lecture 1 - massachusetts institute of technology€¦ · lecture 1 introduction to water and...

Lecture 1

Introduction to water and wastewater treatment processes

Significant dates in public water supply

97 Inhabitants in ancient Rome use about 38 gpcd 1619 New River Company first to supply each home

directly with its own water for a few hours per day 1854 John Snow establishes source of cholera

epidemic in London as a contaminated supply well – first understanding of water and health

1873 Continuous supplies in general use in London 1900 Most cities have a water supply with service

pipes to homes

Sour

ce:

Envi

ronm

ent C

anad

a, 2

004.

Wat

er a

vaila

bilit

y ve

rsus

pop

ulat

ion.

ht

tp://

ww

w.e

c.gc

.ca/

wat

er/im

ages

/info

/fact

s/e-

Wat

er_a

vaila

bilit

y.jp

g. A

cces

sed

Dec

embe

r 10,

20

04.

CEJ

Text Box

Source: Frerichs, Ralph R., 2005. John Snow. Department of Edipdemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Updated January 1, 2005. Accessed January 4, 2005. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html. The map is reproduced from: Snow, John, 1855. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Churchill, London.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

()

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

)

U.S. total water use over time

Asi

aex

clud

ing

Mid

dle

East

Cen

tral

Am

eric

a &

C

arib

bean Eu

rope

Mid

dle

East

& N

orth

A

fric

a

Nor

th A

mer

ica

Oce

ania

Sout

h A

mer

ica

Sub-

Saha

ran

Afr

ica

Dev

elop

ed C

ount

ries

Dev

elop

ing

Cou

ntrie

s

Hig

h In

com

e C

ount

ries

Mid

dle

Inco

me

Cou

ntrie

s

Low

Inco

me

Cou

ntrie

s

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Dom

estic

wat

er u

se (l

/cap

/day

Dom

estic

wat

er u

se (g

al/c

ap/d

ay

CEJ

Text Box

Source for both images: Frerichs, Ralph R., 2005. John Snow. Department of Edipdemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Updated January 1, 2005. Accessed January 4, 2005. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html. The map is reproduced from: Snow, John, 1855. On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. John Churchill, London.

CEJ

Text Box

Based on data from: World Resources Institute, 2004. EarthTrends, The Environmental Information Portal, Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems, Searchable Database, http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/index.cfm?theme=2. Accessed December 10, 2004.

CEJ

Text Box

Source: USGS, 2004. Water Science for Schools: Trends in water use. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. May 06, 2004. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/totrendbar.html, accessed November 23, 2004. See also: Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, 2004. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. Circular 1268. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. May 2004. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/index.html, accessed November 23, 2004.

Per c

apita

use

(l/d

/cap

)

AL

AK

AZ

AR

C

A

CO

C

TD

E

FL

GA

H

IID

IL

IN

IA

KS KY LA M

EM

DM

A MI

MN

MS

MO

MT

NE

NV

NH NJ

NM NY

NC

ND

OH

OK

OR PA PR RI

SC

SD TN TX UT

VT VI VA WA

WV WI

WY

US

tota

l

Average

0

200

400

600

800

350

US VI

Domestic water use by state

1000

1200

1400

1600 NEVADA

UTAH

MAINE

IDAHO

Per c

apita

use

(gpd

/cap

) 300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0

200

400

600

800

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

)

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Bal

timor

e, M

D

Ber

kele

y, C

A

Bos

ton,

MA

Gra

nd R

apid

s, M

I

Gre

envi

lle C

ount

y, S

C

Hag

erst

own,

MD

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

AL

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

KS

Lanc

aste

r Cou

nty,

NE

Las

Vega

s, N

V

Littl

e R

ock,

AR

Los

Ang

eles

, CA

LA C

ount

y, C

A

Gre

ater

Peo

ria, I

L

Mem

phis

, TN

Orla

ndo,

FL

Rap

id C

ity, S

D

Sant

a M

onic

a, C

A

Wyo

min

g, M

I

US

aver

age

Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(l/d/

cap

Wat

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

(gpd

/cap

CEJ

Text Box

Source: USGS, 2004. Water Science for Schools: Trends in water use. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. May 06, 2004. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/totrendbar.html, accessed November 23, 2004. See also: Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, 2004. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. Circular 1268. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. May 2004. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/index.html, accessed November 23, 2004.

