro
rs in sta
nd
ard
len
gth
17
Fie
ld S
urve
y P
arty
8.
Re
ar Ta
pe
ma
n
–A
ssists the
he
ad
tap
em
an
du
ring
tap
ing
wo
rk
an
d in
oth
er re
late
d w
ork
9.
Fla
gm
an
9.
Fla
gm
an
–D
utie
s:
�H
old
s flag
po
le o
r ran
ge
po
les a
t pts d
irecte
d b
y th
e
instru
me
nt m
an
�H
elp
s the
tap
em
an
an
d a
xem
an
18
Fie
ld S
urve
y P
arty
10
.Ro
dm
an
–H
old
s the
stad
ia o
r leve
ling
rod
s
11
.Pa
cer
–C
he
ck m
ea
sure
me
nts b
y th
e ta
pe
ma
n–
Ch
eck
me
asu
rem
en
ts by th
e ta
pe
ma
n
–M
ay a
lso b
e a
rod
ma
n
12
.Axe
ma
n/Lin
em
an
–C
lea
rs an
y o
bstru
ction
to th
e LO
S
–E
nsu
res th
e sa
fety
of th
e w
ho
le su
rvey p
arty
–M
ay a
lso ca
rry fire
arm
s
19
Fie
ld S
urve
y P
arty
13
.A
idm
an
–R
en
de
rs first aid
trea
tme
nts
–M
ay
be
com
e a
n a
ssistan
t instru
me
nt m
an
14
.U
tility M
en
–R
en
de
r oth
er fo
rms o
f assista
nce
as d
irecte
d b
y th
e
chie
fch
ief
–C
an
be
de
sign
ate
d a
s the
drive
r
–P
rep
are
s lod
gin
g, se
rve m
ea
ls, an
d e
nsu
re th
e
secu
rity o
f the
wh
ole
surve
y p
arty
–R
esp
on
sible
for h
an
dlin
g a
nd
tran
spo
rting
in
strum
en
ts , acce
ssorie
s an
d su
pp
lies
–A
ssists also
in th
e la
yin
g o
f con
crete
r mo
nu
me
nts,
ma
rkers a
nd
sign
als
20
CA
RE
AN
D H
AN
DLIN
G O
F
INS
TR
UM
EN
TS
21
Ca
re a
nd
Ha
nd
ling
of In
strum
en
ts
1.
Ha
nd
le w
ith ca
re
2.
Faste
n se
cure
ly to
the
tripo
d
3.
Ca
rry o
n yo
ur sh
ou
lde
r: –
tripo
d le
gs fo
rwa
rd
–A
void
if pa
ssing
thru
do
orw
ays o
r be
ne
ath
low
-–
Avo
id if p
assin
g th
ru d
oo
rwa
ys or b
en
ea
th lo
w-
ha
ng
ing
bra
nch
es �
carry
un
de
r the
arm
, he
ad
of
the
instru
me
nt in
fron
t
4.
Cla
mp
-screw
s sho
uld
be
clam
pe
d ve
ry lig
htly
w
he
n:
–B
ein
g ca
rried
or h
an
dle
d
–P
uttin
g it b
ack
to its ca
se
22
Ca
re a
nd
Ha
nd
ling
of In
strum
en
ts
5.
Pro
tect th
e in
strum
en
t from
imp
act a
nd
vib
ratio
n.
6.
Ne
ver le
ave
the
instru
me
nt a
lon
e.
7.
Tripo
d le
gs sh
ou
ld n
ot b
e se
t too
close
tog
eth
er b
ut
sho
uld
be
firmly
pla
nte
d.
8.
Do
n’t to
uch
the
instru
me
nt w
he
n o
bse
rvatio
n is
8.
Do
n’t to
uch
the
instru
me
nt w
he
n o
bse
rvatio
n is
be
ing
ma
de
.
9.
