learn urdu
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Urdu LanguageTRANSCRIPT
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LEARN URD‰Through English / Hindi
with my novel scientific way
Urdu@ Nasta@]l&q and Urdu@ Naskh
English Transliterated
qdU| k’ fra@edar maaihr banaanae vaaLaI iktaaba_Those who do not know Hindi can learn Hind& too!
byRatnakar Narale
SANSKRIT HINDI RESEARCH INSTITUTE, TORONTO
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INDEXLesson 1 The Urdu Alphabet (Nasta@]l&q and Naskh) 3Lesson 2 The Urdu Accent Marks (nukte) 8Lesson 3 Joining Urdu Letters 9
The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : alif AiLaf[ (English a Hindi A) 14
The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : be bae ب (English b ih>dI ba) 15
The 3rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : pe pae پ (English p ih>dI pa) 16
The 4th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : te tae پ (English t ih>dI ta) 18
The 5th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : t<e @e ٹ (English t> ih>dI @) 19
The 6th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : se sae ث (English s ih>dI sa) 20
The 7th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : j&m jaIma ج (English j ih>dI ja) 22
The 8th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : che cae چ (English ch ih>dI ca) 23
The 9th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : he he ح (English h ih>dI h) 25
The 10th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : khe S[ae خ (English kh ih>dI S[a) 26
The 11th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : da@l daLa د (English d ih>dI d) 27
The 12th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : d<a@l DaLa ڈ (English d< ih>dI D) 29
The 13th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ja@l jaaLa ذ (English j ih>dI j[a) 30
The 14th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : re re ر (English r ih>dI r) 32
The 15th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ad<e AD[ee ڑ (English d< ih>dI D[) 33
The 16th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jhe j[ae ز (English jh, z ih>dI Ja, j[a) 35
The 17th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zhe j[ae ژ (English z ih>dI j[ya) 36
The 18th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : s&n saIna س (English s ih>dI sa) 38
The 19th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sh&n oaIna ش (English sh ih>dI oa) 39
The 20th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sua@d sauAad ص (English s ih>dI sa) 41
The 21st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jua@d jauAad ض (English xj ih>dI j[a) 42
The 22nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : toe taae] ط (English t ih>dI ta) 44
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The 23rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zoe j[aae] ظ (English jh ih>dI [j[a) 45
The 24th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ain ]ena ع (English e, a ih>dI ], A) 47
The 25th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : gain gaEna غ (English gh ih>dI g[a) 48
The 26th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : fe f[’ ف ( English f ih>dI f[ ) 49
The 27th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : qa@f k[af[ ق (English q Hindi k[) 51
The 28th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ka@f kaf[ ک (English k Hindi k) 52
The 29th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ga@f gaaf[ گ (English g Hindi ga) 53
The 30th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : la@m Laama ل (English l Hindi La) 55
The 31st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : m&m maIma م (English m Hindi ma) 56
The 32nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : nu@n naUna ن (English n Hindi na) 57
The 33rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : va@o vaaAae و (Eng. v, w Hindi va, q) 59
