lecture 1bio ecology
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
1/36
Course Introduction / Intro to BiologyAlexander J. Coverdill, PhD
January 15, 2013
Biology 201: Ecology and Evolution
Spring 2013
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
2/36
Biology 201 Course Syllabus
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
3/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Your BI201 Teaching Team
Instructor: Dr. Alex Coverdill ([email protected])Office: Higgins 425
Office Hours: Tuesdays 2:00 pm 4:00 pm
Note: Im typically only on campus T/Th!
Graduate TA: Linh Ta ([email protected])Office: Higgins 507
Office Hours: TBA
Undergrad TA: TBD
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
4/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Course Materials
Required:
Biological Science, Scott Freeman, 4thedition, Vol. 2, 2010 (hardcover or eBook)
iClickerclassroom response systemhandheld unit
Access to Mastering Biology, an onlineassignment resource manager
Optional: Biological Science Study Guide, Scott
Freeman, 4th edition, 2010
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
5/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Course Website (BlackBoard Vista)
http://cms.bc.edu OR through your Agora portal
Syllabus (with our contact information) Lecture Slides Office Hour SchedulesAdditional Readings Link to Mastering Biology site (MB) Registration of iClicker
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
6/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
My Course Learning Goals
To continue your development of the foundational knowledge ofbiology that you can apply to:
Upper division courses in biology(Evolution, Developmental Biology, Ecology, Plant Biology, Physiology)
A range of potential careers in biology Understanding/Responding to current challenges faced
as a society
To promote learning and study skills that will be beneficial foryou beyond this course, including the skill of developing a
learning network.
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
7/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Additional Incentives for Active Participation
Grading Summary (600 points total): Midterm Exams (3 exams, 100 pts each) 300 pts Final Exam (100pts new, 100pts cumulative) 200 pts Mastering Biology Assignments 70 pts iClickers/Attendance 30 pts Total: 600 pts*Students requiring accommodations, please have the appropriate office
contact Dr. Coverdill this week or bring your paperwork to me.
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
8/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
***Please take note of exam dates NOW you will not be***
able to reschedule exams to better fit your plans!
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
9/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
How do I know what information is important?
What do I need to know to get an A? What can I do to do better on the nexttest? How come I study as hard/much as I can, but I dont do
as well as Id like?
At some point, Im betting youll wonder:
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
10/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mastering Biology
Purpose: To challenge you to apply concepts as a PRACTICEbefore exams = Formative assessment
A key component of learning:
Knowing when you know something
and knowing when you dont.
getting a grade:^
Also knowing how to access information that youve learned!
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
11/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mastering Biology
Course ID: BI201COVERDILL2013
Student ID: BC Username (BBVista Username)
MB Tutorial: Due next Friday, Jan 25th at 5pm!
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
12/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Predict an outcome
Design an experiment
Create a Model
Critique a research proposal
Appraise data in support of a hypothesis
Edgar Dale Cone of Experience Media by Jeffrey Anderson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
13/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
One of my course goals:
An active learning course is one where students areactively engaged in learning the material (both inside and
outside of the classroom).
This is, in part, your responsibility as well!
Discover whichnote-taking
strategy worksbest for YOU!
Create an Active Learning Course Environment
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
14/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The iClicker Response Device
Well use iClickers for responses to:
In-class discussions Problem solving sessions Quizzes
Individual responses collected and scored.
Some responses will be graded, otherssimply recorded for participation
Benefit: You and I will find out what you knowimmediately!
No Fault Attendance Policy
(Warning: Use of another students iClicker is fraud) SeeAcademic Honesty section of syllabus for more info.
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
15/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Coming to class Taking notes Reading book Highlighting text in book Giving written answers to problems Copying class notes to flash cards ASK QUESTIONS!
In addition to traditional methods participation in the course
How to Succeed in Biology
you will also work with other students in (and outside) ofclass to:
Discuss problems youve solved on your own. Explain concepts to one another
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
16/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Miscellaneous Course Policies
Lecture attendance is mandatory. No make-up exams will be given. You must take the final exam in order to pass the class. You must obtain any information that was missed due to
absence from a fellow classmate.
You are expected to be an active participant in lecture. The assigned readings should be completed prior to the
corresponding lectures.
No points will be given for Mastering Biology assignmentscompleted after specified deadlines.
You may not use a fellow students iClicker. Ever. Cell phones must be silenced and put away during the
lecture.
Use of laptops during class is permitted; however
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
17/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Avoid Distractions! Youre responsible for your grade!
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
18/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Objectives for Chapter 1:
Chapter 1
Distinguish a theory from a hypothesis Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living
organisms.
Describe the two components of the cell theory. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and explain under
what conditions natural selection will happen (e.g., Must the
variation be heritable?).
Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role ofsimilarities and differences in constructing phylogenetic trees.
Describe what biologists do, that is, how they approachproblems and why they do experiments.
List the components of experimental design Predict consequences of changes in experimental components
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
19/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What does it mean to say something is alive?
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
20/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
What do all life forms have in common?
