Lecture 16Lecture 16Subjunctive MooSubjunctive Moo

dd

Teaching ContentsTeaching Contents 16.1 BE – subjunctive16.1 BE – subjunctive

16.2 WERE - subjunctive16.2 WERE - subjunctive

Mood , as a grammatical category, Mood , as a grammatical category, is a finite verb form that indicate is a finite verb form that indicate whether an utterance expresses a whether an utterance expresses a fact, a command or request, or a nfact, a command or request, or a non-fact and hypothesis. on-fact and hypothesis.

There are three types of mood: inThere are three types of mood: indicative mood, imperative mood adicative mood, imperative mood and subjunctive mood. There are tnd subjunctive mood. There are two forms of subjunctive mood: be wo forms of subjunctive mood: be – and were- subjunctive mood. – and were- subjunctive mood.

16.1 BE - subjunctive 16.1 BE - subjunctive The be-subjunctive, like the imperative, The be-subjunctive, like the imperative,

is realized by the base form of the verb. is realized by the base form of the verb. Whatever the person of the subject, the Whatever the person of the subject, the

predicator invariably takes predicator invariably takes the base forthe base formm. Consequently, where the clause has a . Consequently, where the clause has a plural subject, there is normally no distiplural subject, there is normally no distinction between nction between indicative and subjunctiindicative and subjunctive forms,ve forms, except for the verb be. except for the verb be.

The subjunctive form of The subjunctive form of be be is is bebe for all p for all persons.ersons.

1) In certain that-clauses1) In certain that-clauses The be-subjunctive is commonly used in The be-subjunctive is commonly used in thth

at at clause to denote a command, decision, sclause to denote a command, decision, suggestion, etc.uggestion, etc.

A. After such verbs as decide, decree, demaA. After such verbs as decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, rend, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote, commend, request, require, suggest, vote, etc.etc.

--- The judge insisted --- The judge insisted that the accused man that the accused man appear in person.appear in person.

--- He ordered --- He ordered that the books be sent at oncthat the books be sent at oncee..

B. After such adjectives as advisable, approB. After such adjectives as advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperatipriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligve, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, proper, etc.atory, proper, etc.

--- It is absolutely essential --- It is absolutely essential that all the facts that all the facts be examined first.be examined first.

--- It is important --- It is important that he be placed in the athat he be placed in the appropriate job.ppropriate job.

C. After such nouns as decision, decree, deC. After such nouns as decision, decree, demand, instruction, order, requirement, resmand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution, etc.olution, etc.

--- Our decision is --- Our decision is that the school remain clthat the school remain closedosed..

--- We were faced with the demand --- We were faced with the demand that this that this tax be abolished.tax be abolished.

Note:Note: ••It is essential that he {have / has /should It is essential that he {have / has /should

have } all the facts.have } all the facts.

2) In certain adverbial clauses2) In certain adverbial clauses The be-subjunctive is also used in adverbial clThe be-subjunctive is also used in adverbial cl

auses introduced by if, though, whatever, so lauses introduced by if, though, whatever, so long as, whether, lest. ong as, whether, lest. This is limited to formal This is limited to formal style.style.

--- If that be the official view, it cannot be accep--- If that be the official view, it cannot be accepted.ted.

If any person be found guilty, he shall have tIf any person be found guilty, he shall have the right of appeal .he right of appeal .

In informal styleIn informal style, the , the indicative moodindicative mood or or “sh“should / may + infinitive”ould / may + infinitive” are used instead: are used instead:

--- If the rumour is true, everything is possible.--- If the rumour is true, everything is possible. --- He ran away lest he should be seen.--- He ran away lest he should be seen.

条件句：条件句： A.A. 真实条件句真实条件句 (Sentences of Real Con(Sentences of Real Condition)dition) ：提出的条件是可以实现的句子。：提出的条件是可以实现的句子。

B.B. 非真实条件句非真实条件句 (Sentences of Unreal Condit(Sentences of Unreal Condition)ion) ：提出的条件与事实相反或不可能实现或实：提出的条件与事实相反或不可能实现或实现的可能性极小。现的可能性极小。

现在虚拟式用在现在虚拟式用在 ifif 从句中，并不表示非真实条从句中，并不表示非真实条件（虚拟条件），而是表示真实条件。这种句式件（虚拟条件），而是表示真实条件。这种句式只用在正式语体中，尤其是高雅语体中只用在正式语体中，尤其是高雅语体中 ::

This, if the news be true, is a very serious This, if the news be true, is a very serious matter.matter.

