lec6 pt2-earlyformsnsmver.2

8/8/2019 Lec6 pt2-EarlyFormsNsmVer.2

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Early Forms Nationalism

India and Southeast Asia


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Nationalism Difficult concept

Multiple

interpretations

Never just one model


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Aims Conceptual framework

Nation-state, nation Why nationalism emerges?

Common strands of nationalist movements


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Definition Nationalism is a concept of identity to

which members of a particular government,

nation, society or territory might feel

connected.

Nationalists strive to sustain or create a

nation based on various notions of politicallegitimacy.


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Nation-State European construct

Treaty of Westphalia

1648 Divisions by language,

religion, culture,physical appearance

Sovereign states Nation - ultimate

source of power


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Nation Ernest Renan - What

is a Nation?

spiritual principle

Legacy of the past

Ben Andersons

ImaginedCommunities


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Imagined Communities National consciousness

Imagined political

community Inherently limited &

sovereign

French Revolution -

Liberty, Fraternity,Equality

Print culture


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Process of Nationalism William J Duiker, Vietnamese Nationalism

Gradual process

Awareness of a shared destiny and ethnic &

cultural distinctiveness

Modern concept of nationhood

Transfer of loyalty to the state


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Nationalism in India Indian Mutiny 1857

Growing awareness of

disparity

Discrimination

Surendranath Banerjea

Congress & AO Hume


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Congress Party Small not mass movement

Core of established

leaders Benefit from British

policies

George Curzon &

Partition of Bengal in1905

Popular movement to

boycott textiles


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World War I Active support

Hope to win

independence

Repressive action after

WW1

Dyer and AmritsarMassacre


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Mass Movement Mohandas K Gandhi

Mahathma - saint

Collaboration as

useless

Depression & Salt

March 1930 Divisions between

Hindus and Muslims


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Nationalism in Southeast Asia European nationalism not a workable idea

Problems of defining a nation

Too many races, cultures, languages

Religion and socialism - possible unifying

factors but alien to West

Anti-colonial and Anti-foreign


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Anomaly of SEA Nationalism Anthony D Smith

Territorial nationalism (nationalism without

nations)

Ethnic nationalism (based on shared

identity)


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Territorial Nationalism Nationalisms without Nations

Heterogeneous population

United under colonial power

Take over the political machinery

Adopt it as the basis for a new nation Indonesia and Philippines


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Ethnic Nationalism Based on group identification

Strong common identity

Common cultural characteristics

Ethnic, linguistic, cultural, religious

solidarities

Example: Malaysia, Southern Thai Muslim

nationalism


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Murphey-Why so late? 20th century

Full colonialism came late

Took time to develop a national response

National struggle - new and difficult

concept

Ethnic, cultural and linguistic differences

Elite-Coloniser symbiotic relationship


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Anti-Colonial Movements Religious opposition to

colonial rule

Millenarian movementseg. Indonesia 1880s

Anti-colonial movements -

Can Vuong movement -

1893

Anti-colonial War - Aceh

War (1873-1904)


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Education Western education for

a small elite

University trained inhome countries -double standards

Agitated for change

Jose Rizal (PH),Sukarno (IN), RadenAdjeng Kartini


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Nationalist leaders


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Non-Western Education Religious education

Pesantrens, madrasahs, Chinese schools,

private education

Focus for anti-colonial ideology


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Anti-Colonial Ideologies Western educated -

nationalism,

democracy, socialism,constitutionalism

Non-western educated

- purification,

indigenous traditions,transnational

ideologies


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Communication Travellers into colonies

Hajj experience

Brought new ideas andstructures

Newspapers

Postal Service

Enabled communicationwithin and outside

colonies


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Inspiration Drew inspiration from

external sources

1868 Meiji Restoration -inspired PH and VNnationalists

1904-05 Russo-JapaneseWar

1911 RepublicanRevolution in China

Gandhian notions ofpeaceful non-cooperation


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New Political Structures Saw the emergence of political groups and

parties

IN - estb of Budi Utomo 1908, which setsthe stage of future political parties

MA - Legislative Council -regulated by the

British Experience in administration & mass

mobilisation


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Thai Nationalism Must not think of

nationalism as simply

being anti-colonial in

nature

Modern Thai nation-state

Response to imperialism

Modernisation &

transformation under

Mongkut &

Chulalongkorn


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Conclusion Nationalism took different forms

New elite, middle class

Western ideas & support

Mass based movements

Influenced by both local, regional andinternational forces

lec6 pt2-earlyformsnsmver.2

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