lec_7_intro to map making

Introduction to Map Making

Prof. Dr. Sajid Rashid Ahmad

[email protected]

Atiqa Ijaz Khan _ Demonstrator

[email protected]

Map

• “Amap is a graphical representation or scale model of spatial concepts.”

• “It is a graphical representation of a real 3D world on a 2D surface.”

• “A map is a model of Earth at reduced scale.” (ESRI)

• According to the International Cartographic Association (ICA), a map is arepresentation, normally to scale and on a flat medium, of a selection of materialor abstract features on, or in relation to, the surface of the Earth. (Book)

Friday, December 26, 2014Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab

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4Maps by Muslims

The World Map of Al-Idrisi (12th

Century). South is on Top.

Al-Masudi’s Atlas of the

World

Importance of Maps

• Map’s significance can be determined from the following:

• A good way of recording and storing information.

• A method of communicating with users using symbols at reduced scale.

• Helps in the recognition of spatial patterns around us.

• Establishing the relationship between spatial patterns.

• Visualization of spatial patterns with elegant designs and themes.

• Analysis of spatial patterns.

• Graphically representation of findings that are verbally complex task.

• Helps in understanding the locations where it is not possible to go anywhy.


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Criteria of a Good Map

• A good map should fulfills the following terms:

• It should be understandable to readers.

• Its goal or motive should be clear.

• Map should depicts for its audience.

• It has the beauty and elegance.

• It is on standards to display its contents.

• It displays the available information precisely.

• It should not cost time and money.

• it should fulfills its purpose of making.


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Types of Map

• There are many types of map

• Geological Map

• Reference Map

• Thematic Map

• Environmental Map

• Bio-geographic Map

• The most important types are:

• Reference Map

• Thematic Map


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Types of Map

Reference

Topographic

General Purpose

Thematic

Statistical

Geological Environmental

Reference Map

• Reference maps gives general information about the location of features.

• Depict the relief-displacement (elevation) of the topography (surface).

• Defines the general trend an d form of the surface.

• Shows roads, buildings, boundaries, etc.

• Examples:

• Topographic maps

• Road atlas

• These maps are a reference tool, showing the outlines of selected natural andman-made features of the Earth, often acts as a frame for other information.


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Reference Maps for Pakistan


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Thematic Map

• Thematic map shows the distribution of a specific topic.

• Represents the spatial dimensions of a specific phenomenon.

• It may represented by one or more than one variables, like:

• Population, income, diseases, language, religion etc.

• It is represented by:

• Colors, symbols, shapes, patterns, shades of colors, texture, density, etc.

• Used for:

• Analysis of data

• Presentation of data


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Thematic Maps for Pakistan


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Map Elements/Components

• Map elements are:• Title of the Map (Content/Purpose)

• Scale of the Map (Measurement)

• Legend of the Map (How to read/interpret)

• North Arrow (Orientation/Directional Indicator)

• Map Body

• Inset Map

• Logo

• Publisher of Map

• Cartographer Name

• Date and Time

• Source of Data (Reference)


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Title of the Map

• The most important element of the map for acquiring information efficiently is thetitle.

• It is essential, for a map, to have a title.

• The title identifies the map area and the type of map.

• It is usually the large font size on the sheet, often written in caps.

• This is to ensure that the readers knows what is being mapped.

• Cartographers may list the title simply or artistically.

• It should clearly indicate the purpose of the map.


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Legend of the Map

• Information needed to read a map is found in the map legend.

• Most maps use symbols or colors to represent different geographic features.

• The map legend helps determine what the symbols and colors mean.

• Without legends, map symbology is virtually meaningless.

• It is like a dictionary, used to understand the meaning of what map represents.

• It is used to link non-spatial data with spatial entries.

• It essentially provides valuable information for interpreting what it is a mapshowing.


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Scale of the Map

• Almost all maps have scales.

• “Scales compare a distance measured on the map to the actual distance onthe surface of the earth.”

• Scales appear on maps in several forms, but most cartographers draw a linescale as a point of reference.


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• High Details

• Small area

• 1:24,00 or larger

Large Scale

• Average

• 1:24,00 – 120,000

Medium Scale

• Less Details

• Large area

• 1:120,000 or smaller

Small Scale

Types of Scale


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Small Scale Large Scale


34Large Scale vs. Small Scale

Large Scale

• Objects are relatively larger in size.