Ne
ver ru
b th
e co
ate
d le
nse
s of a
tele
scop
e w
ith th
e
fing
ers o
r with
a ro
ug
h clo
th. U
se ca
me
l’s ha
ir bru
sh.
10
.In
form
the
office
r-in-ch
arg
e to
the
instru
me
nt fo
r an
y
da
ma
ge
, no
ma
tter h
ow
sma
ll it ma
y b
e.
23
Po
sition
ing
the
Tripo
d
Mo
un
ting
the
Tran
sit
Atta
chin
g th
e p
lum
b b
ob
Pa
rts of th
e Tra
nsit
Leve
ling
the
Pla
te le
vel b
ub
ble
Re
ad
ing
Tran
sit Ve
rnie
rs
Ca
re o
f the
Tran
sit
TH
E E
NG
INE
ER
’S T
RA
NS
IT
Ca
re o
f the
Tran
sit
24
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�C
red
ited
to R
oe
me
r, a D
an
ish A
stron
om
er, w
ho
in
16
90
use
d th
e in
strum
en
t to o
bse
rve th
e p
assa
ge
(tran
sit) of sta
rs acro
ss the
cele
stial m
erid
ian
�E
ssen
tially
a te
lesco
pe
an
d tw
o la
rge
pro
tracto
rs
�1
pro
tracto
r mo
un
ted
in th
e h
orizo
nta
l pla
ne
an
d
the
oth
er in
a ve
rtical p
lan
e
�A
n in
strum
en
t of p
recisio
n
25
Se
tting
Up
Th
e Tra
nsit
POSITIONING THE TRIPOD
1.
On
fairly
lev
el g
rou
nd
:
�trip
od
is set u
p n
ea
r an
d o
ver th
e se
lecte
d p
oin
t with
the
leg
s we
ll spre
ad
ap
art to
en
sure
stab
ility
�se
e to
it tha
t the
tripo
d h
ea
d is n
ea
rly sta
ble
3.
Se
t the
tripo
d in
a co
nve
nie
nt h
eig
ht
(no
ne
ed
to stre
tch o
r stoo
p)
2. O
n h
illside
s or a
lon
g a
slop
e:
�1
of its le
gs sh
ou
ld e
xten
d u
ph
ill an
d th
e 2
do
wn
hill
�e
ach
tripo
d le
g is th
en
mo
ved
as re
qu
ired
to m
ake
the
tripo
d h
ea
d n
ea
rly le
vel
26
Se
tting
Up
Th
e Tra
nsit
MOUNTING THE TRANSIT
1.
Re
mo
ve th
e tra
nsit fro
m its ca
rryin
g ca
se b
y g
rasp
ing
it
with
bo
th h
an
ds
at th
e le
ve
ling
he
ad
asse
mb
ly o
r at
the
up
righ
t stan
da
rds
2.
With
on
e h
an
d, scre
w th
e le
velin
g h
ea
d o
f the
tran
sit
4.
Re
mo
ve th
e o
bje
ctive ca
p a
nd
rep
lace
with
the
sun
sha
de
2.
With
on
e h
an
d, scre
w th
e le
velin
g h
ea
d o
f the
tran
sit
firmly
on
to th
e trip
od
he
ad
wh
ile h
old
ing
the
stan
da
rds
at th
e o
the
r ha
nd
3.
Th
e tra
nsit sh
ou
ld fit sn
ug
lya
nd
be
ar firm
ly.
27
Se
tting
Up
Th
e Tra
nsit
ATTACHING THE PLUMB BOB
�P
lum
bb
ob
an
da
string
isa
ttach
ed
toth
etra
nsit
by
susp
en
din
git
from
the
ho
ok
an
dch
ain
tha
th
an
gs
at
the
bo
ttom
of
the
leve
ling
he
ad
.