If you be quick, you’ll see them.If you be quick, you’ll see them.

在法律文件中尤其经常用这种句式在法律文件中尤其经常用这种句式 If any person be foud guilty, he shall have tIf any person be foud guilty, he shall have t

he right of appeal.he right of appeal. IfIf 从句更常使用一般现在时。现在虚拟式与一般从句更常使用一般现在时。现在虚拟式与一般

现在时的区别不在意义上，而在语体上。现在时的区别不在意义上，而在语体上。

LestLest 在从句中使用在从句中使用 should + should + 动词或现在时虚拟动词或现在时虚拟语气语气

e.g. The President must reject this proposal,e.g. The President must reject this proposal, lest it cause strife and violence. ( lest it cause strife and violence. ( 以免发生以免发生争斗和暴力争斗和暴力 ) )

He ran away lest he should be seen.He ran away lest he should be seen. Be careful lest you fall.Be careful lest you fall. 但是，实际上有时也可以见到但是，实际上有时也可以见到 lestlest 从句使用陈述从句使用陈述

语气的例子。语气的例子。 I had to grab the iron rail at my side lest I sI had to grab the iron rail at my side lest I s

lipped.lipped. 应注意，各类考试题只承认应注意，各类考试题只承认 lest he (should) dolest he (should) do

的用法。的用法。

____ I’ll marry him all the same.____ I’ll marry him all the same. A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or

poorpoor C. Were he rich or poor D. Be he rich or poC. Were he rich or poor D. Be he rich or po

oror

The business of each day, ___ selling goods The business of each day, ___ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

A. it being B. be it C. was it D. it wasA. it being B. be it C. was it D. it was

表示让步有多种多样的手段，如表示让步有多种多样的手段，如 although, thougalthough, though, while, whereas, even though (if), when, muh, while, whereas, even though (if), when, much as (though, that), whether …or, no matter, ch as (though, that), whether …or, no matter, whetherwhether 。。

此外，还有一种手段来表示让步关系：倒装此外，还有一种手段来表示让步关系：倒装 bebe 的的虚拟语气。这是一种较为罕见而多少又带点文学色虚拟语气。这是一种较为罕见而多少又带点文学色彩的结构。彩的结构。

Be he friend or foe, the law regards him as a cBe he friend or foe, the law regards him as a criminal.riminal.

Be the problem easy or difficult, this method Be the problem easy or difficult, this method applies.applies.

No man loves his fetters, be they made of gold.No man loves his fetters, be they made of gold. And come again, be it by day or night.And come again, be it by day or night.

3) In certain formulaic expressions3) In certain formulaic expressions The be-subjunctive is also used in some formulaic The be-subjunctive is also used in some formulaic

expressions to express a wish, prayer, curse, etc. expressions to express a wish, prayer, curse, etc. The formulaic use tends to be The formulaic use tends to be formal and old fashformal and old fashionedioned in style. in style.

--- Long live our motherland!--- Long live our motherland! --- God bless you!--- God bless you! ---- So be it.---- So be it. •“•“may” can also be used:may” can also be used: --- May they live long.--- May they live long. --- May God bless you.--- May God bless you. --- So may it be.--- So may it be. ••Sometimes “be” can be omitted:Sometimes “be” can be omitted: --- Success (be) to you!--- Success (be) to you!

I will come if need be. I will come if need be. 此处的此处的 needneed 是名词，是名词， bebe 是现在虚拟式，是现在虚拟式，

其意义为其意义为 it there be need = if it’s neceit there be need = if it’s necessaryssary

e.g. If need be, help him to do it.e.g. If need be, help him to do it.

16.2 WERE - subjunctive16.2 WERE - subjunctive The were-subjunctive has only one form The were-subjunctive has only one form

“were”, which applies to subjects of all p“were”, which applies to subjects of all persons. The were-subjunctive is ersons. The were-subjunctive is hypothetichypothetical and unrealal and unreal in meaning. in meaning.

