Learning

How do we learn?

What is Classical conditioning?

• Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat

• Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation

• Neutral Stimulus = Tone

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone When paired with the unconditioned stimulus

• Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone

Example

Example

Example

• Father spanks son for swearing.

• Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________? Conditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning

• Acquisition

• Extinction Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of

elevators

What is generalization?

Do you remember?

• Who developed classical conditioning?

• How can you condition a cat to come when it is time to eat?

• What is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR

• What is generalization?

What is Operant Conditioning?

• B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)

• Associating behavior with its consequences

• E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.

What does reinforcement do?

• Positive reinforcement Increases behavior Give something a person wants

• E.g. Vending machine

• Negative reinforcement Increases behavior Remove an unwanted stimulus

• E.g. Bill cleans up his room to stop Mother nagging

Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement

What are primary & secondary reinforcers?

• Primary = Innately reinforcing Food & Sex

• Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer)

Associated with a primary reinforcer E.g. Money

Want

Food

Want

Food

Do you want immediate or delayed Reinforcement?

• Immediate reinforcement is more motivating

• A smaller check now is immediate reinforcement.

• As opposed to delayed reinforcement A larger paycheck at the end of the month. Lottery payout Saving for retirement Social Security at age 62 or 70

What are reinforcement schedules?

• Continuous Every time

• Partial (Intermittent) Fixed ratio

• $15 for every 3 pages you write Fixed Interval

• $15 for every hour you work Variable ratio

• $15 after varying # of pages • (You do not know how many pages you

will need to do before you get paid again) Variable interval

• $15 given at various times during the day

What reinforcement schedule does a slot machine use?

What reinforcement schedule does your employer use?

What does punishment do?

• Positive punishment Reduces behavior Get something you don’t want

• Time out, spanking, or jail

• Negative punishment Reduces behavior What you do want is taken away ( Television time)

• Problem with punishment Creates anger, fear, resistance Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable

behavior.

How does shaping work?

• Reinforce closer and closer approximations of what you want

• Cookies to reinforce quiet play Each time they need to play longer to get the cookies

• M&M therapy

• Animal behavior

Do you remember?

• Who developed operant conditioning?

• How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

• What is an example of positive and negative reinforcement?

• What is an an example of five reinforcement schedules?

• What is an example of shaping?

What kinds of motivation do you have?

• Internal (intrinsic) Motivation Hobby - You like doing it

• External (outside) motivation Job - You get money for doing it

How does thinking effect your behavior?

• Behavior is not automatically produced by a reward.

• We think about it, and ask: How much of the reward do I get? What are the chances of getting the reward? Is the reward worth it?

What is observational Learning?

• Albert Bandura

• Modeling - Bobo doll experiment

• E.g. Child turning the key to start the car (without explicit training)

• Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad

Do you remember?

• What do you do because of internal motivation?

• What do you do because of external motivation?

• How does cognitive processes (thinking) effect rewarded behavior?

• What did you learn with observational behavior?