�R
aise
or lo
we
r the
plu
mb
bo
b u
sing
the
slidin
g lo
op
-kn
ot
�B
ring
the
plu
mb
bo
bclo
seto
the
cen
ter
of
the
po
int
by
mo
vin
g
or
pre
ssing
1o
r2
tripo
dle
gs
mo
refirm
lyin
toth
eg
rou
nd
�R
aise
or lo
we
r the
plu
mb
bo
b u
sing
the
slidin
g lo
op
-kn
ot
�Lo
we
r do
wn
the
plu
mb
bo
b w
ithin
ab
ou
t 0.5
cm a
bo
ve th
e
gro
un
d p
oin
t
28
Ma
in P
arts o
f the
Tran
sit
1.
Up
pe
r Pla
te (o
r Alid
ad
e)
2.
Low
er P
late
3.
Leve
ling
He
ad
Asse
mb
ly
29
Ma
in P
arts o
f the
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
30
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
�C
on
tain
s:
�sta
nd
ard
s �su
pp
orts th
e te
lesco
pe
an
d le
vel
�C
on
sists of th
e e
ntire
top
of th
e tra
nsit
�E
ntire
asse
mb
ly ro
tate
s ab
ou
t a ve
rtical a
xis
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�sta
nd
ard
s �su
pp
orts th
e te
lesco
pe
an
d le
vel
tub
e
�ve
rtical circle
an
d ve
rnie
r
�co
mp
ass b
ox
�circu
lar co
ver p
late
an
d p
late
leve
l via
ls
�u
pp
er cla
mp
�ta
ng
en
t screw
�n
ee
dle
lifter
31
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
a)TELESCOPE
�U
sed
for:
1. F
ixing
the
dire
ction
of LO
S
2. V
iew
ing
the
ob
jects
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�C
an
be
rota
ted
ab
ou
t its ho
rizon
tal a
xis
�D
irect p
ositio
n =
> le
vel v
ial is a
bo
ve th
e te
lesco
pe
�R
eve
rsed
po
sition
=>
leve
l via
l is be
low
the
tele
scop
e
2. V
iew
ing
the
ob
jects
3. M
ag
nifica
tion
in th
e F
OV
32
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
b) STANDARDS
�In
teg
ral p
arts o
f the
up
pe
r pla
te
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�U
sed
to:
1. H
old
into
po
sition
the
ho
rizon
tal a
xle le
vel
2. E
leva
te o
r de
pre
ss the
tele
scop
e b
y ro
tatin
g o
n a
n a
xis
pe
rpe
nd
icula
r to th
e LO
S
33
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
�U
sed
to:
1. E
stab
lish m
ag
ne
tic me
ridia
n
c) COMPASS BOX
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
1. E
stab
lish m
ag
ne
tic me
ridia
n
2. To
allo
w ro
ug
h ch
ecks o
n m
ea
sure
d a
ng
les
�M
ag
ne
tic ne
ed
le ca
n b
e lifte
d fro
m its p
ivot b
y th
e
ne
ed
le lifte
r
34
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
d) PLATE LEVEL VIALS
�P
ositio
ne
d a
t righ
t an
gle
s to e
ach
oth
er
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�U
sed
to:
Esta
blish
the
up
pe
r an
d lo
we
r pla
tes in
a h
orizo
nta
l
pla
ne
35
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
e) VERTICAL CIRCLE
�A
ttach
ed
to th
e te
lesco
pe
an
d ro
tate
s with
it En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�U
sed
to:
me
asu
re ve
rtical a
ng
les
36
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
f) PLATE VERNIERS
�Tw
o o
pp
osite
vern
iers (A
& B
)
�A
vern
ier
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�A
vern
ier
�a
dja
cen
t to th
e e
yep
iece
wh
ere
it is ea
sily u
sed
�B
vern
ier
�1
80
ofro
m A
vern
ier
37