All living organisms share 5 fundamental characteristics:
1. Energy: to stay alive and reproduce, organisms must acquireand use energy
2. Cells: organisms are made up of membrane-bound units calledcells
3. Information: organisms process hereditary or genetic
information, encoded in units called genes along with
information from the environment
4. Replication: everything an organism does is with the goal of
reproduction. This is the ultimate measure of an organismsfitness.
5. Evolution: organisms are the product of evolution and theirpopulations continue to evolve.
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
21/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Some Facts about Theories
A THEORY is an explanation for a very general class of
phenomena or observations.
Theories have two components:
Pattern Something that occurs in the natural world
Process Responsible for creating the pattern
Two theories form the framework for modern biological science.1. The cell theory
2. The theory of evolution by natural selection
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
22/36
ORGANISM
(=PHENOTYPE)
GENOME
ENVIRONMENT
Gene / Gene Product
Gene network
Genome
Organelle / Subcellular compartment
Cell
Organ
Organism
Population
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Tissues
Cell
The Biological Hierarchy
Minimal Unit of LIFE!
Where does begin?
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
23/36
... I could
exceedingly plainly
perceive it to be all
perforated and
porous, much like a
Honeycomb...these
pores or cells, were
not very deep, but
consisted of a greatmany little boxes...!-Robert Hooke 1665!
Visualizing Cells
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
24/36
1.
All organisms are made of cells. Cells are the universal, irreducible unit of life whether you
are a single celled bacterium or a Sequoia tree.
The smallest organisms consist of single cells. The largestorganisms consist of many trillions of cells.
The Cell Theory
Unicellular Paramecium Multicellular Blue Whale
Multicellular Giant Sequoia
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
25/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
26/36
2.
All cells come from pre-existing cells. Life begets life no spontaneous generation Cell division is the basis of organismal reproduction. Cell division is the basis of organismal growth & repair. Even viruses require the cells of their hosts for replication.
The Cell Theory
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
27/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
In 1858, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace made twoclaims regarding the natural world:
1. All species are related by common ancestry(pattern).
2.
Characteristics of species are modified from generation togeneration (pattern).
Descent with modification (process) Evolution is a change in the characteristics of a population
over time, where a population is defined as a group ofindividuals of the same species living in the same area at the
same time.
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
28/36
There is no exception to the rule that every organic beingnaturally increases at so high a rate, that, if not destroyed
the earth would soon be covered by the progeny of a
single pair...the geometrical tendency to increase must be
checked by destruction at some period of life.
Origin of Species (1859)
In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book On theOrigin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
29/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Tree of Life
The cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selectionimply that all species come from preexisting species and that allspecies, past and present, trace their ancestry back to a single
common ancestororLUCA.
The tree of life is a family tree of organisms that describes thegenealogical relationships among species with a single ancestralspecies at its base.
Speciation is a divergence process in which natural selection hascaused populations of one species to diverge to form new
species.
Phylogeny is the actual genealogical relationships among allorganisms.
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
30/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Using Molecules to Understand the Tree of Life
Carl Woese and colleagues studied small subunit ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
Remember: RNA is comprised of four chemical units callednucleotides.
Symbolized by letters A, U, C, & G The sequence of nucleotides can change during evolution. Based on the theory of evolution, rRNA sequences should be very
similar in closely related organisms but less similar in less closelyrelated organisms.
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
31/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Interpreting the Tree of Life and Taxonomy
The tree of life indicates three majorgroups of organisms: the eukaryotes Eukarya and two groups ofprokaryotes Bacteriaand Archaea.
Fungi and animals are more closelyrelated to each other than either is to
plants.
Traditional classification schemes wereoften inaccurate.
The location of certain branches on thetree is hotly debated and the shape ofthe tree will continue to change asdatabases expand.
See Bioskills 3 for help readingphylogenies
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
32/36
Merriam Webster Dictionary, Online
Scientific Method n.
Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of
knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of aproblem, the collection of data through observation and
experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses
!
How do scientists study the natural world?
What is the Scientific Method?
Methodical exploration!
What makes science unique!
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
33/36
Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Predictions
Experiment
Data Analysis
ConclusionSupport Reject
Report Results
The ScientificMethod
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
34/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Using the Scientific Method
Hypothesis testing can be divided into a two-step process:
1. State the hypothesis as precisely as possible and listthe predictions it makes.
2. Design an observational or experimental study that iscapable of testing those predictions.
Observation:Giraffes have very long necks!
Why?
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
35/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Giraffes Have Long Necks?
The food competition hypothesis argues that long necksevolved because animals with long necks can reach foodunavailable to other mammals.
Predictions:Neck length is variable.
Neck length is heritable.
Giraffes feed high in trees.
Conclusion:It is unlikely that giraffes evolved
long necks to be able to reach food
higher than other mammals.
Results: Simmons and Scheepers
-
7/29/2019 Lecture 1Bio Ecology
36/36
2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Sexual Competition Hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis, the sexual competitionhypothesis, is that giraffes evolved long necks becauselonger-necked males win more fights than shorter-necked
giraffes, and can then father more offspring.
Data support this hypothesis.