CEJ

Text Box

Source: USGS, 2004. Source and use of freshwater in the United States, 2000. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/summary95.html. Last Modified: May 06, 2004. Accessed November 23, 2004. See also: Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, 2004. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. Circular 1268. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. May 2004. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/index.html, accessed November 23, 2004.

CEJ

Text Box

Based on data from Hutson, Susan S., Nancy L. Barber, Joan F. Kenny, Kristin S. Linsey, Deborah S. Lumia, and Molly A. Maupin, 2004. Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000. Circular 1268. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. May 2004. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/index.html, accessed November 23, 2004.

CEJ

Text Box

Source of data: ASCE, 1979. Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, New York. Table 1, pp. 21-23.

()

84 8 4 0

2 26 6

()

88 44 0

o

o

Wat

er U

se g

pd p

er d

wel

ling

unit

12 12 12 P.M A.M

Time of Day

Daily Water Use Patterns, Maximum Day & Winter Day

400

200

600

800

1000

1200

1600

1400

1800

2000

2200

10 10

Typical Maximum Day

Typical Winter Day

Wat

er U

se g

pd p

er d

wel

ling

unit

12 12 12 P.M A.M Time of Day

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200 Daily Water Use Patterns in R-6 Area: Maximum Day

& Minimum Day

90 F Day without Rain

90 F Day with Rain

Figure by MIT OCW. Figure by MIT OCW.

0 i

(l

it)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Leakage Domestic Spr nkling Total

Wat

er u

sage

ga

lons

per

day

per

dw

ellin

g un Metered

Flat-rate

1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

10

30

50

70

90

Gal

lons

per

cap

ita

Perc

enta

ge o

f ser

vice

s met

ered

Consumption & use of meters, Boston metropolitan district.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Viessman, W., Jr., and M. J. Hammer. Water Supply and Pollution Control. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: PearsonEducation, Inc., 2005.

Adapted from: Turneaure, F. E., H. L. Russell, and M. S. Nichols. Public WaterSupplies: Requirements, Resources, and the Construction of Works.New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1940.

CEJ

Text Box

Data from: Linaweaver, F. P., Jr., J. C. Geyer, and J. B. Wolff, 1967. A Study of Residential Water Use, A Report Prepared for the Technical Studies Program of the Federal Housing Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development. Department of Environmental Engineering Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

0 1

(

()

0

0 1

)

( )

3

2

1

()

(n) 0

0

0

0

( )

( )

()

()

20

40

60

80

100

120

32 53 94 125 156 187 218 248 280 311 342

Time day of year)

Min

& M

ax te

mpe

ratu

re o

F

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

31 52 93 124 155 186 217 248 279 310 341 372 403

32 53 94 125 156 187 218 248 280 311 342

Time (day of year

Time day of year

Tota

l wat

er u

se m

gd

Daily min-max temperature, precipitation & water use in new york city for 1982.

Prec

ipita

tion

20 40 60 80 100 -200

200

200

400

600

20 40 60 80 100

-200

-400

400

600

Avg Temperature oF

Avg Temperature oF

Diff

from

yea

r avg

wat

er u

se m

gdD

iff fr

om y

ear a

vg w

ater

use

mgd

Deviations from annual average water use versus average daily temperature for 1982 & 1983

1983

1982


1940

0

( )

?

0

(/

)

i

12 1210 102 24 46 68 8 0

20

40

80

80

80

60

60

60

100 120

120

160

160

160

100

100 120

140

140

140

180 40

40

180

180 200

ROCKFORD, III

Maximum Day

Maximum Day

Maximum Day

NO

ON

A.M Hourly rates of consumption.

Daily water use

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

10

20 30 40 50 60

70 80

MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATION

Temperature oF

Precipitation

10

20

30

40

50

60

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 YEAR

Wat

er u

se m

gam

onth

Thou

sand

s

Monthly average temperature, Precipitation, & water use in new York c ty for 1982 to 1991

MONTHLY WATER USE

Aver

age

Tem

pera

ture

& P

reci

pita

tion Average Day

Maximum = 181% of Av. Max. Hr.=188 x 181 = 340% Av. Average per cap = 67.5 Gal.

MADISON, WIS.

Average Day

Maximum = 196% of Av. Max.Hr.=175 x 196 = 343% Av. Average per cap = 117 Gal.

MILWAUKEE, WIS.

Average Day

Maximum = 171% of Av. Max.Hr.= 185 x 171 = 317% Av. Average per cap = 138 Gal.

PER

CEN

TAG

ES

P.M


Adapted from: Protopapas, A., S. Katchamart, and A. Platonova. "Weather effects on daily water use in New York City."Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE 5, no. 3 (July 2000): 332-338.

Adapted from: Protopapas, A., S. Katchamart, and A. Platonova.

Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE 5, no. 3 (July 2000): 332-338."Weather effects on daily water use in New York City."

Adapted from: Turneaure, F. E., H. L. Russell, and M. S. Nichols.Public Water Supplies: Requirements, Resources, and theConstruction of Works. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1940.

Per capita use of municipal water in United States

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Per c

apita

use

(l/d

/cap

)

0

50

100

150

200

Per c

apita

use

(gal

/d/c

ap)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

1950 1965 1970 1985 1990 2000

Percent U.S. population served by municipal water supply

100%

1955 1960 1975 1980 1995

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

/d/c

ap)

0

50

100

150

200

/cap

)

Surface-water drinking water plant

Surface-water supply

Coagulant addition and rapid mix Flocculation Settling tank Filtration

Chlorine and fluoride

Activated carbon

1000

Bal

timor

e, M

D

Ber

kele

y, C

A

Bos

ton,

MA

Gra

nd R

apid

s, M

I

Gre

envi

lle C

ount

y, S

C

Hag

erst

own,

MD

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

AL

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

KS

Lanc

aste

r Cou

nty,

NE

Las

Vega

s, N

V

Littl

e R

ock,

AR

Los

Ang

eles

, CA

LA C

ount

y, C

A

Gre

ater

Peo

ria, I

L

Mem

phis

, TN

Orla

ndo,

FL

Rap

id C

ity, S

D

Sant

a M

onic

a, C

A

Wyo

min

g, M

I

Was

tew

ater

Gen

erat

ion

(l

Was

tew

ater

Gen

erat

ion

(gpd

CEJ

Text Box

Based on U.S. Geological Survey. Estimated Use of Water in United States, Circulars 115, 398, 456, 556, 676, 765, 1001, 1004, 1081, 1200, 1268. Data for 1900 and 1924 from: Linaweaver, F. P., Jr., J. C. Geyer, and J. B. Wolff, 1967. A Study of Residential Water Use, A Report Prepared for the Technical Studies Program of the Federal Housing Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development. Department of Environmental Engineering Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

CEJ

Text Box

Based on U.S. Geological Survey. Estimated Use of Water in United States, Circulars 115, 398, 456, 556, 676, 765, 1001, 1004, 1081, 1200, 1268.

CEJ

Text Box


Intake Structure Chemical Addition / Disinfection

Alum: Promote flocculation

Chattahoochee Water Treatment Plant –

River Flow Sodium Hypochlorite: Disinfection

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission. Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Chemical mixing Flocculation / Sedimentation

Flocculation

Sedimentation


Flocculation tank Sedimentation tank (clarifier)

Sludge scraper


FiltrationSedimentation tank collection troughs

Flow from sedimentation tanks


Post-Treatment Chemical AdditionFluoride: To prevent tooth decayLime: To raise the pHPhosphoric acid: To prevent corrosion of piping in the distribution systemSodium hypochlorite: To maintain disinfection residual in distribution system

Ground-water drinking water treatment plants

Disinfection and fluoridation

Iron and manganese removal

Chlorine Fluoride

Chlorine Fluoride

Chlorine orpermanganate

Aerator FilterContacttank

Ground-water drinking water treatment plants

Softening

Aerator FlocculationMixer

LimeSoda ash

Chlorine Fluoride

FilterSettling tank Recarbonation

CO2

Building parcelsSupply wells4" Main6" Main8" Main10" Main12" Main16" Main

West Bridgewater, MA water distribution

system

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

)

l/i (l/d/

Wastewater generated vs water used

Bal

timor

e, M

D

Ber

kele

y, C

A

Bos

ton,

MA

Gra

nd R

apid

s, M

I

Gre

envi

lle C

ount

y, S

C

Hag

erst

own,

MD

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

AL

Jeffe

rson

Cou

nty,

KS

Lanc

aste

r Cou

nty,

NE

Las

Vega

s, N

V

Littl

e R

ock,

AR

Los

Ang

eles

, CA

LA C

ount

y, C

A

Gre

ater

Peo

ria, I

L

Mem

phis

, TN

Orla

ndo,

FL

Rap

id C

ity, S

D

Sant

a M

onic

a, C

A

Wyo

min

g, M

I

Rat

e (l/

d/ca

p

Rat

e (g

pd/c

ap

Water Consumption ( d/cap) Wastewater Generat on cap)

4 8 84 0

()

( ) ( )

12

200

400

600

AM PM NOON

Time of Day June 23,1961

Wat

er u

se a

nd w

aste

wat

er f

low

gpd

per

serv

ice

Comparison of water use solid line & wastewater flow dashed lines on days when little sprinkling occurred.

WATER

WASTEWATER

Figure by MIT OCW.

Toilfl

Bathi

5%

Typical Domestic Water Use

et ushing 40%

ng 30%

Laundry 15%

Kitchen 10%

Other 1

2

4

5

C C D C A B C D D C D D

E D B

0 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 0800 0600 0400 0200 0000

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Total Daily Use: 245 Gal. Peak Demand

Duration-min Gal

15

60

10

20

26

64

A - Home Laundry

B - Dishwasher

C - Foodwaste Disposer

D - Shower

E- Bath

Demand rates calculated over 4-min intervals were used.

Wat

er D

eman

d -g

pm

Water Use

TYPICAL DAILY HYDROGRAPH FROM TEST HOME II

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Viessman, W., Jr., and M. J. Hammer. Water Supplyand Pollution Control. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: PearsonEducation, Inc., 2005.

Adapted from: Anderson, J. S., and K. S. Watson. "Patterns of householdusage." Journal American Water Works Association 59, no. 10 (October 1967): 1228-1237.

CEJ

Text Box


CEJ

Text Box

Data from: Droste, R. L., 1997. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.

Pollutants in domestic wastewater High strength Medium strength Low strength

TSS, Total suspended solids (mg/L) 120 210 400

BOD, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (mg/L) 110 190 350

Ammonia nitrogen (mg/L as N) 12 25 45

Organic nitrogen (mg/L as N) 8 15 25

Total phosphorus (mg/L) 4 7 12

Oil and grease (mg/L) 50 90 100

Total coliform bacteria (number/100 ml) 106 – 108 107 – 109 107 - 1010

Fecal coliform bacteria (number/100 ml) 103 – 105 104 – 106 105 - 108

Cryptosporidium oocysts (number/100 ml) 0.1 - 1 0.1 - 10 0.1 – 100

Giardia lamblia cysts (number/100 ml) 0.1 – 10 0.1 - 100 0.1 - 1000

0 2 4 6 8 0 0

/m 3

/h

3 /s

10 14 16 18 20 22 24

50

100

150

200

250

300

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.15

Midnight Midnight

Noon

Time of Day

BO

D c

once

ntra

tion,

g&

BO

D m

ass l

oadi

ng, k

g

Flow

rate

, m

Typical hourly variations in flow & strength of domestic wastewater.

Flowrate

BOD Concentration

BOD Mass Loading

Figure by MIT OCW.

Sludge thickening

Sludge digestion

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

Primary settling

Activated sludge biological treatment

Final settling

Contact basin

Chlorination

Activated sludge recycle

Bar Screen

Grit Chamber

Primary settling

Activated sludge biological treatment

Final settling

Contact basin

Chlorination

Activated sludge recycle

Typical wastewater treatment plant Typical wastewater treatment plant

Preliminary treatment

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

Disinfection

Can also have tertiary treatment to remove nutrients and other pollutants

Adapted from: G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, and H. D. Stensel.Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. Metcalf &Eddy Inc., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003.

CEJ

Text Box

Based on Metcalf & Eddy Inc., G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, and H. D. Stensel, editors, 2003. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. Table 3-15, pg. 186.

Lynn, MA wastewater treatment plant

chambers

Bar screens

Grit

Bar screens

Bar screens Traveling screen

Primary


clarifiers

Primary clarifiers

Primary clarifiers – sludge scrapers Primary clarifiers – effluent wier

AST aeration tanks

Activated sludge aeration tankLynn, MA wastewater treatment plant


Secondary clarifiers

Secondary clarifiers


ChlorineContactchambers

Chlorine contract chambers

Virtual tours of wastewater plants

Englewood, Colorado –http://www.englewoodgov.org/wwtp/

Lynn, Massachusetts –http://members.aol.com/erikschiff/prelim.htm

Lexington, Kentucky –http://www.lfucg.com/sewers/TBTour.asp

lecture 1 - massachusetts institute of technology€¦ · lecture 1 introduction to water and...

Documents