lecture 240 ecology - sum 2009

8/18/2019 Lecture 240 Ecology - Sum 2009

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EcologyWhat is it?


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Ecology• Hierarchy of Organization

- Individual

- Population - # of individuals in given area- Counity ! all "iota in an area- Ecosyste ! all "iota a"iotic factors- $andscape ! ultiple ecosystes over

large area- %iosphere ! all life on Earth


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Ecology

&utecology' study interrelations of

individuals (ith environent

)ynecology' study of counities


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%asic )cientific Principles

• $a( of Conservation of *atter

• +st $a( of ,herodynaics Energy.

*atter cannot "e created nor destroyed/rather it can only "e transfored

Energy cannot "e created nor destroyed/rather it can only "e converted in for


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%asic )cientific Principles

• 0nd $a( of ,herodynaics

When converting energy/ al(ays losesoe energy as heat


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*a1or Ecosyste Processes

+. Energy 2lo( 3 energy oves through

syste0. 4utrient Cycling 3 cheical eleents

recycled in syste


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Energy 2lo(

• )olar energy ! priary energy source

fig 567/ p6 80.Of incoing solar radiation'

99: a"sor"ed

58: reflected al"edo.


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)olar Energy

• Of solar radiation a"sor"ed'

- ;00: (ater cycle- nearly all transfor to heat

radiates

eissivity' relative a"ility of Earth torelease energy e6g6/ radiate heat into

space< lin= to glo"al (aring.


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)olar Energy

• ,iny aount of solar energy into

photosynthesis > 6+:.

photosynthesis P4).' use solar energy toconvert CO0 H2O into sugar< "y-product

3 O0

priary production' all organic atterresulting fro P4)< ra( aterial for other

organiss gross production vs6 net

production.


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Energy 2lo( in Counities

food chain' se@uence of organiss lin=ed

"y energy nutrient flo(

trophic level' feeding levelAposition of

organis in food chain


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,rophic $evels

Producer' autotrophs. anchor of chain<

produce all organic atter for other

organiss

Priary consuer' directly consue

producers 3 her"ivores

Heterotrophs consuers.

)econdary consuer' consue her"ivores

,ertiary Buaternary consuers' consue

secondary tertiary consuers/

respectively


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,rophic $evels

ecoposers' detritus feeder. consue

and convert dead aterial for use "y

producers


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2ood We"s

food (e"' interconnected food chains< all

trophic interactions in counity


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Huan Ipacts

Ecosyste siplification' eliination of

species fro food (e"s via huan

alterations to land

EDaple' verte"rate counities in ag6

landscapes


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Energy 2lo( %et(een ,rophic

$evelsoes +: of energy transfer fro +

trophic level to another?

4o6 ee"er 0nd $a( of ,herodyn6

ange 7-0: transference usually ;+:.

Fraphical representation of energytransference in food (e" 3 energy

pyraid


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Energy 2lo( %et(een ,rophic

$evelsWhy such lo( efficiency?

,hree easons'+. Escape "ehaviorAprotective

colorationAunavaila"le aterial

0. Indigesti"le aterial5. Cellular respiration


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Bioaccumulation = Biomagnification


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4utrient Cycles

What does the $a( of Conservation of

*atter state?

• circular flo( of cheicals 3 recycling

• Inputs relationship to energy flo(?

• Water/ Car"on (C), 4itrogen 4./

Phosphorus P./ )ulfur ).


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Car"on Cycle

• Car"on 3 "uilding "loc= of life

• eservoirs 3 atosphere/ ocean/

organiss• High rate of eDchange inAout reserves

• &ny relation to glo"al (aring?


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4itrogen 2iDation

,ypes

+. atospheric fiDation via lightening

or sunlight< 4O5 as precipitation ppt.0. "iological fiDationG via soil (ater

"acteria "lue-green algae.< 4H5<

legues root nodulesWater Buality 4itrates

)oil Condition 2ertilizers


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Phosphorus Cycle

• Water Buality Phosphorus

• Eutrophication' increase in nutrient

content of la=es


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)oe Ecological Principles

Individual

• $a( of ,olerance' organiss can

tolerate a range of conditions "eyond(hich they die

• e6g6/ teperature/ nutrients

• age-dependent/ 4&


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Where does ha"itat fit?

Ha"itat' hoe< area having necessary

resources food/ (ater/ cover. and

environental conditions tep6/ ppt. thatallo(s organis to live reproduce

our ha"itat 3 ?????

What if ha"itat is drastically changed ordestroyed?

• *ove/ &dapt/ or ie


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Properties of Counities

+. )pecies ichness 3 # species in a co6

0. )pecies Evenness 3 relative a"undance of

different species

5. )pecies iversity 3 richness evenness

e6g6/ 2our species &/%/C/. in 0 differentcounities

Co + ! 07& 07% 07C 07

Co 0 ! J& +% +C +


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What Happens in a

Counity?+. Copetition' individuals contest over a

resource food/ space/ (ater/ atesK. !

a1or factor deterining structure

http'AAfr6truveo6coA,he-accoon-and-,(o-House-PetsAidA080++9908

http://fr.truveo.com/The-Raccoon-and-Two-House-Pets/id/2429116624http://fr.truveo.com/The-Raccoon-and-Two-House-Pets/id/2429116624


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What Happens in a

Counity?