The 34th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : chhot>& he Cae@I he ہ (Eng.h Hindi h) 60
The 35th Urdu letter : do chashm& he dae caomaI he ھ (English h Hindi h) 62
The 36th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet hamza@ hmaj[aa u (English i Hindi } ) 65
The 37th Urdu letter : chhot>& ye Cae@I yaee ی (English y Hindi ya, }) 66
The 38th Urdu@ alphabet : bad<& ye baD[I yaee ے (English e Hindi ]) 68
Lesson 4 Writing Hindi and English Vowels in Urdu 70Lesson 5 Urdu Diacritical Accent Marks 73Lesson 6 The Urdu Numerals 80Lesson 7 MAKING YOUR OWN URDU SENTENCES, Present, past, future 85Lesson 8 Making Sentences for Completed Actions 98Lesson 9 Ratnakar’s Brain Surgery of Urdu Grammar 102Lesson 10 Use of the Case Suffixes (post-positions) 104Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs 113Lesson 12 General Knowledge and Vocabulary 117
Urdu Verbs 130Lesson 13 Urdu Conversational Road map 131Lesson 14 Urdu Literature 138
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LESSON 1
THE URDU ALPHABETqdU| vaNa| maaLaa_ qdU| huWf tahjjaI urdu@ huru@f tahajj&
No. qdU| naama Urdu@ name Hind&equivalent
Englishequivalent
Nasta@l&qstyle
Naskhstyle
1. AiLaf[ alif A a ا ا
2. bae be ba b ب ب3. pae pe pa p پ پ4. tae te ta t ت ت 5. @e t>e @ t> ٹ ٹ6. sae se sa s ث ث7. jaIma j&m ja j ج ج8. cae che ca ch چ چ9. baD[I he he h h ح ح10. S[ae khe S[a kh خ خ
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1`. daLa da@l d d د د12. DaLa d<a@l D d< ڈ ڈ13. j[aaLa laj j[a j
ذ ذ14. re re r r
ر ر
15. AD[e ad<e D[ d<ڑ ڑ
16. j[ae jhe j[a jhز ز
17. j[ae(j[yae)
zhe j[a, Ja zhژ ژ
18. saIna s&n sa s س س19. oaIna sh&n oa sh ش ش
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20. sauAad sua@d sa s ص ص21. jauAad jua@d ja j ض ض22. taae] toe ta t ط ط
23. j[aae] zoe j[a j ظ ظ
24. ]ena ain ] e ع ع25. gaEna gain za gh غ غ26. f[’ fe f[ f ف ف27. k[af[ qa@f k[ q ق ق28. kaf[ ka@f k k ک ك29. gaaf[ ga@f ga g گ گ30. Laama la@m La l ل ل31. maIma m&m ma m م م32. naUna nu@n na n ن ن
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33. vaaAae va@o va v و و34. Cae@I he chhot>& he h h ہ ہ35. dae
caomaI he
do chashm& he
h h ھ ھ
36. hmaj[aa hamza@ } i ء ء
37. Cae@I yae chhot>& ye ya y ی ی38. baD[I yae bad<& ye ] e ے ےNOTE : Please remember the resembling sounds in Urdu
ت ٹ ط ق ک
ث س ش ص ی ے
ج ز ژ ض ظ
ح ہ ھ د ڑ ڈ
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LESSON 2
THE DOTS / MARKS
nauk[tae nukte
In Urdu@ many letters are recognized simply by looking at the dots (marks) attached to them. Following are the letters which can be identified with dots or no-dots.
ث ٹ ت پ ب
خ ح چ ج
ذ ڈ د
ژ ز ڑ ر
ض ص ش س
غ ع ظ ط
ن ں ل گ ک ق ف
EXERCISE : The dots (marks) nauk[tae nukte(i) Write each of the letters with the dot. Remove the the dot and tell it changes. (ii) Similarly, write each character without the dot. Add the the dot and tell how it changes.
PLEASE DO NOT GO TO LESSON 3, WITHOUT DOING LESSON 2 PROPERLY.
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LESSON 3
JOINING TWO OR MORE URDU LETTERSdae yaa AiZak hfae|> kae jaaeD[naa_
It is important for English and Hindi knowing people to understand how the letters are truncated or symbolozed when two, three or more letters come together. I hope you have learned previous lessons well and you are able to read individual Urdu letters easily, if not, please go back to lesson 1.
LESSON 3.0THE 39 URDU CHARACTERS
Nasta@]l&q Style : The 39 Urdu Characters
ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س شے ں و ہ ھ ء ی ک گ ل م ن ف ق ص ض ط ظ ع غ
Naskh Style : 39 Urdu Charactersش س ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژے ں و ہ ھ ء ی ف ق ك گ ل م ن ص ض ط ظ ع غ
In order to understand Urdu clearly and easily, consideration of the following Three things (ppp) is essential. (A) Character Properties; (B) Character Positions and (C) the Connector Points.