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
�S
ma
llte
lesco
pe
thru
the
vertica
lce
nte
ro
fth
etra
nsit
g) O
PTICAL PLUMMET
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�S
ma
llte
lesco
pe
thru
the
vertica
lce
nte
ro
fth
etra
nsit
�E
na
ble
sth
ein
strum
en
tto
be
cen
tere
do
ver
ag
iven
po
int
qu
ickly
an
dp
recise
lyb
ym
ea
ns
of
an
op
tical
system
38
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
h) TELESCOPE CLAMP
�T
igh
ten
ed
toh
old
the
tele
scop
eh
orizo
nta
lo
ra
t
an
yd
esire
din
clina
tion
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
an
yd
esire
din
clina
tion
�Lo
cate
dn
ea
rth
eh
orizo
nta
la
xleo
fth
etra
nsit
39
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
i) TELESCOPE TANGENT SCREW
�a
.k.a
.ve
rticalcircle
tan
ge
nt
screw
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�U
sefu
lw
he
nse
tting
the
cross
ha
irsp
recise
lyo
na
dista
nt
po
int
sigh
ted
�E
na
ble
sth
ete
lesco
pe
tob
ero
tate
din
sma
ll
mo
vem
en
tsa
bo
ut
the
ho
rizon
tal
axis
wh
en
the
tele
scop
ecla
mp
istig
hte
ne
d
40
I. Up
pe
r Pla
te
�A
lock
ing
de
vice
j) UPPER CLAMP
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�A
lock
ing
de
vice
�W
he
ntig
hte
ne
d,
itca
use
sth
eu
pp
er
an
dlo
we
rp
late
s
tolo
ckto
ge
the
r
�M
ost
ha
vero
un
dh
ea
ds
an
du
sua
llytu
rnin
the
dire
ction
tan
ge
nt
toth
em
otio
nth
ey
con
trol
41
II. Low
er P
late
�O
rh
orizo
nta
lcircle
�W
he
reh
orizo
nta
la
ng
les
are
me
asu
red
�G
rad
ua
ted
on
itsu
pp
er
face
an
dd
ivid
ed
aro
un
dits
circum
fere
nce
into
36
0o
an
dfu
rthe
rsu
bd
ivisio
ns
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�T
he
un
de
rside
isa
ttach
ed
toa
vertica
la
nd
tap
erin
g
spin
dle
calle
dth
eo
ute
rsp
ind
le
circum
fere
nce
into
36
0o
an
dfu
rthe
rsu
bd
ivisio
ns
�C
an
be
he
ldsta
tion
ary
wh
ileth
eu
pp
er
pla
teis
rota
ted
or
can
be
rota
ted
ind
ep
en
de
ntly
�A
so
ne
un
it,ca
nb
ero
tate
da
lsow
ithth
eu
pp
er
pla
te42
II. Low
er P
late
�A
ttach
ed
toth
eh
orizo
nta
lcircle
a)LOWER CLAMP
�D
oe
sn
ot
rota
tew
ithth
eh
orizo
nta
lcircle
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�S
top
sa
ny
mo
tion
be
twe
en
the
leve
ling
he
ad
an
dth
e
low
er
pla
te
�D
oe
sn
ot
rota
tew
ithth
eh
orizo
nta
lcircle
�U
sed
toco
ntro
lth
ero
tatio
no
fth
eh
orizo
nta
lcircle
43
II. Low
er P
late
�U
sed
tom
ake
pre
cisese
tting
sa
fter
the
low
er
clam
pis
b) LOWER TANGENT SCREW
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�U
sed
tom
ake
pre
cisese
tting
sa
fter
the
low
er
clam
pis
tigh
ten
ed
�It
mo
ves
the
low
er
pla
teto
ad
esire
de
xact
po
sition
usin
ga
sma
llra
ng
eo
fm
ove
me
nt
44
III. Leve
ling
He
ad
Asse
mb
ly
�Lo
we
rp
art
of
the
tran
sit
�A
llow
sth
etra
nsit
tob
ele
vele
da
nd
cen
tere
do
ver
ap
oin
t
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�C
on
sistso
f:
�b
otto
mh
orizo
nta
lfo
ot
pla
te
�3
leve
ling
screw
s
�p
lum
bb
ob
cha
in
�a
de
vice
tha
tp
erm
itssm