1) In certain adverbial clauses1) In certain adverbial clauses The were-subjunctive is commonly used in The were-subjunctive is commonly used in

adverbial clauses introduced by if, if only, aadverbial clauses introduced by if, if only, as if, as though, though, etc. to s if, as though, though, etc. to denote an undenote an unreal condition or concession.real condition or concession.

--- If it were not so cold, I should go out.--- If it were not so cold, I should go out. --- He looks as if he were sick.--- He looks as if he were sick.

B.B. 非真实条件句非真实条件句 (Sentences of Unreal Condit(Sentences of Unreal Condition)ion) ：提出的条件与事实相反或不可能实现或实：提出的条件与事实相反或不可能实现或实现的可能性极小。现的可能性极小。

从时间方面来看，非真实条件句分为三类：从时间方面来看，非真实条件句分为三类： a.a. 假设的条件与现在的事实或长久的事实相反：假设的条件与现在的事实或长久的事实相反：

条件从句的谓语动词用条件从句的谓语动词用过去时过去时，而主句的谓语动，而主句的谓语动词用词用 would/should + Verbwould/should + Verb

e.g. If light could of itself pass round an obje.g. If light could of itself pass round an object, there would be no shadows.ect, there would be no shadows.

b.b. 假设的条件与过去的事实相反：条件句的谓假设的条件与过去的事实相反：条件句的谓语动词用语动词用过去完成时过去完成时 , , 主句谓语动词 主句谓语动词 should/wshould/would/might/could have doneould/might/could have done

e.g. There is no doubt that if she had not loe.g. There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race st her rudder she would have won the race easily.easily.

c.c. 假设的条件在将来不可能实现或实现的可能性假设的条件在将来不可能实现或实现的可能性极小，即与预料的情况相反：从句谓语动词 极小，即与预料的情况相反：从句谓语动词 shoshould/would/were to+Verb,uld/would/were to+Verb, 主句谓语动词 主句谓语动词 shoshould/would dould/would do

e.g. If green plants should disappear some e.g. If green plants should disappear some day, there would hardly be any life on the eday, there would hardly be any life on the earth.arth.

2) In certain nominal clauses2) In certain nominal clauses The were subjunctive is also used in nominal The were subjunctive is also used in nominal

clauses after verbs like wish, would rather, suclauses after verbs like wish, would rather, suppose, imagine, etc. to denote a ppose, imagine, etc. to denote a hypothetical shypothetical situationituation..

--- I wish I were young.--- I wish I were young. --- I’d rather I were in bed.--- I’d rather I were in bed. Note: Note: ••I wish I were young. ( subjunctive, formal)I wish I were young. ( subjunctive, formal) was ( indicative, informal)was ( indicative, informal) ••He looks as if he were sick.(subjunctive, unHe looks as if he were sick.(subjunctive, un

real, formal) real, formal) was ( indicative, unreal, infml.)was ( indicative, unreal, infml.) is ( indicative, real)is ( indicative, real)

Were must be used:Were must be used: A.In the set expression “ if I were you”, A.In the set expression “ if I were you”,

“was” can be used, but people still tend t“was” can be used, but people still tend to use “were” in stead of was.o use “were” in stead of was.

B.In the B.In the conditional clause with inverted wconditional clause with inverted word orderord order, were can only be used., were can only be used.

--- Were I to do it (= If I were to do it), I sho--- Were I to do it (= If I were to do it), I should rely on you.uld rely on you.

C. In the set expression “as it were” (= so C. In the set expression “as it were” (= so to speak), “was” cannot be used.to speak), “was” cannot be used.

--- He is my best friend, my second self, as i--- He is my best friend, my second self, as it weret were

1. If I was strong enough, I would help y1. If I was strong enough, I would help you.ou.

人们通常用人们通常用 was,was, 但是在正式的语体中要求但是在正式的语体中要求使用使用 werewere 代替代替 waswas 。英语测试仍用。英语测试仍用 werewere 。。

2. If it 2. If it weren’t forweren’t for my job, I’d come with y my job, I’d come with you.ou.

这是一个表示与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，这是一个表示与现在事实相反的非真实条件句，weren’tweren’t 为虚拟语气。 这一习语（为虚拟语气。 这一习语（如果不是，如果不是，如果没有如果没有）无论在正式或非正式语体中，都不能）无论在正式或非正式语体中，都不能用用 waswas 来代替。在正式语体中，尤其是科技英来代替。在正式语体中，尤其是科技英语中，也可以写成无连词的形式：语中，也可以写成无连词的形式： Were it not Were it not for …for …

在在 ifif 条件从句中，如果含有条件从句中，如果含有 were, should, were, should, hadhad 等动词，就可以通过主谓倒装来取消连等动词，就可以通过主谓倒装来取消连词词 ifif ，而变成无连词条件从句。，而变成无连词条件从句。

e.g. Were it not for your help, I would still be he.g. Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless.omeless.