(A) THE CHARACTER PROPERTIES :Unique for a Language born in dia, most of the characters of the Urdu can be recognized simply by looking at the ‘placement, number and presence or absence’ of the dot/dots or a mark (nauK[ta: nuktah<
�� �� ��) in them. Some say there are 37 characters in Urdu language, most people say there are 38
characters, I say there are 39 characters. These 39 characters can be grouped into sets, according to their properties.
(a) According to their ‘shapes,’ the Urdu lettere may be grouped into the following two sets.
i. 1, 2 or 3 dots : é(=ی ) ن گ ق ف غ ض ظ ت ٹ ث ج چ خ ڈ ذ ڑ ز ژ ش
ب پ
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ii. No dots : ے ی ء ھ ہ و م ( ں)ن ل گ) ک( ( ع)غ (ظ) ط ( ص)ض (ش) س (ز) ر ( ذ ) )د (خ
ح ا(b) Again, unique for the Language originated from Sanskrit, Urdu is not only written Right to Left, but
the Nasta@]l&q words and letters can be stacked and compacted, vertically and/or diagonally. e.g. � �� (f[ja,
Mountain pass), ��� ��� �� (jah²ma, Hell), � �� �� �� (Sa>jar, Daggar), � � ��� ���� (hnaIf[I, Religious), �� � �� � � ��� (ihjjaIr, One’s
nature), ��� (zar, House), � �� �� �� (bacapana, Childhood), �� ���� �� (iksaIsae, To someone), �� �� (bataS[a, Duck),
�����(mauhmmad, Muhammad), �� ���� �� (paICe, Behind), ��� �� �� (naIcae, Below), چیب (baIca, between) ...etc.
(B) THE CHARACTER SHAPES :Also, unique for the Languages of India, characters of the Urdu language are written in four shapes,
depending up on their position in a word.
(1) STAND ALONE POSITION : When a single letter is written as a stand-alone character, it is written
in complete shape, along with its dot (nauK[ta: nuktah< �� �� ��), if any. e.g. see the 39 Stand-alone Urdu
characters shown above.
(2) STARTING POSITION : When there are two or more letters in a word, the first letter is writtenin “Starting Position.’ the last letter in its End position and the rest in their Middle position.
For example : saba sab (all) �� (s&n is written in Starting shape, and be in End shape); sabak[ sabaq
(Lesson) � ��� (s&n is written in Starting shape, be in Middle position and qa@f in End shape)
NOTE : Urdu words can start from 37 of the 39 characters shown above. Their Starting shapes are :Nasta@]l&q style : 37 Urdu Characters in Starting position
µ ² Z z ڈ) never comes in Starting position) r z wd ¥ ¢ › ˜ ” ‘ Š ‡ „ a
é è å â ß و Û Ø Õ ÒÏ Ì É Æ Ã À½º ·Naskh style : 37 Urdu Characters in Starting position
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LESSON 3.1
The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : alif AiLaf[ (English a Hindi A)Nasta@]l&q style :
a ƒ ƒ aStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting PositoinNaskh style :
a ƒ ƒ aStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
TIP 7 : (i) No letter is connected on the LEFT SIDE of the Letter AiLaf[ alif (A a ). (ii) alif can be connected to the letter on its right side only. Therefore, in the Middle
position and in End position, the shape of alif remains same.
Examples : Urdu@ alif الف (Naskh ا�لف) (Hindi A English a )(for the letters be and pe, please see Lessons 3.1 and 3.2 or the Back Cover of the book)
(i) Letter alif in Stand-alone position ا ) )
(ii) Letter alif in Starting position ا ) ) : Aba ab (now) = Right to Left $ ba b + A a = ا + ب =
as Initial letter, alif) اب AiLaf[ ا must be written in Stand-alone shape; therefore, be bae ب also becomes a Stand-alone letter).
