lecture 23: the respiratory system
DESCRIPTION
Lecture 23: The Respiratory System. Lecturer: Dr. Barjis Room: P307 Phone: (718) 260-5285 E-Mail: [email protected]. Learning Objectives. Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fundamentals of
Anatomy & PhysiologyF
rederic H. M
artiniLecture 23: The Respiratory System
Lecturer: Dr. Barjis
Room: P307
Phone: (718) 260-5285
E-Mail: [email protected]
![Page 2: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Objectives
• Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system
• Identify the organs of the respiratory system and describe their functions
• Define and compare the processes of external and internal respiration
![Page 3: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Learning Objectives
• Summarize the physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood
• Explain the important structural features of the respiratory membrane
• Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood
![Page 4: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Gas exchange between air and circulating blood
• Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs
• Protection of respiratory surfaces
• Production of sound
• Provision for olfactory sensations
Functions of the respiratory system
![Page 5: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Respiratory system is divided into upper and lower respiratory systems.
• Upper respiratory system
• Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
• Lower respiratory system
• Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Organization of the respiratory system
![Page 6: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Components of the Respiratory System
• The hard palate separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
![Page 7: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Conducting passageways carrying air to and from the alveoli
• Upper respiratory passages filter, warm and humidify incoming air
• Lower passageways include delicate conduction passages and alveolar exchange surfaces
The Respiratory tract
![Page 8: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Pharynx
• Nasal conchae creates turbulence as air passes through the nasal cavity.
• Turbulence makes the air bounce, thus small microorganisms will be trapped in the mucus
![Page 9: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Shared by the digestive and respiratory systems
• Divided into three sections:
• Nasopharynx – superior portion
• Oropharynx – continuous with the oral cavity
• The portion of pharynx that receives oth air and food
• Laryngopharynx
The pharynx
![Page 10: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Receives inhaled air from pharynx through glottis
• Larynx protects the glottis
• Food/drink that touch the vestibular or vocal folds trigger coughing reflex
• Larynx consist of 3 large cartilages
• Thyroid – is largest laryngeal cartilage
• Cricoid – ring shaped cartilage
• Epiglottis – is an elastic cartilage that prevents food and water from entering the larynx
The larynx
![Page 11: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Larynx
![Page 12: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds producing sound waves
• Pitch depends on conditions of vocal folds
• Diameter
• Length
• Tension
The Larynx
Sound production
![Page 13: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Glottis
![Page 14: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Muscles of the neck and pharynx position and stabilize the larynx
• When swallowing these muscles
• Elevate the larynx
• Bend the epiglottis over the glottis
• Intrinsic muscles control tension on the vocal folds and open the glottis
The Larynx
The laryngeal musculature
![Page 15: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to the bronchi
• Held open by C-shaped tracheal cartilages
The trachea
![Page 16: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Anatomy of the Trachea
![Page 17: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Trachea branches in the mediastinum into right and left bronchi
• Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilus
• The two primary bronchi branches further to secondary bronchi as they enter the lungs
• Secondary bronchi branches into tertiary bronchi and tertiary bronchi branches into brancheoles within the lung
• As they branch, amount of cartilage in their wall reduces and amount of smooth muscle increases
The bronchi
![Page 18: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• Lobes of the lung are separated by fissures
• Right lung has three lobes
• Left lung has two lobes
The Lungs
Lobes and surfaces of the lungs
![Page 19: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
![Page 20: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• System of tubes formed from the primary bronchi and their branches
• Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi
• Secondary bronchus goes to each lobe of the lungs
• Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi
• Tertiary bronchi supply air to a single bronchopulmonary segment
The bronchial tree
![Page 21: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung
![Page 22: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Bronchi and Lobules of the Lung
![Page 23: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Each tertiary bronchus branches several times and give rise to bronchioles
• Bronchioles branches into terminal bronchioles where each terminal brancheole:
• Delivers air to a single pulmonary lobule
• Terminal bronchiole becomes respiratory bronchioles
The bronchioles
![Page 24: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Primary Bronchi
• Secondary Bronchi
• Tertiary Bronchi
• Broncheoles• Terminal Broncheoles
• Respiratory Broncheoles
• Alveoli –is the only site of gas exchange
Summary of air flow
![Page 25: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Septal cells
• Scattered in respiratory membrane
• Septal cells produce surfactant
• Surfacant prevents the alveoli from colapsing
• Alveolar Macrophage
• Macrophages patrol epithelium and engulf foreign particles
Cells of the respiratory membrane include
Animation: Respiratory Structures (see tutorial)
![Page 26: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Alveolar Organization
![Page 27: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Each lung is covered by one pleura
• Pleura is a serous membrane lining the pleural cavity
• Parietal pleura - covers the inner surface of thoracic wall
• Visceral Pleura - covers the surface of the lungs
• Pleural fluid – fills and lubricates the space between the pleura
The pleural cavities and pleural membranes
![Page 28: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Internal respiration • Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and cells or
between the blood and interstitial fluid or capillaries and interstitial fluid.