,ypes of Copetition

&. Interspecific' copetition "et(een

different species/ e6g6/ "lue 1ay chic=adeecopete for sunflo(er seed at feeder


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What Happens in a

Counity?,ypes of Copetition

%. Intraspecific' copetition (ithin the sae

species/ e6g6/ 0 oryD "o"cats copete for

space


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Principle of Copetitive

EDclusion FauseLs eDperients.

• ,(o species (hich copete for sae

resource cannot coeDist in sae place at

sae tie• Iplications 3 different locations or

different ties

• elates directly to niche concept


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4iche Concept

4iche' functional role MoccupationN.

position spatial teporal. of a species

in its counity• Principle of Copetitive EDclusion 3 0

species cannot occupy the sae niche


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What Happens in a

Counity? cont6.0. Predation' one species consues another

species


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)oe Ecological Principles

Counity

• %iological )uccession' teporal

se@uence of one counity replacinganother< predicta"le

• Priary vs6 )econdary


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,errestrial %ioes

• %ioes - distinguished priarily "y their predoinant plants and associated (ith particular

cliates6

! Feographic and seasonal variations in teperature and

precipitation are fundaental coponents6


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)oil ' 2oundation of ,errestrial

%ioes• )oil is a copleDiDture of living and

non-living aterial6

! Classification "asedon vertical layering

soil horizons.

• )oil Profile 3

snapshot of soil

structure in a constantstate of fluD


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)oil Horizons

• O horizon' Organic $ayer freshly fallen

organic aterial - ost superficial layer

• & horizon' *iDture of inerals/ clay/ silt andsand

• % horizon' Clay/ huus/ and other aterials

leached fro & horizon - often contains plantroots

• C horizon' Weathered parent aterial


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,ropical ainforests

• $ittle teperature variation

"et(een onths

• Organiss add verticaldiension

• Har"or staple foods and

edicines for (orldLs huan

populations - increasinglyeDploited


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,ropical ry 2orest

• Cliate ore

seasonal than

tropical rainforest

• Heavily settled "y

huans (ith

eDtensive clearing

for agriculture


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,ropical )avanna

• Cliate alternates(et A dry seasons

! 2ire dependent


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esert

; 0: of earthLs landsurface

• Water loss usually

eDceeds precipitation

• Huan intrusionincreasing


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*editerranean Woodland

)hru"land Chaparral.• &ll continents

eDcept &ntarctica

• Cliate cool

oist in fall/(inter/ and spring<hot dry insuer

• 2ire-resistant plants due to fireregie


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,eperate Frassland

• Periodic droughts• )oils tend eDtreely

nutrient rich and deep

• oinated "y

her"aceous vegetation• War season grasses

tall grass vs6 short

grass.

• $arge roaingungulates

! %ison vs6 cattle


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,eperate 2orest

• 2ertile soils ! $ong gro(ing

seasons doinated

"y deciduous

plants

! )hort gro(ing

seasons doinated

"y conifers• *any a1or huan

population centers


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%oreal 2orest ,aiga.

• 4orthern Heisphere

! ; ++: of earthLs

land area

• ,hin/ acidic soils lo(

in fertility

• Fenerally doinated

"y evergreen conifers

• Historically/ lo(

levels of huan

intrusion


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,undra• Covers ost of lands

north of &rctic Circle

! Cliate typically cool

dry< short suers

• $o( decoposition rates

• Huan intrusion

historically lo(/ "ut

increasing as resources

"ecoe scarce

! What type of

increased use?


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rN dt

dN =

−=

K

N rN

dt

dN +


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ensity-dependent Effects


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Who Cares?

Why "other discussing these odels?

*etapopulations )ource-sin= Populatons

highlight the iportance of'

• ha"itat landscape fragentation

• connectivity "et(een isolated

populations• genetic diversity


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Ha"itat 2ragentation• Process of "rea=ing contiguous unit into

saller pieces< area distance

coponents

• $eads to'

> renant patch size

edge'interior ratios

patch isolation

> connectivity• Counity Ecosyste processes

altered


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Ha"itat 2ragentation• 2irst-Order Effects' fragentation leads

to change in a speciesL a"undance andAor

distri"ution

• Higher-Order Effects' fragentationindirectly leads to change in a species

a"undance andAor distri"ution via

altered species interactions


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Ha"itat 2ragentation• area-sensitive species' species that

re@uire iniu patch size for daily

life re@uireents

• Edge effects' influence of factors frooutside of a patch


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Edge Effects• Ha"itat surrounding a patch can'

- change a"iotic conditions< e6g6/ tep6

- change "iotic interactions/ e6g6/

predation

EDaple of nest predation 3 edge effect of

approDiately 7 into forest patch


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Conservation Iplications• &ll ha"itats are MislandsN

• ,he Minternal eDternal threatN

•evelop anage reserve aslandscapesAecosystes lin=ed "y

oveent of species etapop6

concepts.

• evelop strategies for countering edge

effectsKKpredator control?????

lecture 240 ecology - sum 2009

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