lecture 2 resources power
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Energy Resources and
Electric PowerWeek 2
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
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Energy Resources
Courtesy: Conserve Energy Future
Wood Coal Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear Fuel
Renewables(Wind/Geothermal)
Evolution of energy resources.
We tend to fulfill our
energy needs by burning
fuel.
Trends are changing, we
are (gradually) moving
towards renewable energy.
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
Petroleum
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Coal
Coal is sedimentary rock formed due to thedecomposition of plant tissues, and exudates that
have been buried over a long period of time.
Sedimentary: Due to deposition of material (flow
of fluid accumulates layers of different material)Exudates: Fluids originating from plants or
animals that accumulate in an area
Coal is classified with its TYPE and RANK.
Type: Plant sources from which it is derived
Rank: Measure of the age of coal(Degree of metamorphosis/growth)
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Energy in CoalFrom the viewpoint of energy, coal is classified in terms
of its gross calorific value (energy per unit mass).
The amount of heat produced by combusting a
certain quantity of fuel.
GCV can be estimated using the following in KJ/kg:
Where C, H, O, S are percentage compositions of Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen and Sulphur obtained after fuel analysis.
Before calculating GCV of the given coal, its chemical
composition is determined.
SOHCQ 22)]8/([1427339
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Why is it calorific value when its expressed in Joules!
Calorie was an old unit, which has now been replaced by
Joules in ISU.
1 (small) calorie is approx. 4.2J
Calorie by definition is:The amount of energy that raises the temperature of
1gm of water by 1oC.
Replace 1gm with 1kg in the above definition and you
have 1 large calorie.
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Exercise:
Calculate the gross and net calorific value of coal which
has C 74%, H 6%, N 1% O 9% S 0.8% and moisture 2.2%.
SOHCQg 22)]8/([1427339
GCV can be estimated using the following in KJ/kg:
Using all values, Q=32060.2KJ/kg.
The net calorific value subtracts the heat of vaporization
of water vapour from the gross value.
NCV is given by:
Hence, NCV comes out to be: 30686.67KJ/kg.
)9(44.24 MHQQ gn
Courtesy: Prof. S. C. Koria, IIT Madras
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Coal Reserves & Environment
Coal is one of the most abundant fossil fuel contributingsignificantly to the world energy needs.
Exact amount cannot be determined because new coal
mines continue to be discovered, old ones get depleted.
Combustion of coal releases NO2 and Sulphur that may
cause acid rain.
Rain with a low pH value, harmful for plantation.
Biggest concern with coal fired stations is environment.
Can you think of another one?Coal reserves shall finish one day!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfIfxmni_Eg
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Oil
Oil is a highly flammable, naturally occurring liquidthat is a mixture of various hydrocarbons.
It is formed when dead organisms (algae) bear intense
pressure and temperature beneath the Earths crust.
Oil is usually discovered buried under the sedimentary
rock reserves.
With advances in drilling technologies, oil is also beingextracted from the deep ocean sea bed.
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Ancient HistoryAristotle believed that oil and other
fossils are formed deep beneath the
Earths crust.
Two theories emerged in 1500s:
- Agricola (1546) agreed with Aristotle
and suggested that bitumen (oil)
comes from sulphur inside Earths
crust.
- Libavius (1599) suggested bitumen came from the
remains of dead trees.
http://www.sjvgeology.org/oil/oil.html
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Environmental Impact
Oil is taken out from deep sea bedsusing pipeline assembly.
If something wrong happens
to the pipe, the phenomenon
of oil spill takes place.
Oil spill introduces hydrocarbon into
the environment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLiqvZOP8TY
A recent accident in the gulf of Mexico had tremendousaffects on the environment.
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Natural GasNG accounts for over 20% of world energy needs.
This kind of fuel is most environment friendly because
it releases fewer hydrocarbon.
Trade of Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) has seen massivegrowth over the past few years.
Super-cooled to -120 to -170oC
Energy density is comparable to oil!
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is compressed to a
pressure of 20-25MPa.
Lighter than air so leaks away and prevents fire.