(iii) Letter alif in Middle position (ƒ) : baapa ba@p (father) = Right to Left $ pa p + a A + ba b = پ +
ا ب + پ = + ƒ + „= �پ �� (Naskh (��پ (be is written in Starting shape, alif in Middle
position is attached to be, but it is detached from pe. Letter pe is written detached from alif, in Stand-alone shape). See TIP 5
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(iv) Letter alif in End position (ƒ) : Abbaa abba@ = Right to Left $ a A ب ba b + ا + a A ا = a A
ƒ + ba b „ + a A ƒ = Naskh) ابا ا�� ) (alif is in Starting shape, be is in Middle position and second
alif [ is written in End shape, which is same as its Middle position shape). See TIP 4
NOTE : When the AiLaf[ alif (A a ) comes after the Urdu@ letters dal (د ), d<al ( ) jal ,(ڈ ذ ), re (ر ),
ade (ڑ ), jhe ( ژ) and zhe ( ز ) , the alif is written as a Stand-alone letter. eg\ دا ڈا زا ڑا را ذا
ژاNOTE : PLEASE DO NOT GO TO NEXT LESSONS , WITHOUT DOING CURRENT LESSON PROPERLY.
PLEASE Remembner this Instruction for All Lessons.
LESSON 3.2
The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : be bae English b ih>dI) ب ba)Nasta@]l&q style :
b † … „Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting PositoinNaskh style :
b † … „Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
REMEMBER : bae be (ب ), pae pe ( پ ), tae te ( ت ), @e t>e (ٹ ) and sae se (ث) are first
group of the five letters that can easily be identified by looking at their dots (nukte).
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Examples : Letter be ب) ) Urdu@ be �� Naskh) بے ) (Hindi ba English b )
(for letters ‘s’ and ‘q’ please see Lessons 3.18 and 3.27 or see the back cover of the book)(i) Letter ‘be’ in Stand-alone position (ب)
(ii) Letter ‘be’ in Starting position („) : e.g. basa bas (Enough!) = Right to Left $ sa s + ba b + س =
ب = ³+ „ = ��� (Naskh ��) (be is in Starting position and s&n is in End-position)
(iii) Letter ‘be’ in Middle position (…) : e.g. sabak[ sabaq (Lesson) = Right to Left $k[ q + ba b + sa s =
ق + ب = ± + „ + Ì = س + � ��� (Naskh ���) (s&n is written in ‘Starting shape,’ be is
written in ‘Middle shape’ and qa@f is written in End shape).
(iv) Letter ‘be’ in End position (†) : e.g. saba sab (All) Right to Left $ b ba + s sa = ب س +
= †+ ± = �� (Naskh ��) (s&n is written in ‘Starting shape,’ and be is written in End
shape).
EXERCISE :1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q) اب � ��� �� ��� (Naskh) �� �� ��� اب 2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh)
Aba ab (Now), sabak[ sabaq (Lesson), saba sab, (All), basa bas (Enough!)
LESSON 3.3
The 3rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : pe pae پ (English p ih>dI pa)Nasta@]l&q style :
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p ‰ ˆ ‡Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting PositoinNaskh style :
p ‰ ˆ ‡Stand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Examples : Letter pe ( پ ) Urdu@ pe �� � (Naskh �� ) ( Hindi pa English p )
for letters ‘re’ and ‘che’ please see Lessons 3.14 and 3.3, or see the back cover of the book
(i) Letter ‘pe’ in Stand-alone position (پ)
(ii) Letter ‘pe’ in Starting position (‡) : e.g. par par (Wing) Right to Left $ r r + pa p = ر پ + =
ر + ‡ = ��� (Naskh �� ) (pe is in Starting position and letter re is in End-position)
(iii) Letter ‘pe’ in Middle position (ˆ) : e.g. capata chapat (a slap) Right to Left $ t ta + p pa + ch ca =
�� + پ +ت = Œ + ˆ+› = � �� �� (Naskh ���) (che is written in ‘Starting
shape,’ pe is written in ‘Middle shape’ and te is written in End shape.
(iv) Letter ‘pe’ in End position (‰) : e.g. tapa tap (Feaver, Heat) Right to Left $ pa p + ta t = پ
ت + = † +Š = � �� (Naskh �� ) (te is written in ‘Starting shape,’ and pe is written
in End shape.