If it had not been for the rain / Had it not beIf it had not been for the rain / Had it not been for the rain, we would have had a good haen for the rain, we would have had a good harvest.rvest.

3. “Were to + 3. “Were to + 动词原形”用在条件从句中，专门动词原形”用在条件从句中，专门用于表达与将来预料的事实可能相反的假设，它不用于表达与将来预料的事实可能相反的假设，它不能表达与现在事实相反的假设。能表达与现在事实相反的假设。

e.g. If I were to do that, what would you say? e.g. If I were to do that, what would you say? (( 估计不会去做那件事估计不会去做那件事 ))

If she were to try harder next time, she woulIf she were to try harder next time, she would pass the exam. (d pass the exam. ( 但是我预料她不会学习更努但是我预料她不会学习更努力一些的力一些的 ))

Were I to meet him tomorrow, I should ask Were I to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. (him about it. ( 暗含：估计不能预见他暗含：估计不能预见他 ))

由由 were, should, hadwere, should, had 构成的无连词构成的无连词 (( 无无 if)if) 非真非真实条件从句既能位于句首，也能位于句末。实条件从句既能位于句首，也能位于句末。

e.g. I should ask him about it were I to meet e.g. I should ask him about it were I to meet him.him.

There’d be a clear case for legal action ovThere’d be a clear case for legal action over this matter were it likely to make life diffier this matter were it likely to make life difficult for all of us.cult for all of us.

4. It’s time + clause (4. It’s time + clause ( 虚拟语气过去时虚拟语气过去时 )) ：并非：并非过去时间，而是表示现在或将来时间。此用法主过去时间，而是表示现在或将来时间。此用法主要用于表示说话人的观点或信念，它意味着讲话要用于表示说话人的观点或信念，它意味着讲话的此时此刻并未发生，而说话人希望其尽快发生的此时此刻并未发生，而说话人希望其尽快发生并往往含有动作早该发生的意思。并往往含有动作早该发生的意思。

e.g. It’s time we went. e.g. It’s time we went. 我们早该走了。我们早该走了。 英国英语中也有人用英国英语中也有人用 shouldshould ：： It’s time we sIt’s time we s

hould leave.hould leave. 也可以用也可以用 could, could, 但不用但不用 wouldwould ： ： Isn’t it abIsn’t it ab

out time our baby could walk?out time our baby could walk?

5. Would rather do / you did 5. Would rather do / you did 1)Would rather 1)Would rather 在在 Would rather doWould rather do 中可以看作情态动中可以看作情态动

词（宁愿）；在词（宁愿）；在 would rather + that-clausewould rather + that-clause 中可看作是中可看作是及物动词，与宾语从句连用，表示愿望；如果宾语从及物动词，与宾语从句连用，表示愿望；如果宾语从句的谓语动词使用用过去完成时，则表示与过去事实句的谓语动词使用用过去完成时，则表示与过去事实相反的愿望。相反的愿望。

e.g. I’d rather that you hadn’t told me about it.e.g. I’d rather that you hadn’t told me about it.

2)2) 虽然虽然虚拟语气过去时虚拟语气过去时常常表示与现在事实相反的情常常表示与现在事实相反的情况，而在 况，而在 would rather + that-clausewould rather + that-clause 中虚拟语气过去时中虚拟语气过去时只是只是表示探询式的礼貌，并不一定表示与事实相反。表示探询式的礼貌，并不一定表示与事实相反。

e.g. I’d rather we had dinner. e.g. I’d rather we had dinner. 我真希望我们现在吃饭。我真希望我们现在吃饭。

Would rather do Would rather do 宁愿做某事，指的是现在或宁愿做某事，指的是现在或将来将来

Would rather have done Would rather have done 宁愿过去做了某事，宁愿过去做了某事，而实际上未做成而实际上未做成

e.g. We ourselves would rather have left on e.g. We ourselves would rather have left on the 8th, but we didn’t leave till the 12th.the 8th, but we didn’t leave till the 12th.