• With High details objects.

• Covering the Small area.

• High RF factor.• 1:24,000; 1:50,000 etc.

• But, smaller denominator.

Small Scale

• Objects are relatively smaller in size.

• With Low details objects.

• Covering the Large area.

• Small RF factor.• 1:250,000; etc.

• But, larger numerator.

Don’t Ever CONFUSE it again… !!!


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Ways to Depict Map Scale

Scale

Verbal Scale Written Scale Scale Text

Fractional Scale

Representative Factor

R.F.

Graphical Scale

Linear Scale Scale Bar


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Representative ScaleScale BarStatement of Scale

Ways to Depict Map Scale


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Calculating the Map Scales

Scale = Distance on map / Distance on Ground

For Example:

Scale = 1.27 inches / 5 miles

S = 1.27 inches / 316,800 inches

S = 1 / 250, 000

So…… Scale is: “1 : 250, 000”

Practice:

Scale = 2 cm / 1 km

S = 2 cm / 100,00 cm

S = 1 / 50, 000

So…… Scale is: “1 : 50, 000”

Directional Indicator

• A directional indicator on a map helps determine the orientation of the map.

• It is costume to place a north arrow at the Top.

• A north arrow element maintains a connection to a data frame.

• When that data frame is rotated, the north arrow element will rotate with it.

• It can be simple or complex.

• In history, north arrow was also displayed on the South…!


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Types of North Arrow

• There are three types of North arrow:

• True North (TN):

• Also known as ‘Geographic North’.

• It is the geographic north of the Earth.

• As referred to lat / long.

• Magnetic North (MN):

• The north as define by the Earth’s magnetic field.

• Grid North (GN):

• By the vertical lines of the map projection.

• Like UTM vertical lines.


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Inset Map

• Inset maps are smaller maps on the same sheet of paper.

• Inset maps provide additional information not shown on the larger map.

• Inset maps are drawn at a larger, more readable scale.

• Inset maps usually feature areas of interest related to the larger map.


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Inset

Map

Map Body

• Actual face of the map displaying features, symbols, and other information on themap.

• Map itself should have all the necessary amount of data and detail.

• Information should not be too much that causes confusion

• Nor be too short making map useless.


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Balancing of a Map

• Refers to the arrangement of elements within the overall composition.

• All the elements of map should be equally distributed within the whole page.

• It should not grouped to side of a page.

• Researchers shows that, map elements should be centered along the ‘Visualcenter’, of the viewer, rather than the ‘Geometric center’ of the objects.

• As it attracts more to the eyes.


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Errors

Hierarchy of the Map

• It refers to the order of importance of map elements.

• The most important features should be highlighted the most.

• As it is going to effects the visuals of viewer’s eyes..

• Generally, map should attracts its viewer as a whole.

• But, there are few of the elements, that should be arranged or highlighted in away as to attracts the its users.

• Title of the Map

• Scale bar

• Map body tone and color


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Map Accuracy

• Then human drafting errors will occur and can be compounded by the quality ofour source maps and materials.

• A map accurate for one purpose is often inaccurate for others since accuracy isdetermined by the needs of the project as much as it is by the map itself.

• Some measurements of a map’s accuracy are discussed below:

• Absolute Accuracy

• Relative Accuracy

• Attribute Accuracy

• Completeness

• Currency


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Types of Map Accuracy

• Absolute Accuracy:

• Relationship between geographic position on a map to its real position on thesurface of the Earth.

• It is required for extensive surveying and engineering application.

• Relative Accuracy:

• Refers to the displacement between two points on a map compare to the samepoints of the real surface of the Earth.

• Attribute Accuracy:

• Refers to the accuracy of the attributes linked to the map’s feature.


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• Completeness:

• Refers how much data it contains as required by the users.

• But, it is not for life time.

• As the map gets older, it becomes less complete.

• Currency:

• Refers how upto-date a map is.

• It is usually expressed in terms of revision date.

• Means how much data is added after how much time.


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lec_7_intro to map making

Education

institute of geology

mapa map

map makingprof

good mapa good map

world map of al

d surface

analysis of spatial

graphical representation