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WRITING HINDI BREATH CHARACTERS IN URDUSa kha, za gha, C chha, Ja jha, # t>ha, $ d<ha, $[ d<ha, Ya tha, Za dha, f pha, Ba bha
Hind& Urdu@ e.g.
Sa kha = ka@f + do chashm& he ک + ھ = �� ر�� rSa rakh (keep)
za gha = ga@f + do chashm& he گ + ھ = �� ��� zar ghar (home)
C chha = che + do chashm& he چ + ھ = � �� �� �� Cta chhat (roof)
Ja jha = j&m + do chashm& he ج + ھ = � �� �� �� Ja@ jhat> (quick)
# t>ha = t>e + do chashm& he ٹ + ھ = � �� ���� La# lat>h (stick)
$ d<ha = da@l + do chashm& he ڈ + ھ = ڈھ ڈ�� $ba d<hab (mode)
$[ d<ha = ad<e + do chashm& he ڑ + ھ = ڑھ ���ھ pa$[ pad<h (read)
Ya tha = te + do chashm& he ت + ھ = � �� � ر�� rYa rath (Chariot)
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Za dha = da@l + do chashm& he د + ھ = دھ د�� Zana dhan (wealth)
f pha = pe + do chashm& he پ + ھ = � �� �� �� fLa phal (fruit)
Ba bha = be + do chashm& he ب + ھ = � �� �� �� Ba@ bhat> (warrior)
PLEASE DO NOT ADVANCE TO NEXT LESSON , WITHOUT DOING PREVIOUS LESSONS PROPERLY.
LESSON 3.37
The 37th letter : chhot>& ye Cae@I yaee ({ ,English y Hindi ya) یNasta@]l&q style :
ی ê é èStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting PositoinNaskh style :
i ê é èStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the first ya ‘y’ type of sound (see : baD[I yae bad[& ye 3.38)
NOTES : (1) chhot>& ye is sometimes used as consonant ya y when comes as initial character, but mostly used as
vowel } or }| i or & when it comes after a consonant.
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e.g. (i) yaa ya@ (chhot>& ye + alif) � �� (ii) kI ki (ka@f + chhot>& ye) ��(2) In itial position in a sentence, letter } i is written as a slante line (zer) drawn under the letter alif.
e.g. }Zar idhar (On this side) ھراد (اد��)(3) In itial and Middle positions, chhot>& ye is recognized by the conspicuous two dots under the letter.
e.g. }|d &d � �� �(ain + chhot>& ye + da@l)
(4) chhot>& ye is mostly used for Feminine words.
e.g. bae@I bet>& (daughter) ��� �� �� (be + chhot>& ye + t>e + chhot>& ye)
Examples : ya, } y, i ی : Urdu@ chhot>& ye �� � �� ��� �� (Naskh ��������) (ih>dI ya, } English v, w )
(i) Letter ‘chhot>& ye’ in Stand-alone position (ی )
(ii) Letter ‘chhot>& ye’ in Starting position (è ) : e.g. yaa ya@ (Or), Right to Left $ A a + ya y = + ا
ی = ƒ + è = � �� (nask �� ) (chhot>& ye is in itial shape and alif is in End position)
(iii) Letter ‘chhot>& ye’ in Middle position (é) : e.g. taIna t&n (Three) Right to Left $ na n + }| & + ta t
= ن + + ی ت =Ý+ é + Š = � �� �� (nask ��� ) (te is in Starting shape, chhot>& ye
is in Middle position and nu@n is in End position).
(iv) Letter ‘chhot>& ye’ in End position (ê) : e.g. paI p& (Drink) Right to Left $ }| & + pa p = + ی
پ = ê + ‡ = �� � (nask �� ) (pe is in Starting shape and chhot>& ye is in End position).