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Chemical Formulae
Oil: It is a complex mixture of alkanes (CnH2n+2),cycloalkanes or napthenes (CnH2n) and benzene (CnHn)
Cycloalkanes have similar properties as alkenes but
have higher boiling points.
Composition of oil and its properties may also vary.
Natural Gas: Methane CH4
Coal: The chemical formula of coal has been estimated
as C135H96O9NS
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Fuel Consumption and ProductionFigures recorded for period 2000-2009:
Increase in
consumption by
Increase in
production by
Oil 10% 6.85%
Natural Gas 23.3% 24.14%
Coal 40.24% 51.71%
http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/
All these sources of energy are termed as Fossil fuels
because they are formed beneath the Earth surface by
dead plant and animal decomposition.
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/http://gtadailythoughts.wordpress.com/2011/01/12/energy-consumption-comparison-oil-gas-and-coal/ -
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Oil/Gas-fired Power plant
Turbines used in such plants can operate on both naturalgas and low-sulphur oil.
Two fuels increase reliability of power generation.
Courtesy: Tennessee Valley Authority
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i h
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Nuclear FuelUses Uranium and Thorium as source of fission energy.
Uranium is a natural nuclear fuel.
Thorium is converted into fissionable material.
Thorium reserves are 4 times as large as Uranium.
Fission process of Uranium atom releases 200 million
eV of energy.
Note that burning one carbon atom releases 4eV.
Nuclear energy, consumed at the current rate, can
provide world energy needs for the next 1000 years.
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
C i h F H FHNG SKKU 2014
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Nuclear Fuel: UraniumIn 1789, Uranium was discovered as a new naturally
occurring element.
Named after the newly discovered planet Uranus.
Radioactive nature was discovered in 1896.
Composition of Natural Uranium:
99.2175% U238 (fissionable)
0.72% U235 (fissile)
A low energy neutron can start the chain reaction,if fissile material is used.
U238 half-life is about 4.5 billion years.
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
C i ht F H FHNG SKKU 2014
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Nuclear Fuel Cycle
1000kg ore contains 1-2kg
of Uranium.
U3O8 (yellowcake) is found
naturally with 80% purity. It is
converted into UF6 by removing
20% impurities.
Reactors house 5000kg of
Uranium that supplies
160GWh of electricityIncreasing the percentageamount of U235 is called
enrichment. U235 is naturally
fissile (sustains chain reaction
for nuclear fission).
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
[email protected]: US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
C i ht F H FHNG SKKU 2014
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Nuclear Hazards
Chernobyl Accident 1986(Worlds worst nuclear accident)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnjzVNG18jo&feature=related
Fukushima Nuclear Disaster 2011(Second worst nuclear accident)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cy-PHxt2u8
Radiation leaks were discovered again at Fukushima facility.
- September 2013
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
Cop right Fara Hasan FHNG SKKU 2014
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnjzVNG18jo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cy-PHxt2u8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cy-PHxt2u8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cy-PHxt2u8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Cy-PHxt2u8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnjzVNG18jo&feature=related -
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Renewable Resources
Renewable resources do not burn any fuel. The energycomes directly from nature.
The biggest problem is that the supply of energy is
irregular or intermittent.
It has been recently pointed out that:With large-scale connectivity, averaging effects come into play
and uncorrelated regional intermittencies can partially cancel
each other out.
Work is in progress to develop an Asian grid comprising
of countries having considerable renewable potential.
Taggart, James, Dong, RussellThe Future of Renewables Linked by a Transnational Asian Grid,Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012.
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DESERTEC Industrial InitiativeThe EU countries are also working on similar ideas.
The solar power plants in the Middle East and North
Africa (MENA) can satisfy 70% of MENAs electricity needs
and 17% of the EU electricity needs.
The solar energy may be transmitted via high-voltage
direct current (HVDC) lines across North Africa and
connected to Europe across the Mediterranean Sea.
North Sea wind and Icelandic geothermal energy feeding
into European grid via HVDC cables is being considered.
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
[email protected], James, Dong, RussellThe Future of Renewables Linked by a Transnational Asian Grid,Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012.
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Transnational Asian GridWhy Asia?
Most Asian countries are rich in
renewables.
China and Mongolia have wind,
Australia has solar energy.
Countries included in the grid:China, Japan, South Korea,
ten Association of Southeast AsianNation (ASEAN) states, and Australia
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
[email protected], James, Dong, RussellThe Future of Renewables Linked by a Transnational Asian Grid,Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012.
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Wind and Solar ResourcesWind power over a
period of 1-week in 2010.
The y-axis in both figures is
relative to the total installed
capacity of each region.
Solar power over a
period of 1-week in 2010.
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Generating electricity:Rotate a conductor within a
magnetic field to generate
electricity.
- Loose form of Faradays law
Courtesy: Tutor vista online
Conversion principle
Where to provide rotation?
Find an intelligent way to extract
rotational energy!
Using hydraulic turbines:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cEL7yc8R42k
Copyright Faraz Hasan, FHNG, SKKU, 2014
Copyright Faraz Hasan FHNG SKKU 2014
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Generator OutputA generator converts mechanical energy (using rotating
devices) into electrical energy.
Recall that we defined power as an ability to do work.
Hence generators are rated in terms of their output
power (not energy).
Power P is expressed as the product of voltage Vand
current I.
The total electric power produced by a generator can be
classified into two types.
Total power
Useless (Reactive) power
Useful (Active) power
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Reactive PowerReactive power is consumed in electric machines to
energize different components.
- It does not contribute to the main output.
- Also called wattless, useless or imaginary power.
When voltage is applied across an inductor, the currentdoes not build up straight away.
Some of the power only energizes the inductor.
Joe Duncanson, Electrical Basics Part 2 (available online)
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Reactive PowerAny machine using a magnet, consumes some portion of
input energy to align the domains of magnetic material.- Domain alignment theory
Courtesy: processmodeling.org.
The amount of power required to energize a device (align
its domains) is called reactive power.
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Active and Total PowerActive power is the component of total power that is
the useful output of a machine.
Also called wattful, useful or real power.
Total power (or complex/apparent power) S, is the
vector sum of active power P and reactive power Q.
Courtesy: PowerStar
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Types of Electric Power Units
Active power is expressed in WattsMathematically, it is VICos.
Reactive power is expressed in VAR (volt-amperes reactive)
Mathematically, it is VISin.
Total power is expressed in VA.
Mathematically, it is VI
Fundamental formula for power (voltagetimes current) that we study in junior
classes is actually for total power only.
Coke analogy
Courtesy: Minnesota Valley Electric Cooperation
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Power factorRatio of real power to the total power is power factor.
Power factor expresses the percentage usefulness of
the available power.
Power factor of 0.8 infers that 80% of the available
total power has been used in a useful manner.
The absolute value of the cosine of the angle between
voltage and current is called the power factor!
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Power factor Analogy
Courtesy: Alpha power solutions
The horse is moving on a road. The cart it is pushing is
moving on the track.
Active Power: Power applied by the horse in the
direction of the track is useful only.
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Problem:
A generator produces 100KVA, all of which is directly fed to a load
operating at power factor 0.8.(a) What is the amount of reactive power consumed by the load?
(b) By how much percent does the required reactive power
reduce, if power factor changes to 0.95?
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Short video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjbsa1kHj2c&feature=related
Power factor compensationInstead of providing reactive component from the same
generator, use some other source, such as capacitors.
This way, the long transmission line from generator to
load shall not have to contain reactive power.
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Transmission Lines & Reactive Power
The size of the transmission wire varies with the amount
of power it handles.
To support high power transmission, large sized wires
are required (cost increases!)
Power loss occurring in the wire is proportional to I2R.Higher the current through the transmission line, higher
the power loss.
If reactive power is supplied locally, transmission lines willnot have to carry too much power!
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Seminar AnnouncementSeminars are scheduled in Week-7 and week-9.
- 3 to 4 students should form a group. Each group should select one
research paper and make a detailed presentation on it.
- Papers should be taken from IEEE-indexed conferences and should
not be older than 2012.
- Only 1 student from each group shall present but all group
members must participate in the Q/A session.
- Assessment criteria:
Clarity: 40% Depth of discussion: 30% Q/A: 30%
- Grading shall be on per-group basis (not on per-student basis)
You must email me about your group members and selected papers
by 30 March, Sunday.
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