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LEARNING Slide 2 Ivan Pavlov (18491936) Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 Classical Conditioning basic learning process discovered by Pavlov that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus triggers the same response Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9 John B. Watson Believed that Psychology should be redefined as the scientific study of behavior Founded Behaviorism in 1913 Behaviorism was the dominant school of Psychology for more than 50 years Slide 10 Little Albert Experiment Slide 11 Slide 12 Practice Problems for CC When you were still together, you and your ex used to love the same hit song. Now when you hear that song, you feel sad. Slide 13 Practice Problems for CC (2) A fourth grade teacher who was very strict and scary used to wear a strong, rose-scented perfume. The smell of roses now makes you very nervous. Slide 14 Practice Problems for CC (3) One night you bought a meal deal at McDonalds, you arrived home to find a burger, fries, colas, and three roaches in the bag. Now, even the sight of the McDonalds logo makes you sick to your stomach. Slide 15 Slide 16 Operant Conditioning learning process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by manipulating its consequenceslearning process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by manipulating its consequences Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. Operants are actions upon the environment, which may lead to reinforcement or punishmentOperants are actions upon the environment, which may lead to reinforcement or punishment Slide 17 Founder of Operant Conditioning Invented Skinner Box Won Sexiest Man Alive award in 1939 B. F. Skinner Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Reinforcement anything that strengthens a response or increases ( ) the chance that it will occur almost anything can act as a reinforcer food, sex, vacation, etc. Remember: Reinforcement INCREASES ( ) behavior Slide 21 Slide 22 Positive Reinforcement Positive consequence that increases the chance of desired behavior because something is added (+) or presented. Can be thought of as a reward Represented by: + positive (+), reinforcement ( ) Slide 23 Negative Reinforcement Slide 24 Works to increase behavior but does this by removing an unwanted stimulus Think of negative sign (-), REMOVING unwanted stimulus EX: Beeping noise from car buckle seatbelt noise goes away noise is the negative reinforcement Slide 25 Slide 26 Shaping - gradually molding a desired behavior by reinforcing responses that are similar or close to the final desired behavior Slide 27 Slide 28 Punishment anything that weakens a response or decreases the chance that it will occur ( ) Slide 29 Positive Punishment (+ ) decreases behavior by adding an unpleasant stimulus Remember, think positive as in plus sign (+), adding something EX: spanking, a prison sentence, or criticizing someone Slide 30 Operant conditioning. Having received a face full of quills, a young coyote has probably learned to avoid porcupines Slide 31 Negative Punishment decreases behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus ( - ) EX: taking away car keys to punish a teenager (work to decrease future behavior) Slide 32 Negative Reinforcement v. Punishment Many people confuse negative reinforcement and punishment. Negative Reinforcement always increases behavior Punishment always decreases behavior. Slide 33 Negative Reinforcement v. Punishment Example Slide 34 Slide 35 Practice Problems for OC Clare studies hard and gets an A on her Biology test. The teacher praises her in front of the class. As a result, Clare stops studying earns a failing grade on the next two exams. Slide 36 Practice Problems for OC (2) Mike was more likely to return his rental DVDs on time after the video store raised their late charges. Slide 37 Practice Problems for OC (3) Jane came home late and her parents took away her car privileges for a week. In the future, Jane made sure to come home on time. Slide 38 Practice Problems for OC (4) Jose did not like to do his homework. One day his mom told Jose that he could play video games for an hour after his homework was done. Jose completed his homework more often as a result. Slide 39 Practice Problems for OC (5) Dr. Venkman claims he is studying the affect of negative reinforcement on ESP ability by applying electric shocks to subjects that do not identify the correct Zener card. Is this actually negative reinforcement? Why or why not? Slide 40 Practice Problems for OC (5) Dr. Venkman claims he is studying the affect of negative reinforcement on ESP ability by applying electric shocks to subjects that do not identify the correct Zener card. Is this actually negative reinforcement? Why or why not? Dr. Venkman claims he is studying the affect of negative reinforcement on ESP ability by applying electric shocks to subjects that do not identify the correct Zener card. Is this actually negative reinforcement? Why or why not? Slide 41 Classical ConditioningOperant Conditioning Uses the term responseUses the term behavior Response is biologically based (ex: fear or anxiety); involuntary Behavior is not biologically based; it is voluntary Main components: stimulus and its response Main components: behavior and its consequence Cannot be used to shape behaviorCan be used to shape behavior Stimulus causes the responseConsequence influences the behavior To extinguish the response: stop pairing To decrease learned behavior: stop reinforcing Extinction: stop pairingExtinction: stop reinforcing Slide 42 Observational Learning Includes learning by imitation and learning by observing behaviors of others Albert Bandura is psychologist most associated with this theory. Slide 43 Parents, movie stars, political figures all act as models A large part of our behaviors are influenced by observational learning EX: When walk in a room how do we decide how to behave? How do we know what to wear, where to sit, what to do? Fears can be acquired by observational learning Slide 44 Bobo Doll Experiment Slide 45 4 Cognitive Processes that determine whether imitation will occur: Paying attention to the other persons behavior Forming and storing mental representations of the behavior to be imitated Transforming this mental representation into actions you are capable of reproducing And, being motivated to imitate the behavior by some expectation of reinforcement or reward Slide 46