• Oxygen diffuses from the capillaries to the interstitial fluid and from the interstitial fluid to the cell
• Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cell to the interstitial fluid and from the interstitial fluid to the capillaries.
• External respiration • Exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and
the external environment i.e. gas exchange between circulating blood and alveoli.
• Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the capillaries
• Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries to the alveoli.
Respiratory physiology is a series of integrated processes
![Page 29: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• The steps of external respiration include:• Pulmonary ventilation
• Gas diffusion
• Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Oxygen bounds to hemoglobin and is transported from the lungs to the cells.
• Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions from the cell to the lungs
• Reactions are completely reversible
Respiratory physiology is a series of integrated processes
![Page 30: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Animation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration (see tutorial)
An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
![Page 31: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
An Overview of Key Steps in Respiration
![Page 32: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
• The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
• Movement of air
• Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow
• Boyle’s Law• Boyle’s law state that pressure and volume
has inverse relationship i.e. the higher the volume the lower the pressure, and the lesser the volume the higher the pressure
• Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs
Pulmonary Ventilation
![Page 33: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation
![Page 34: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Respiratory cycle is single cycle of inhalation and exhalation
• Amount of air moved in one cycle is called tidal volume
Respiratory cycle
Animation: Pulmonary Ventilation (see tutorial)
![Page 35: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Quiet breathing (eupnea)
• In quite breathing diaphragm and external and internal intercostals muscles are required (work)
• Forced breathing (hyperpnea)
• In forced breathing in addition to the diaphragm and intercostals muscles accessory muscles are needed
Mechanisms of breathing
![Page 36: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Tidal Volume (VT)
• Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
• Vital capacity
• Tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes
• Residual volume
• Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation
Respiratory volumes
![Page 37: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
![Page 38: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Daltons Law and partial pressure
• Individual gases in a mixture exert pressure proportional to their abundance
• In a mixture of gases like air the total pressure is the sum of pressure by the individual gas
• Diffusion between liquid and gases (Henry’s law)
• The amount of gas in solution is directly proportional to their partial pressure
Gas Exchange
The gas laws
![Page 39: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Henry’s Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure
![Page 40: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Henry’s Law and the Relationship between Solubility and Pressure
![Page 41: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is efficient due to:
• Differences in partial pressure
• Small diffusion distance
• Lipid-soluble gases
• Large surface area of all alveoli
• Coordination of blood flow and airflow
Diffusion and respiratory function
![Page 42: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin
• The amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin depends upon:
• PO2
• pH
• temperature
• BPG
• Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O2 affinity than adult hemoglobin
Oxygen transport
![Page 43: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve
![Page 44: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Effect of pH and Temperature on Hemoglobin Saturation
![Page 45: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
A Functional Comparison of Fetal and Adult Hemoglobin
![Page 46: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• 7% dissolved in plasma
• 70% carried as carbonic acid
• 23% bound to hemoglobin
• carbaminohemoglobin
Carbon dioxide transport
![Page 47: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood
![Page 48: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
A Summary of the Primary Gas Transport Mechanisms
![Page 49: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• Respiratory centers are modified by sensory information including
• Chemoreceptor reflexes
• Level of carbon dioxide
• Baroreceptors reflexes
• Hering-Breuer reflexes
• Prevents overinflation
• Protective reflexes
Respiratory reflexes
![Page 50: Lecture 23: The Respiratory System](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022082205/56813d6e550346895da74bc9/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• The primary functions of the respiratory system
• The organs of the respiratory system and their functions
• The processes of external and internal respiration
• The physical principles governing the movement of air into the lungs and the diffusion of gases into the blood
• The important structural features of the respiratory membrane
• How oxygen and carbon dioxide are picked up, transported and released in the blood
You should now be familiar with: