Measurement Scale:Measurement Scale:

Dr. Akhlas AhmedDr. Akhlas AhmedGreenwich UniversityGreenwich University

Lecture # 03, July 11Lecture # 03, July 11thth 2014 2014 (Makeup Class)(Makeup Class)

Data Collection:Data Collection:

Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results.

DATA COLLECTION…

Plural from datum. Data are individual piece of information. It is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be visualized using graph or images. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of abstraction, from which information and then knowledge are derived.

DATA…

The term research data refers to data in any format or medium that relate to or support research, scholarship, or artistic activity.

RESEARCH DATA…

Raw or primary data is called unprocessed data which refers to a collection of numbers, characters. Data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next. Examples: Information when recorded as notes, images, video footage, paper surveys, computer files, etc., pertaining to a specific research project.

RAW OR PRIMARY DATA….

Analyses, descriptions, and conclusions prepared as reports or papers are called processed data. Data in computing (or data processing) are represented in a structure that is often tabular (represented by rows and columns), a tree (a set of nodes with parent-children relationship), or a graph (a set of connected nodes).

PROCESSED DATA…

Information distributed to people beyond those involved in data acquisition and administration.

PUBLISHED DATA…

Field data refers to raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment.

FIELD DATA….

Experimental data refers to data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA…

Experimental data refers to data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording.

INFORMATION…

Data, information and knowledge are closely related terms, but each has its own role in relation to the other. Data are collected and analyzed to create information suitable for making decisions, while knowledge is derived from extensive amounts of experience dealing with information on a subject.

KNOWLEDGE….

Data collected by the investigator conducting the research. Example:

PRIMARY DATA…

Data collected by someone other than the user like census, organizational records etc. Data collected through quantitative research as census, housing, social security as well as electoral statistics and other related databases. Data collected through quantitative research as semi-structured and structured interviews, focus groups, transcripts, field notes, observation records and other personal, research-related documents. Importance of secondary data could saves time, difficult to collect new data, unfeasible for any individual researcher to collect at their own, difficult to conduct a new survey. Benefit of using secondary data as litrature reviews, case studies.

SECONDARY DATA…

MEASUREMENT SCALE…

MEASUREMENT….MEASUREMENT….

Assignment of numbers to Assignment of numbers to characteristics of objects, persons, characteristics of objects, persons, states or events, according to rules. states or events, according to rules.

Keys to MeasurementKeys to Measurement

You do not measure the object, person, You do not measure the object, person, state or event, state or event, butbut characteristics of the characteristics of the object.object.

Numbers are used to represent the Numbers are used to represent the observable/unobservable characteristicsobservable/unobservable characteristics

Rules specify how the numbers are to be Rules specify how the numbers are to be assigned to the characteristics.assigned to the characteristics.

Types of Measurement ScalesTypes of Measurement Scales

Nominal ScaleNominal Scale

–LabelLabel

–CategoricalCategorical

–MixedMixed Ordinal ScaleOrdinal Scale Interval ScaleInterval Scale Ratio ScaleRatio Scale

Types of Measurement ScalesTypes of Measurement Scales

Nominal – Categorical Scale exampleNominal – Categorical Scale example

What is your gender?What is your gender?

___ Male___ Male ___Female___Female

How many hours have you completed toward How many hours have you completed toward your degree?your degree?

___under 30 hours___under 30 hours ___30-59 hours___30-59 hours

___60-89 hours___60-89 hours ___90 or more hours___90 or more hours

Types of Measurement ScalesTypes of Measurement Scales

Ordinal Scale Example –Ordinal Scale Example –

Please rank order the following as to how often Please rank order the following as to how often you recycle each item where 1=item you most you recycle each item where 1=item you most often recycle, 7=item you recycle the least.often recycle, 7=item you recycle the least.

___Cardboard___Cardboard ___Glass___Glass

___Newspaper___Newspaper ___Plastic___Plastic

___Other Paper Products___Other Paper Products ___Aluminum___Aluminum

___Other, please specify___________________Other, please specify________________

Common Types of Interval ScalesCommon Types of Interval Scales

LikertLikert Semantic DifferentialSemantic Differential RatingRating

–Non-comparativeNon-comparative

–ComparativeComparative»ItemizedItemized

LikertLikert

Strongly Agree

Agree

Neither Agree or Disagree

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Circle the number that best represents your agreement or disagreement with this statement

I always recycle paper, plastic, glass items.

Semantic DifferentialSemantic Differential

Boring

My responsibility

Necessary for thepreservation of earth

Does little to helpthe environment

Exciting

Not myresponsibility

Not necessary for the preservation of earth

Does a great deal to help the environment

Recycling is ...

Please check the blank that best describes the phrase below. The closer Please check the blank that best describes the phrase below. The closer you believe the word or word phrase relates, the you would place your you believe the word or word phrase relates, the you would place your check nearer to the word/word phrase.check nearer to the word/word phrase.

Noncomparative Rating ScalesNoncomparative Rating Scales

Overall, how would you rate your level of Overall, how would you rate your level of recycling? Please check the appropriate recycling? Please check the appropriate response.response.

Exceptionally ExceptionallyExceptionally Exceptionally

Poor GoodPoor Good

Noncomparative Rating ScalesNoncomparative Rating Scales

Overall, how would your level of recycling. Overall, how would your level of recycling. Please place a check mark along the line that Please place a check mark along the line that best represents your rating.best represents your rating.

Exceptionally ExceptionallyExceptionally Exceptionally

Poor GoodPoor Good

Non Comparative Rating ScalesNon Comparative Rating Scales

Overall, how would you rate your level of Overall, how would you rate your level of recycling? Please circle the appropriate recycling? Please circle the appropriate response.response.

Exceptionally ExceptionallyExceptionally Exceptionally

Poor GoodPoor Good

1 2 3 4 5 6 71 2 3 4 5 6 7

Comparative Rating ScalesComparative Rating Scales

Overall, how would you rate your level of Overall, how would you rate your level of recycling compared to other college students? recycling compared to other college students? Please circle the appropriate response. Please circle the appropriate response.

Exceptionally ExceptionallyExceptionally Exceptionally

Poor GoodPoor Good

1 2 3 4 5 6 71 2 3 4 5 6 7

Types of Measurement ScalesTypes of Measurement Scales

Ratio ScaleRatio ScaleOver the past week, how many plastic bottles Over the past week, how many plastic bottles

have you placed into a recycling bin?have you placed into a recycling bin? __________

Over the past week, what percentage of Over the past week, what percentage of plastic bottles that you used, did you placed plastic bottles that you used, did you placed into a recycling bin?into a recycling bin?

_____%_____%

Issues Concerning Rating ScalesIssues Concerning Rating Scales

Nature & Degree of Verbal Nature & Degree of Verbal DescriptorDescriptor

Number of CategoriesNumber of Categories Balanced vs UnbalancedBalanced vs Unbalanced Odd vs Even No. of CategoriesOdd vs Even No. of Categories Forced vs Nonforced ChoiceForced vs Nonforced Choice

ThanksThanks