all
late
ral
mo
vem
en
tso
f
the
tran
sit
ap
oin
t
45
CLA
SS
EX
ER
CIS
E
Ob
serve
wh
at w
ill be
the
effe
ct of th
e d
iffere
nt
com
bin
atio
ns o
f tigh
ten
ing
an
d lo
ose
nin
g o
f
low
er a
nd
up
pe
r clam
ps:
CLA
MP
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
CLA
MP
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
UP
PE
R C
LAM
Plo
ose
ne
dlo
ose
ne
dtig
hte
ne
dtig
hte
ne
d
LOW
ER
CLA
MP
loo
sen
ed
tigh
ten
ed
loo
sen
ed
tigh
ten
ed
Effe
cts�
A horizontal
angle can be
set
New
horizontal
Angle can
be read
Preserved
reading;
target can
be sighted
Fixed
position; no
movement
46
III. Leve
ling
He
ad
Asse
mb
ly
a) LEVELING SCREWS
�U
sed
for le
velin
g th
e in
strum
en
t by th
e p
late
leve
ls
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�S
crew
sa
relo
ose
ne
dw
he
nd
esire
dto
shift
tran
sit
late
rally
with
resp
ect
toth
efo
ot
pla
te
�O
pe
rate
in p
airs a
nd
alw
ays tu
rne
d in
op
po
site
dire
ction
s
47
III. Leve
ling
He
ad
Asse
mb
ly
b) PLUMB BOB CHAIN
�C
ha
in w
ith a
ho
ok
:
�S
usp
en
de
d fro
m th
e b
otto
m p
art o
f the
leve
ling
he
ad
asse
mb
ly
En
gin
ee
r’s Tran
sit
�P
lum
b b
ob
string
alw
ays h
an
g ve
rtical d
ue
to g
ravity
he
ad
asse
mb
ly
�H
an
gs b
etw
ee
n th
e trip
od
leg
s
�U
sed
for a
ttach
ing
a strin
g a
n a
plu
mb
bo
b so
tha
t
the
instru
me
nt m
ay b
e se
t exa
ctly o
ver th
e se
lecte
d
po
int o
n th
e g
rou
nd
48
Se
tting
Up
Th
e Tra
nsit
FINAL CENTERING
•S
ee
to it th
at th
e w
ing
nu
ts of th
e trip
od
is tigh
ten
ed
•S
hift th
e le
velin
g h
ea
d o
f the
tran
sit alo
ng
the
foo
t
pla
te to
exa
ctly ce
nte
r the
plu
mb
bo
b
•U
se th
e o
ptica
l plu
mm
et if a
vaila
ble
for a
ccura
te
cen
terin
g:
�lo
ok
at th
e o
ptica
l plu
mm
et
�sh
ift the
instru
me
nt u
ntil th
e re
ticleis p
recise
ly
cen
tere
d o
n th
e g
rou
nd
po
int
49
LEVELING THE PLATE LEVEL BUBBLE
•T
he
bu
bb
le is ce
nte
red
by ro
tatin
g scre
ws 1
an
d 2
in
op
po
site d
irectio
ns
�th
e ro
tatio
ns (se
e fig
ure
) will ca
use
the
bu
bb
le to
�
the
rota
tion
s (see
figu
re) w
ill cau
se th
e b
ub
ble
to
mo
ve fro
m le
ft to rig
ht
50
LEVELING THE PLATE LEVEL BUBBLE
51
LEVELING THE PLATE LEVEL BUBBLE
•N
ext, ro
tate
the
instru
me
nt so
tha
t the
on
e e
nd
of
the
bu
bb
le tu
be
is alig
ne
d w
ith th
e re
ma
inin
g
screw
•C
en
ter th
e b
ub
ble
in th
is po
sition
by
rota
ting
this
•C
en
ter th
e b
ub
ble
in th
is po
sition
by
rota
ting
this
rem
ain
ing
screw
•T
he
rota
tion
ind
icate
d in
the
figu
re w
ill cau
se th
e
bu
bb
le to
mo
ve
aw
ay
from
leve
l screw
3
52
LEVELING THE PLATE LEVEL BUBBLE
53
LEVELING THE PLATE LEVEL BUBBLE
•R
etu
rn to
the
orig
ina
l po
sition
an
d ch
eck
cen
terin
g o
f
the
bu
bb
le
•R
ota
te th
rou
gh
18
0o
so th
at e
nd
A o
f the
bu
bb
le tu
be
•
Ro
tate
thro
ug
h 1
80
so th
at e
nd
A o
f the
bu
bb
le tu
be
is on
line
with
leve
l screw
1
•R
ep
ea
t the
pre
vio
us ste
ps so
tha
t all b
ub
ble
tub
es a
re
leve
led
in e
very
dire
ction
.