He would rather / sooner play than work.He would rather / sooner play than work.

would rather not / would not ratherwould rather not / would not rather 在一般的陈述句中，在一般的陈述句中， would ratherwould rather 本身并无否本身并无否

定式。否定词定式。否定词 notnot 是否定实义动词的是否定实义动词的 (( 宁愿不…宁愿不… )) ，，因此须放在实义动词前。因此须放在实义动词前。

e.g. I’d rather not tell you about it.e.g. I’d rather not tell you about it. wouldn’t wouldn’t 这个缩写形式可用在疑问句中。当这个缩写形式可用在疑问句中。当 ww

ould not ratherould not rather 用在陈述句中时，则只有在否定用在陈述句中时，则只有在否定对方的谈话或建议，才能成立。对方的谈话或建议，才能成立。

e.g. --- Wouldn’t you rather live in the coune.g. --- Wouldn’t you rather live in the country?try?

--- No, I would not. I’d rather live here.--- No, I would not. I’d rather live here. I wouldn’t rather have an apple.I wouldn’t rather have an apple. 我不愿意吃苹果。我不愿意吃苹果。

6. Would rather vs. would prefer6. Would rather vs. would prefer 1) Would prefer somebody to do something;1) Would prefer somebody to do something;

而前者不可以。而前者不可以。 e.g. I’d prefer him to paint the door blue.e.g. I’d prefer him to paint the door blue.

2)would rather2)would rather 后的从句谓语动词用过去虚拟后的从句谓语动词用过去虚拟式；而式；而 would preferwould prefer 后的从句谓语动词是现在后的从句谓语动词是现在虚拟式虚拟式 (should+)(should+) 动词原形。动词原形。

e.g. She would prefer that he should do it in te.g. She would prefer that he should do it in the kitchen.he kitchen.

I’d rather you didn’t mention the price.I’d rather you didn’t mention the price.

*would rather…than / would prefer… rathe*would rather…than / would prefer… rather than r than

A.A. 在在 would rather ...thanwould rather ...than 结构里，必须注意结构里，必须注意前项和后项的对称，即前项和后项的对称，即 thanthan 所连接的词项必须所连接的词项必须与前面的词项在词性或结构上相一致。与前面的词项在词性或结构上相一致。

e.g. I’d rather stay e.g. I’d rather stay in the motelin the motel than than in an in an expensive hotel.expensive hotel.

In fact, Mary would rather In fact, Mary would rather have lefthave left for Sa for San Francisco than n Francisco than have stayedhave stayed in Los Angele in Los Angeles.s.

B.B. 前者前者 ThanThan 与舍去的连用，后者与舍去的连用，后者 rather thanrather than与舍去的连用。与舍去的连用。

I would prefer to read rather than sit idle.I would prefer to read rather than sit idle.

Would prefer Would prefer 动词动词 PreferPrefer 本身可以接动词不定式，也可接动名本身可以接动词不定式，也可接动名

词。但是，词。但是， would (should) prefer would (should) prefer 一般只接名一般只接名词、动词不定式或词、动词不定式或 thatthat 从句，接动名词是非常罕从句，接动名词是非常罕见的。见的。

e.g. Would you prefer a cocktail?e.g. Would you prefer a cocktail? Would you prefer to dance?Would you prefer to dance? Prefer doing / to do Prefer doing / to do e.g. Do you prefer to cook / cooking for yoursee.g. Do you prefer to cook / cooking for yourse

lf, or to eat / eating in a restaurant?lf, or to eat / eating in a restaurant?在意义上没有区别。在意义上没有区别。

Prefer A to BPrefer A to B此句型中，如果此句型中，如果 AA 是动词，则采用是动词，则采用 -ing-ing 形式；形式；而在而在 prefer A rather than Bprefer A rather than B 句型中，如果句型中，如果 AA 是是

