lecture 2011.3b: fundamentals of copyright (digital sustainability)

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Digital Sustainability in the Knowledge Society Fundamentals of Copyright Dr. Marcus M. Dapp Board OKF Germany / IT Strategist, City Government Munich 10.10.2011

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Page 1: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

Digital Sustainabilityin the Knowledge Society 

Fundamentals of Copyright

Dr. Marcus M. DappBoard OKF Germany / IT Strategist, City Government Munich

10.10.2011

Page 2: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

What is a »license«?

Page 3: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Copyright in the analog world

By takomabibelot (flickr, CC-BY)

Page 4: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Analog world

• Physical limitations of copying• Significant cost• Quality loss

• Concept of »original« makes sense• Original stands out• Quality difference, original ≠ copies• Originals are a finite resource

Page 5: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Basic concept of Copyright

• Concerns original form/expression of literary and artistic works

• Right to commercially exploit creation• »right to copy«• Today: bundle of rights

• Granted automatically• Free of charge

IdeaConcept

FormExpression

WP(en): Copyright

Page 6: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

© Related / Neighbouring rights

• All rights reserved• Moral rights

(no misuse)

• Database rights• Renting rights• Performer's rights

Page 7: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

© Derivative works

• Co­creators have »veto« rights• Increase license costs;

»Tragedy of the Anticommons«

• Sharing rights• Who should own them? 1st, 2nd generation?

• too broad rights hinder diffusion of works, too narrow rights discourage creation

• What if stuff is created cumulatively?

Page 8: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

© Exceptions and Fair Use

• Suboptimal if transaction costs prevent transactions, e.g.

• Works with very low monetary value• Many different owners share rights

• Fair use doctrine• Use without explicit permission, e.g. for 

education, criticism, commentary, parody

Page 9: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Copyright in the digital world By oskay (flickr, CC-BY)

Page 10: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Digital world

• No physical limitations for copying• No quality loss• Marginal costs close to zero

• Concept of »original« senseless?• All copies identical (incl. the first)• Infinite number of copies

• Only obstacle to copying• Transaction costs of identifying and 

contacting recipients

Page 11: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Digital copyright in disbalance ?

• In favor of public• Easy online distribution• Difficult to prevent technically

• In favor of creator• Extend © to new rights• Extend © duration

Page 12: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Rebalancing copyright in favor of creator

• Legal• EU European Copyright Directive

• RAM copies ≠ © copies• U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act

• anti­circumvention law• Sonny Bono Copyright Extension Act

• prolonged US © from 50 to 70 years• Technical

• Digital Rights Management

Page 13: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Rebalancing copyright in favor of public

• CreativeCommons movement• Family of © licenses for digital stuff

• »Some rights reserved«• Modification?• Commercial use?• »share­alike« = copyleft mechanism?

• easy­to­use license templates• Reduce transaction costs• »skip the intermediaries«

Page 14: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

License your group work!

(Recommended ticks.)

http://www.creativecommons.org

Page 15: Lecture 2011.3B: Fundamentals of Copyright (Digital Sustainability)

   

Copyright theories

• Utility (R. Posner)• Maximize net social welfare• Balance incentive vs. access

• Labor (J. Locke)• You worked on it, it is yours to control

• Personality (Kant, Hegel)• Human needs, self expression, honor, ...

• Social Planning Theory (W. Fisher)• More than social welfare, justice