54
READING
TRANSIT VERNIERS
55
Ashortauxiliary
scaleplaced
alongsidethegraduated
scaleofaninstrumentbymeansofwhichfractio
nalparts
ofthe
leastdivisionofthemainscale
canbemeasu
redprecisely
VERNIER
56
PRINCIPLE O
F THE VERNIER
LEA
ST
CO
UN
T
�F
ine
ne
ss of re
ad
ing
of th
e ve
rnie
ra
nd
ma
in sca
le
�D
ete
rmin
ed
by d
ivid
ing
the
len
gth
of th
e sm
alle
st
div
ision
on
the
ma
in sca
le b
y th
e to
tal n
um
be
r of
vern
ier
div
ision
s. ve
rnie
rd
ivisio
ns.
n sLC=
LC �
Lea
st Co
un
t
s �va
lue
of th
e sm
alle
st div
ision
on
the
ma
in sca
le
n �
# o
f div
ision
s on
the
vern
ier
57
RE
AD
ING
TR
AN
SIT
VE
RN
IER
S
EX
AM
PLE
: Lea
st Co
un
t
LC =
30
min
/30
�LC
= 1
min
s=
30
min
n=
30
58
RE
AD
ING
TR
AN
SIT
VE
RN
IER
S
•A
ho
rizon
tal o
r vertica
l an
gle
is rea
d b
y fin
din
g th
e g
rad
ua
tion
on
the
vern
ier
scale
w/c co
incid
es w
ith a
gra
du
atio
n o
n th
e m
ain
(circle) sca
le u
sed
•In
case
of d
ou
ble
vern
ier, th
ere
will a
lwa
ys be
2 co
incid
en
t
line
•A
dd
t’lfra
ction
al p
arts o
f a d
eg
ree
(to b
e a
dd
ed
to th
e m
ain
scale
rdg
) are
to b
e d
ete
rmin
ed
from
the
coin
cide
nt g
rad
ua
tion
on
the
vern
ier
line
�1
for a
CW
an
gle
& th
e o
the
r for a
CC
W a
ng
le
•T
he
ind
ex m
ark
of th
e ve
rnie
rw
ill sho
w th
e n
um
be
r of d
eg
ree
s
or fra
ction
al p
art o
f a d
eg
ree
(usu
ally
in m
ultip
les o
f 30
, 20
, 15
or
10
min
) pa
ssed
ove
r on
the
ma
in sca
le
59
Reading Horizontal A
ngles using a Vernier
inn
er
circle
rea
din
g
ou
ter
circle
rea
din
g
LC =
s/n =
30
min
/30
= 1
min
Inn
er C
ircle R
ea
din
g (C
W)
= 1
84
0 (m
ain
scale
) + 1
8’ (ve
rnie
r) = 1
84
01
8’
Ou
ter C
ircle R
ea
din
g (C
CW
)
= 1
75
030
’(ma
in sca
le) +
12
’ (vern
ier) =
17
504
2’
So
lutio
n C
he
ck: In
ne
r Circle
Re
ad
ing
+ O
ute
r Circle
Re
ad
ing
= 3
60
000
’6
0
CARE O
F THE TRANSIT
1.