动词，则采用动词，则采用 to-Vto-V 形式。形式。e.g. I prefer to walk there rather than go by be.g. I prefer to walk there rather than go by b

us.us.While he was in the office he preferred doing While he was in the office he preferred doing

something to doing nothing.something to doing nothing. Prefer for sb. to do Prefer for sb. to do 这个用法只限于美国，一般英语词典都未收入。这个用法只限于美国，一般英语词典都未收入。

7. if only vs. only if 7. if only vs. only if if onlyif only 常用来表示感叹性的愿望，但并非总是常用来表示感叹性的愿望，但并非总是

用惊叹号：用惊叹号： If only he didn’t drive so fast.If only he didn’t drive so fast. If only he had arrived in time!If only he had arrived in time! 但是，但是， if onlyif only 只是只是 ifif 的强化形式，应当看作是的强化形式，应当看作是

从属关联词，从属关联词，主要用在虚拟语气中，主要用在虚拟语气中，不仅能表达不仅能表达说话人的愿望，而且还能表达非真实的条件，因说话人的愿望，而且还能表达非真实的条件，因此，同此，同 ifif 一样，也能引出条件状语从句：一样，也能引出条件状语从句：

If only you would help me next week, I wouIf only you would help me next week, I would not be so nervous.ld not be so nervous.

If only If only 有时可以写成有时可以写成 if…onlyif…only ：： If I only knew! If I only knew! 要是我知道就好了。要是我知道就好了。 它有时也能引导真实条件状语从句。它有时也能引导真实条件状语从句。 e.g. If only it clears up, we’ll go.e.g. If only it clears up, we’ll go. 而而 only if only if 是由充当前置修饰语的副词是由充当前置修饰语的副词 onlyonly 和从和从属连词属连词 ifif组合而成，前者仅仅起突出作用，并未组合而成，前者仅仅起突出作用，并未改变后者的词义；有时写作改变后者的词义；有时写作 only…ifonly…if ，表示唯一，表示唯一的条件。的条件。

e.g. I will only come home if you come with e.g. I will only come home if you come with me.me.

“ “Will you come?” “Only if you promise nWill you come?” “Only if you promise not to invite Mary.”ot to invite Mary.”

8. I wish you to be happy: wish + object + obj8. I wish you to be happy: wish + object + object complementect complement 我希望你幸福。我希望你幸福。

I wish you were happy. Wish + object clauI wish you were happy. Wish + object clause se 要是你幸福就好了。要是你幸福就好了。

the wish that … the wish that … ：表示计划、命令、愿望、意：表示计划、命令、愿望、意图或建议的名词，其后的同位语从句有时候用现图或建议的名词，其后的同位语从句有时候用现在虚拟式在虚拟式 (be(be 型型 )) ，尤其是美国英语中，英国英，尤其是美国英语中，英国英语则用语则用 should doshould do 结构。结构。

e.g. They expressed the wish that she accepe.g. They expressed the wish that she accept the award.t the award.

9. Conditional Sentences of mixed time 9. Conditional Sentences of mixed time 错综时间条件句错综时间条件句 1)1) 从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句表示与现在正在发从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句表示与现在正在发

生的情况相反。生的情况相反。 e.g. If you had not missed the bus, we would be enjoying the.g. If you had not missed the bus, we would be enjoying th

eir concert now. eir concert now.

2) 2) 从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句表示与现在的事从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句表示与现在的事实相反。实相反。

e.g. If I had had your advantage, I’d be better now.e.g. If I had had your advantage, I’d be better now.

3) 3) 从句表示与过去正在发生的情况相反，主句表示与从句表示与过去正在发生的情况相反，主句表示与现在正在发生的情况相反。现在正在发生的情况相反。

e.g. If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, the.g. If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly.ings wouldn’t be going so smoothly.

4) 4) 从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句表示从句表示与过去的事实相反，主句表示将来不可能实现的事件。将来不可能实现的事件。

e.g. If I had earned some money last se.g. If I had earned some money last summer, I would go on a vacation next ummer, I would go on a vacation next month.month.

5)5)若从句表示将来实现可能性较小的条件若从句表示将来实现可能性较小的条件或者说不大确定的条件，从句用主句用祈或者说不大确定的条件，从句用主句用祈使句或一般将来时。这种结构常表示礼貌使句或一般将来时。这种结构常表示礼貌的请求或建议。的请求或建议。

e.g. If he should call, tell him I’ll ring e.g. If he should call, tell him I’ll ring back.back.