learning theory by ausubel
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TRANSCRIPT
- 1. Cognitive Learning Theories and its Implication on Science Classroom Teaching Presenters: Azlina Wati Bt. Aziz Azura Bt. Razali Lukman B. Che Hassan Yuhana Anom Bt Md. Yunos
- 2.
- David P. Ausubel was born in 1918
- Grew up in Brooklyn, NY
- Attended the University of Pennsylvania, taking the pre-medical course and majoring in Psychology
- In 1973 he retired from academic life to devote full time to his psychiatric practice
- His principal interests in psychiatry have been general psychopathology, ego development, drug addiction, and forensic psychiatry
- In 1976 he received the Thorndike Award from the American Psychological Association for "Distinguished Psychological Contributions to Education".
- 3. Introduction -Supported the theory that pupils form & organise knowledge by themselves -Emphasized the importance of verbal learning / language-related learning which he consider to be very effective for pupils of the age 11 or 12 & above
- 4.
- -Pupils gradually learn to associate new knowledge with existing concepts in their mental structures
- -To ensure meaningful teaching, necessary to avoid rote memorising of facts. Pupils need to manipulate ideas actively
- 5. Advance Organizer -Presents an overview of the information to be covered in detail during the exposition that follows -Can be classified : exposition or comparison type
- 6. Advance Organizer of the Exposition Type
- -While presenting new material
- -Use beginning of lesson
- -Presents several encompassing generalisations where detailed contents will be added later
- 7. Advance Organizer of the Comparison Type
- -Useful when the knowledge to be presented is new to pupils
- -Compares new material with knowledge already known by emphasising the similarities between 2 types of material & showing the information that is to be learnt
- -Ausubels teaching approach is deductive in nature
- 8.
- Step 4:The pupils study specific examples
- 9. Ausubels Meaningful Learning
- 10. Meaningful Reception Learning Theory A concerned with how students learn large amounts of meaningful material from verbal/textual presentations in a learning activities Learning is based on the representational, superordinate and combinatorial processes that occur during the reception of information. A primary process in learning is subsumption in which new material is related to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a non-verbatim basis (previous knowledge) Meaningful learning results when new information is acquired by linking the new information in the learner's own cognitive structure
- 11. The processes of meaningful learning
- Ausubel proposed four processes by which meaningful learning can occur :
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- Derivative subsumption
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- Correlative subsumption
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- Superordinate learning
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- Combinatorial learning
- 12. Derivative subsumption
- Describes the situation in which the new information pupils learn is an instance or example of a concept that pupils have already learned
- Example (Stage 1) :
- PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE : Let's suppose Ali have acquired a basic concept such as "tree have green leave, branch, fruits
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- Ali learn about a kind of tree that he have never seen before persimmon tree - conforms to his previous understanding of tree
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- His new knowledge of persimmon trees is attached to the concept of tree , without substantially altering that concept in any way
- 13. Correlative subsumption
- more "valuable" learning than that of derivative subsumption, since it enriches the higher-level concept
- Example (Stage 2) :
- Now, let's suppose Ali encounter a new kind of tree that has red leaves , rather than green
- Accommodate this new information Ali have to alter or extend your concept of tree to include the possibility of red leaves
- 14.
- In this case, you already knew a lot of examples of the concept, but you did not know the concept itself until it was taught to pupils.
- Example (Stage 3) :
- Ali was well acquainted with maples, oaks, apple trees etc., but pupils still did not know, until they were taught that these were all examples of deciduous trees
- 15. Combinatorial learning
- It describes a process by which the new idea is derived from another idea that is comes from his previous knowledge (in a different, but related, "branch" )
- Students could think of this as learning by analogy
- Example (Stage 3) :
- Ali learn about modification on the plants part , Ali might relate it to previously acquired knowledge of how papyrus tree used to produce paper
- 16.
- General ideas of a subject (general statement):
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- Must be presented first
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- then progressively differentiated in terms of detail and specificity.
- Instructional materials :
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- should attempt to integrate new material with previously presented information
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- Using comparisons and cross-referencing of new and old ideas.
- 17.
- Advance organizers :
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- Instructors should incorporate advance organizers when teaching a new concept
- Examples :
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- Instructors should use a number of examples and focus on both similarities and differences.
- 18. The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows.. Thank You