lecture 02: progress of modern molecular biology
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 02: Progress of Modern Molecular Biology
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The Basic Concepts of Molecular Biology
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1953 Watson & CrickDNA Double Helix model
Two basic properties of the gene
DNA and protein as the core; biochemistry as the basic
Self-replicating
Traits controlled by gene
Life systematic common Biological personality
Generalized Molecular Biology
in the field of molecular biology
there are three basic principles
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★ Monomer constitute of macromolecules are the same
★ The central dogma of genetic expression is the same
DNA
RNA polypeptides protein character
Higher StructureInteraction between biological macromolecules
Individuality
Three basic principles
The common nucleic acid language
The common protein language
★ macromolecular monomer sequences (nucleotides and amino acids) are different
protein
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Structural Biology
Gene Molecular Biology Applying molecular biology
Three main fields of molecular biology DNA-protein
Hormone-receptor Enzyme-substrate
Gene Concept
Gene structure
Gene expression
Gene recombinantGene exchange
Gene engineering
Cell engineering
Enzyme engineering
Microbial engineering
Protein engineering
Narrow molecular biology
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1847, Schleiden & Schwann
Interactions between cells and molecules
1st of the three supporting disciplines
• All organisms made up of cells• The basic unit for all organizations is cells
• Cells are universal and permanent biological rule
Cytology Molecular Cell biology Cytology
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Mendel in 1864
Genetics
Molecular Genetics
Gene structure Gene duplication Gene expression
Gene recombination Gene mutation
Gene hypothesis
Genetics
2nd of the three supporting disciplines
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Biochemistry
Nucleic Acid Chemistry Protein Chemistry
(1936, Sumner)
Enzyme → Protein
Biochemistry
3rd of the three supporting disciplines
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Progress of Molecular Biology
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For nearly half a century
Molecular biology major breakthrough and achievement
Nobel Prize
Milestone of biological development
Joshua Lederberg
1958 Joshua Lederberg (33y)
Phage transduction
Beadle & Tatum
One gene--one enzyme
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Severo Ochoa (54y)
Rich phosphate bonds
of ATP --- Energy
Arthur Kornberg (41y)
DNA replication
Isolation
DNA polymerase I
1959
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James Watson (34y)
Francis Crick (46y)
Maurice Wilkins (46y)
DNA Double Helix model
1962
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Francois Jacob (44y)
Jacques Monod (55y)
(French)
Lac. Operon Theory
1965
Concept of mRNA
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1968R. Holley H.G. Khorana M. Nirenberg
H. Gobind Khorana(46y) How to synthesize triplet RNA
Marshall Nirenberg(41y) Genetic coden
Robert Holley(46y) tRNAphe cloverleaf structure
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1969
Max Delbruck (63y)
Alfred Hershey (61y)
Phage group
Phage infection cycle
DNA as genetic material
M. Delbruck
A. Hershey
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Howard Temin (41y) David Baltimore (37y)
Reverse transcription1975
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Walter Gilbert
Mechanism of protein synthesis
Isolation of Lac. Operon repressor
1980
DNA + SV40 →
Recombination DNA
Paul Berg
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1983.
Barbara McClintock (86y)
DNA transposable element
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1984 Kohler & Milstein
→ Monocloning antibody
1993 Roberts & Sharp
→ Splitting gene
1994 Gilman & Rodball → G-protein as a signal
molecular in cell
1995 Lewis & Nusslein-Volhard
→ Control gene of body
developing in Drosophila
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Outlook of Molecular Biology
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The Leading Discipline of Natural Sciences will Change Significantly
Physics
Biology
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Popular Sayings
《 Nature 》 14/21 editors work for biology
USA 2/3 agricultural increase due to biotech
Many good students choose to study life sciences or biomedicine
A Popular Saying:Mathematics has 1% unknownPhysics has 10% unknownChemistry has 30 % unknown Biology has 7070 %% unknown
Challenges are Opportunities
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New hot spots in molecular biology
GeneticallyModified
Organisms
Clever Monkey
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Premature Aging Gene
Discovered
6 y 20 y
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Innate: Intelligence
Nimble
Personality: Patient
Ardor
Honest
Dependable
Cooperative
To be younger
and younger !
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