EXERCISE : 1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q) � �� � ��� � �� �� �� �� � (Naskh) �� ��� �� ��� ��
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2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh)kI k& (Did), paI p& (Drank), LaI l& Took), dI d& (Gave), yaa ya@ (Or), ibana bin(Without)
LESSON 3.38
The 38th letter of the Urdu@ alphabet : bad<& ye baD[I yaee ([ English e Hindi) ےNasta@]l&q style :
e ë é èStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
e ë é èStand Alone End Position Middle Position Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the first ya ‘y’ type of sound (see : Cae@I yae chhot>& ye 3.37)
NOTES : TIP 7 : Similar to the chhot>& ye, bad<& ye is also used as vowel ] e when comes after another vowel or
a consonant. eg. (i) yaa ya@ (chhot>& ye + alif) � �� (��) ii) saeba seb (s&n + bad<& ye + be) � ��� (���)
(ii) saI s& (s&n + chhot>& ye) �� ( �� ) (ii) sae se (s&n + bad[& ye) �� (��)
TIP 8 : Similar to Letters daLa da@l (د ), DaLa d<a@l ( ڈ ), j[aaLa ja@l ( ذ); re re (ر), AD[e ad<e ( ڑ ), j[ae jhe ( ز ),
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jyae zhe ( ژ ) and va@o vaaAae (و), letter bad<& ye (ے) also does not connect to the letter on its left
side. Therefore, in starting position, it is written as a Stand alone letter. e.g. maera mera@ را��(m&m
+ bad<& ye + re + alif)
TIP 9 : In Middle positions, sometimes chhot>& ye is used in place of the bad<& ye. and then it is easily recognized by the conspicuous two dots under the letter.
e.g. (1) baeksa bekas ���� � (be + bad<& ye + s&n) (2) ]k ek (aik) � + alif + chhot>& ye) ا��
ka@f)
TIP 10 : bad<& ye is mostly used for Masculine words and chhot>& ye for Feminine words.
Examples : ya, } y, i ے : Urdu@ bad<& ye بڈی یے (Naskh ��ی���) (ih>dI ] English e )
(i) Letter ‘bad<& ye’ in Stand-alone position (ے )
(ii) Letter ‘bad<& ye’ in Starting position (è ) : In Starting position, alif and chhot>& ye is used in place
of bad<& ye. .e.g. ]bak ebak (Slave), Right to Left $ k k + ba b + ] e + A a =ی + ب + ک
+ … +Ñ= ا + Š + a = � �� ا�� (nask ا��� ) (alif and chhot>& ye are in itial shape, be is in
Middle shape and ka@f is in End position)
(iii) Letter ‘bad<& ye’ in Middle position (ë) : e.g. baeksa brkas (Hurt, sad) Right to Left $ sa s + k
k + ] e + ba b = س + ک + ے + = ب ³+ Ï+ è + „ = ���� � (nask ���� ) (be is in Starting shape, bad<& ye and ka@f are in Middle position and s&n is in End position).
(iv) Letter ‘bad<& ye’ in End position (ë) : e.g. Lae le (Take!) Right to Left $ ] e + La l = + ے
ë = ل + Õ = �� (nask �� ) (la@m is in Starting shape and bad<& ye is in End
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position).
EXERCISE : سواالت1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q) � ���ا�� � ���� ا�� � � �� � ا�� ���
(Naskh) �ا�� ��� �� ا�� ���� ا��� 2. Write the following words in Urdu@ : (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh)Lae le (Take), de de (Give), maera mera@ (My), baeksa bekas (Sad), yaa ya@ (Or)
PLEASE DO NOT ADVANCE TO NEXT LESSON , WITHOUT DOING THIS LESSON PROPERLY.
LESSON 4
WRITING HINDI AND ENGLISH VOWELS IN URDU
ih>dI ]va> A>gaRej[aI svarae> kae qdU| mae> iLaSanaa_
(1) A (a) : اFor producing the sound of Short vowel ‘a’, as the first ‘A’ in the English word ‘America’ AmaerIka, or Hindi word Aba ab, please see Urdu@ letter alif in Section 3.1 above. eg. AmarIka amrika@
(America) ا������
(2) Aa (a@, aa) : آ(i) To write the Long vowel ‘a@’ (Aa) sound at the begining of a word, like Aa a@ in the word Aaga a@g
(Fire), write the letter alif and put a ‘tilde’ like sign ( ~ ) above to make it look like آ e.g. Aaga a@g
(Fire) � (Naskh ( آگ
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(ii) The Long ‘a@’ sound within or at the end of the word : like Aa a@ in the the word maataa ma@ta@
LESSON 5
URDU DIACRITICAL ACCENT MARKSmaa%aa]> (]êraba) اعراب
(1) Zabar j[abar زبر (Naskh �� ز ) : e.g. پ ب ا ...etc.