Sto
re th
e tra
nsit in
its carry
ing
case
wh
en
no
t in u
se
2.
Re
mo
ve th
e tra
nsit fro
m th
e trip
od
an
d ca
rry it in
its bo
x wh
en
tran
spo
rting
in a
veh
icle o
r ove
r a lo
ng
wa
lkin
g d
istan
ce
3.
If it be
com
es w
en
t or d
am
p, d
ry it o
ff with
ab
sorb
en
t cloth
or
3.
If it be
com
es w
en
t or d
am
p, d
ry it o
ff with
ab
sorb
en
t cloth
or
pre
fera
bly
in su
nlig
ht
4.
Th
e o
bje
ctive le
ns sh
ou
ld n
ot b
e w
ipe
d a
s it is ea
sily scra
tche
d
�cle
an
it by
rub
bin
g g
en
tly w
ith a
pie
ce o
f soft clo
th
mo
isten
ed
in a
lcoh
ol o
r with
a p
iece
of le
ns p
ap
er
�fin
ish o
ff with
a ca
me
l’s ha
ir bru
sh
61
CARE O
F THE TRANSIT
5. P
rote
ct the
instru
me
nt a
t all tim
es fro
m a
ny
sho
ck o
r sud
de
n
jolt
�n
eve
r allo
w th
e in
strum
en
t to fa
ll or d
rop
6.
Ho
ld th
e tra
nsit in
the
arm
s with
the
tripo
d stick
ing
ou
t to th
e
side
or b
eh
ind
NO
T o
n th
e sh
ou
lde
r
�d
o th
is wh
en
:
•ca
rryin
g it in
side
a b
uild
ing
•T
he
re is d
an
ge
r of strik
ing
the
instru
me
nt a
ga
inst a
ny
ob
structio
ns
62
CARE O
F THE TRANSIT
7. T
he
tran
sit sho
uld
be
lifted
from
the
carry
ing
case
by
gra
spin
g
the
stan
da
rds a
nd
NO
T b
y th
e te
lesco
pe
8. Trip
od
leg
s sho
uld
be
spre
ad
ap
art to
ma
ke it sta
ble
9. Trip
od
sho
es sh
ou
ld b
e su
nk
firmly
to th
e g
rou
nd
10
.It sh
ou
ld n
eve
r be
left u
na
tten
de
d b
eca
use
it ma
y b
e u
pse
t by
pa
ssing
veh
icles, stra
y a
nim
als, p
lay
ing
child
ren
, win
d o
r
ma
yb
e sto
len
11
.A
void
settin
g th
e tra
nsit o
n co
ncre
te sla
bs, b
ou
lde
rs, an
d ste
el
pla
tes
63
CARE O
F THE TRANSIT
12
.G
rad
ua
ted
circles a
nd
vern
iers
sho
uld
no
t be
tou
che
d w
ith th
e
fing
ers. T
his w
ill tarn
ish th
eir su
rface
s.
13
.Ta
rnish
ed
surfa
ces sh
ou
ld b
e cle
an
ed
by
ap
ply
ing
a th
in film
of
oil w
hich
is left fo
r a fe
w h
ou
rs an
d th
en
wip
ed
off w
ith a
soft
oil w
hich
is left fo
r a fe
w h
ou
rs an
d th
en
wip
ed
off w
ith a
soft
clea
n ra
g.
14
.T
igh
ten
clam
ps in
a d
efin
ite a
nd
firm m
an
ne
r, no
t too
seve
re
15
.A
wa
terp
roo
f cove
r for th
e tra
nsit sh
ou
ld a
lwa
ys be
bro
ug
ht
alo
ng
in ca
se o
f rain
s, sho
we
rs an
d th
un
de
rstorm
s.
64