learning ms. simon
DESCRIPTION
Learning Ms. Simon. Do Now: Define Learning. Definition. Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. AIM: How Do We Learn?. Habituation. Habituation is a decrease in behavioral response to a stimulus following repeated exposure to the stimulus . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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LearningMs. Simon
Do Now: Define Learning
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Definition
Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to
experience.
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AIM: How Do We Learn?
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Habituation
• Habituation is a decrease in behavioral response to a stimulus following repeated exposure to the stimulus
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Associative Learning (Conditioning)
1. Classical Conditioning: Learning to associate one stimulus (change in
environment) with another.
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Ivan Pavlov (1800’s) studied classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism= any behavior can be shaped or controlled
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Sov
foto
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Pavlov’s Experiments
Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned Stimulus, US) produces salivation
(Unconditioned Response, UR). However, the tone (neutral stimulus) does not.
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1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that automatically and naturally triggers a response. (dog food)2. Unconditioned Response (UCR): A unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation)3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Originally a neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response. (tone)4. Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus. (salivation)
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Pavlov’s Experiments
During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are paired,
resulting in salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (CS)
elicits salivation (CR)
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http://www.break.com/usercontent/2009/11/the-office-altoid-experiment-1499823
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AIM: How can we learn through conditioning?
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Acquisition
:when an association forms between a neutral stimulus (computer sound) and an unconditioned stimulus (Altoid)
Delayed conditioning: NS before the UCS (with overlap)
Trace conditioning: NS, (pause) then UCSSimultaneous conditioning: NS and UCS
togetherBackward conditioning: UCS before NS
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In order for acquisition to occur…
1. the neutral stimulus needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus.
2. The time in between the two stimuli should be about half a second.
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What happens when the UCS does not follow the CS?
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Extinction (unlearn)
When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to
decrease and eventually causes extinction.
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Spontaneous Recovery
After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers.
If the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.
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Stimulus Generalization
Generalization: Tendency to respond to
stimuli similar to the CS.
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Aversive ConditioningBaby Albert was conditioned to fear rats
through aversive conditioning
Aversive Conditioning: involves an unpleasant stimulus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE
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Stimulus Discrimination
Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and
other stimuli
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Biological Predispositions
John Garcia
Garcia showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet result in
conditioning. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to
conditioning and not to others (light or sound).
Courtesy of John G
arcia
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Biological Predispositions
Even humans can develop classically to conditioned nausea.
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Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Pavlov and Watson considered consciousness, or mind, unfit for the scientific study of psychology.
However, they underestimated the importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints.
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Cognitive Processes
Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be
reduced to mindless mechanisms.
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Biological Predispositions
Pavlov and Watson believed that laws of learning were similar for all animals.
Therefore, a pigeon and a person do not differ in their learning.
However, behaviorists later suggested that learning is constrained by an
animal’s biology.
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Pavlov’s greatest contribution to psychology
is isolating elementary behaviors from more
complex ones through objective scientific
procedures.
Pavlov’s Legacy
Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936)
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1. Alcoholics may be conditioned (aversively) by reversing their positive-associations with alcohol.
2. Through classical conditioning, a drug (plus its taste) that affects the immune response may cause the taste of the drug to invoke the immune response.
Applications of Classical Conditioning
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Operant & Classical Conditioning
1. Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US). Operant conditioning, on the other hand, forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events.