PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD AND PUBERTY

PUBERTY AND ADOLESCENCE

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILHOOD

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE AND LATE

CHILDHOODHEALTH NUTRITION AND

EXERCISE

Height and

WeightThe

BrainMotor

Development

HandednessPuberty

Sexuality

Some Adolescent Problem and

Disorders

Stereotyping Adolescents and Today’s

Youth

A Developmental Perspective on

Children’s Health

Poverty

Illness and Health in the World’s

Children Nutrition and Obesity

Exercise

SportsSkeletal and

Muscular Systems

Motor Skills

Fig.1

PHYSICAL PROPORTION

Changes in the proportions of the human body during growth

The most striking changes is that the head become smaller in proportion to the rest of the body

The increasing leg proportion is almost exactly the reverse of decreasing head proportion (Fig.2)

Fig 2. Changes in body proportions from the 2nd fetal mo to adulthood. (From Robbins WJ, Brody S, Hogan AG, et al: Growth New Haven, Yale University Press, 1928)

2 mo (fetal) 5 mo Newborn 2 yr 6 yr 12 yr 25 yr

1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8

Fig 3. Velocity curves of the various components of human brain growth. Solid line with two peaks = DNA; dashed line = brain weight; single peak solid line = cholesterol. (From Brasel JA, Gruen RK. In; Falkner F, Tanner JM (eds) : Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise. New York, Plenum Press, 1986, pp 78 -95 ).

INC

REM

ENTS

Per

cent

Adu

lt / f

ive

wee

ks

WEEKS

10

BIRTH MONTHS

2.5

0

40C

5

7.5

20 6 12 18 24

Ukuran pertumbuhan otak

3 bulan dalam kandungan

Cepat

Pada saat lahir

1 tahun

Lambat

2 tahun

Sangat Lambat

5 tahun

Jaringan sel otak(tiap sel menjadi 14000 sel otak)

2 tahunLahir

Fig 4.Fig 4. Pertumbuhan Otak AnakPertumbuhan Otak Anak (Dikutip dari Morley, 1986)(Dikutip dari Morley, 1986)

1. Average HC : 35 cm at birth (13.5 inches)

2. HC increases : 1 cm / mo for first yr (2 cm / mo for first 3 mo, then slower); 10 cm for rest of life

Head Circumference (HC)

Fig 5. Head Circumference of girl (Nellhaus)

Fig 6. Head Circumference of boy (Nellhaus)

Average length :50 cm at birth, 75 cm at 1 yr1.At age 3 yr, the average child is 90 cm tall2.At age 4 yr, the average child is 100 cm tall

(double birth length)3.Average annual height increase : 5-7.5 cm

between age 4 yr and puberty

HEIGHT

APPROXIMATE AVERAGE ADULT HEIGHT BASED ON FATHER AND MOTHER HEIGHT (GENETIC POTENTIAL)Girl : (Father height - 13cm) + Mother height +/- 8.5 cm 2

Boy : (Father height + 13cm) + Mother height +/- 8.5 cm 2

1 - year : 1.5 x birth length4 - year : 2 x birth length 6 - year : 1.5 x height at 1 year13 - year : 3 x birth length Adult : 3.5 x height at 2 year

RULES OF THUMB FOR HEIGHT

Weight loss in first days : 5 - 10%

Return to birthweight: 7 - 10 daysDouble : 4 - 5 mo

Triple : 1 year Quadruple : 2 yr

Average : 3.5 kg at birth 10 kg at 1 yr 20 kg at 5 yr 30 kg at 10 yr

RULES OF THUMB FOR WEIGHT

WEIGHT KILOGRAMS (POUNDS)(a) At birth

(b) 3 – 12 mo

(c) 1 – 6 yr

(d) 7 – 12 yr

3.25

age (mo) + 9 2

age (yr) x 2 + 8

age (yr) x 7 - 5 2

(7)

(age [mo] + 11)

(age [yr] x 5 + 17)

(age) [yr] x 7 + 5)

HEIGHT CENTIMETERS (INCHES)(e) At birth(f) At 1 yr(g) 2 – 12 yr

5075

age (yr) x 6 + 77

(20)(30)

(age [yr] x 2 ½ + 30)

Table 1. Formulas for Approximate Average Height and Weight of Normal Infants and Children

*Adapted from Tanner JM: Growth at Adolescence, 2nd ed. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1962

Fig 7. Height velocity of boy (Philibert de Montbeillard)

Men

capa

i tin

ggi,

cm p

er ta

hun

22

20

18

1614

12

10

8

UMUR, TAHUN

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

5

4

TIN

GG

I, cm

UMUR, TAHUN

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Fig 8. Distance curve of height in boy (Philibert de Montbeillard)

Fig 9. Growth velocity, in centimeters per year, at different ages of the boy and girl whose statures are shown in figure 1. (Reproduced from Tanner et al., 1966)

13 14 1615 172 43 75 6 1281 11109 1918

242322212019181716151413121110987654321

BoysGirls

Age, years

Hei

ght g

ain,

cm

/ yr

Fig 10. Height at different ages of a hypothetical boy and girl of mean birth length, who grew at the mean rate and experienced the adolescent growth spurt at the mean age for their sex. Each finally reached the mean adult stature. (Reproduced from Tanner et al., 1966)

190

100 90

60

110120130140150160170180

70 60

50

13 14 1615 172 43 75 6 1281 11109 1918

BoysGirls

Hei

ght,

cm

Age, years

ERUPTIONMaxillary Mandible

Primary (month 1 SD) Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine First molar Second molar

10 (8-12) 11 (9-13)19 (16-22)16 (13-19 boys) (14-19 girls)29 (25-33)

8 (6-10)13 (10-16)20 (17-23)16 (14-18)

27 (23-31 boys) (24-30 girls)

Table 2. Chronology of Tooth Eruption

Fig 11. “Normal” (gaussian) distribution curve. This curve represents the theoretical distribution of values for many biologic measurements. The percentiles indicate certain positions within this distribution, as do the standard deviations from the mean

“NORMAL”DISTRIBUTION

CURVE

PERCENTILESSTANDARDDEVIATION

- 30 - 20 - 10MEAN

+ 30+ 10 + 203 10 25 50 75 90 97

Fig 12. Relationship between percentile lines on the growth curve and frequency distributions of height at different ages

Growth Chart

Height (cm)

Age (years)3 4 5

9550 5

9550 5

Height (cm) 89 94.9 102.0 Percentile 5 50 95

Frequency Distribution for 3-Year-Olds