TRANSACTIONAL

ANALYSIS

Dr. Sunil R. Misra

misra@lycos.com

Transactional Analysis

Transactional Analysis is a theory developed by

Dr. Eric Berne in the 1950s, and popularized

by Thomas Harris in the 1960s.

Originally trained in psychoanalysis, Berne

wanted a theory which could be understood

and available to everyone.

Transactional Analysis is a social psychology

and a method to improve communication. 2

Transactional Analysis

The theory outlines how we have developed

and treat ourselves, how we relate and

communicate with others, and offers

suggestions and interventions which will

enable us to change and grow.

TA includes 3 major areas that are

Ego States, Transaction, and Strokes & Games.

3 Dr. Sunil Misra

When two people interact with each other

they engage in social transactions in which

one person responds to the another.

Study of such social transactions is known as Transactional Analysis.

It is used to study and analyze

interpersonal communication.

Transactional Analysis

REASONS FOR POPULARITY OF TA IN

MANAGEMENT

SIMPLE

LANGUAGE

USEFUL AT WORK &

AT HOME

DEMONSTRATED

SUCCESS IN BUSS.

ORGANIZATIONS

NON-THREATENING

SELF-ANALYSIS

APPROPRIATE

FOR NORMAL PEOPLE

BUILT-IN HUMOR

5 Dr. Sunil Misra

The Johari Window model

A simple and useful tool for understanding and

training self-awareness, personal development,

improving communications, interpersonal

relationships, group dynamics, team development

and inter-group relationships.

Developed by American psychologists Joseph Luft

and Harry Ingham in the 1950's, calling it 'Johari'

after combining their first names, Joe and Harry.

Especially relevant due to emphasis on, and

influence of, 'soft' skills, behaviour, empathy,

cooperation, inter-group development and

interpersonal development.

Johari Window

Open Hidden

Blind Dark

self

Others

Known unknown

Known

unknown

The Level of Self Awareness

7 Dr. Sunil Misra

Ego States

Parent Ego State characterized by domineering, over protective & loving, stern and

critical. It is illustrated by those who establish

standard and rule for other.

Adult Ego State In this people attack problems in a cool minded rational manner. In adult state

information is gathered, carefully analyze it,

generate alternative, and make logical choices.

Child Ego State submissive & conforming, insubordinate, emotional, joyful, or rebellious.

Characterize by very immature behaviors. 8

Dr. Sunil Misra

TA Ego States or Personality Aspects

9

Life Positions

Im OK Im OK Youre not OK Youre OK

Im not OK Im not OK Youre not OK Youre OK

Atti

tude

tow

ard

One

self

Attitude toward Others

Negative Positive

Positive

Negative

Life is worthy living (ADULT EGO)

Get away

from me

(Depression,

withdrawal

and anxiety)

Life is not worthy

living at all (Extreme

withdrawal, Suicide)

Get rid of others

(blame others for

their miseries) PARENT EGO

Dr. Sunil Misra

Transaction Types

Just as people have three basic ego

states, there are three types of

transactions.

Complementary

Transaction

Crossed

Transaction Ulterior

Transaction

10 Dr. Sunil Misra

Transaction between ego states

Complimentary transaction: Transactions are complimentary if the message sent or behavior

exhibited by 1 person ego state receive the

appropriate and expected response from the other

person ego state.

P

A A

P

C

P

C

P

C

A A

C

P

C C

A A

P

11

Dr. Sunil Misra

Crossed Transaction: It occurs when message sent, the behavior exhibited by the

1 persons ego state is reacted to by an incompatible and unexpected ego state on

the part of the other person.

12 Dr. Sunil Misra

Ulterior Transaction: They are very damaging to interpersonal relation because it

always involve at least two ego state on the

part of 1 person. Individual may say one

thing but mean quite another.

13 Dr. Sunil Misra

14

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL TRANSACTIONS

P P

A

C C

A

P P

A

C C

A

P P

A

C C

A

P P

A

C C

A

P P

A

C C

A

P P

A

C C

A

COMPLEMENTARY CROSSED ULTERIOR

EXPECTED RESPONSE,

NO CONFLICT

PRODUCE CONFLICT, STOP

COMMUNICATION, HURT FEELINGS VERBAL COMMUNICATION

NON-VERBAL HIDDEN MEANING

Strokes and Games

Strokes: It means simply that beginning in infancy and continuing throughout their lives, people need

cuddling, affection, recognition, and praise. People

dont get positive strokes when they will seek out negative strokes. The strokes is divided in to two

categories:-

Positive

Negative

Games: Games are set of pattern or transactions that have surface logic but hidden meaning and attempt to

drawing in an unsuspecting participant. The outcome

of the games is always a win - lose proposition.

15

Dr. Sunil Misra

16

STROKING THE TYPES OF STROKES YOU SEEK DEPEND ON YOUR OKAYNESS

PRAISE

COMPLEMENTS

RECOGNITION

AFFECTION

REWARDS

SYMPATHY

CONSOLATION

SELF-SATISFACTION

FROM JOB WELL

DONE

PUT-DOWNS

CRITICISM

DEGRADING

RIDICULE

SCOLDING

PUNISHMENT

DISCOUNTING

POSITIVE

STROKES

NEGATIVE

STROKES

Dr. Sunil Misra

Advantages of TA:

Improves interpersonal communication

Simple to learn

Applicable in Motivation

Helps in Organizational Development

Can be used at home as well as in office

Disadvantages of TA:

Few scientific facts to prove

Inhibits cuteness rather than an insight into human behavior

Ego states are difficult to define.