‘Zabar’ is always written as SUPERSCRIPT (above). Its shape is like French ‘acute accent.’ Appearing initially, Zabar should be placed over letter alif.
It ipmarts a plain sound (like A a ) to the consonant below it. e.g. ا = (A + A, a + a) ب = (ba` + A, b + a) پ = (pa` + A, p +
a)
(2) Zer j[aer ز��� (Naskh �� ( ز : e.g. ا ب .etc... پ
‘Zer’ is always written as SUBSCRIPT (bolow). Its shape is like French ‘accent aigue.’
It adds a sound of } i to the consonant above it. Appearing initially, Zer should be placed under letter alif.
e.g. ا = } i, ipa pi, (pa` + }, p + i) =��پ� ,iba bi, (ba` + }, b + i) = ب
(3) Pesh paeoa ��� �� (Naskh ��� ) : e.g. ا ب پ ...etc.
‘Pesh’ is always written as SUPERSCRIPT. Its shape is like English ‘comma.’It adds a sound of q u to the consonant below it. Appearing initially, Pesh should be placed over letter alif.e.g. ,q u = ا ,bau bu, (ba` + q, b + u) =ب pau pi, (pa` + q, p + u) = پ
(4) Mad mad �� (Naskh ��) : e.g. آ
‘Mad’ is always written as SUPERSCRIPT. Its shape is like Spanish ‘tilde.’It gives a sound of Aa a@ to the letter alif.‘mad’ should be placed over letter alif.
ا
ا
ا
آ
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A PRELIMINARY VOCABULARY OF KEY URDU WORDSREAD the Urdu@ words and WRITE them. Understand and remember as many as possible.
I maE> maiÜ میں (���) Am hUã hu@Ü (���ں) ہوں Is hE hai ھے (��) Are hE> haiÜ (���) ہیںI am maE> hUã maiÜ hu@Ü (������ں) میں ہوں This yah, yae yah, ye (��) یہWe hma ham We are hma hE> ham haiÜ (��) ہم ہیں ���) ہم ��)You Aapa a@p (آپ) آپ You tauma tum تم (��)You are tauma hae tum ho )تم ہو ����� ) You are taU hE tu@ hai تو ھے (�����)He-She vah, vaae vah, vo وہ (وہ) They vah vah ہو ( ہو )To us hmae> hameÜ (����) ہمیں To you Aapakae a@p ko (آپ���) آپ کوTo him qsakae us ko ,(اس���) اس کو To them qnakae un ko ان کو (ان���)I maE>nae maiÜ ne میں نے (������) He-She qsanae us ne ےاس ن ( �اس�� )You Aapanae a@p ne (آپ���) آپ نے You taUnae tu@ ne تو نے (�����)You taumanae tum ne (�����) تم نے To me mauJae mujhe جھےمو (�����)From you Aapasae a@p se (آپ���) آپ سے From me mauJasae mujh se (�������) موجھ سےFrom you tauJasae tujh se From you (�������) توجھ سے taumasae tum se (��م���) توم سےFrom Him-her qsasae us se From them (اس���) اس سے qnasae un se (ان���) ان سےFor me maere iLayae mere liye ےئی لےریم (���ے����) For you Aapak’ iLayae a@pke liye ےئے لیآپ ک(آ�������)For us hmaare iLayae hama@re liye (���رے����) ھمارے لیے For them qnak’ iLayae unke liye ےئے لیان ک( ����ان��� )My maera mera@ My (���ا) میرا maerI mer& (���ی) میری My maere mere (���ے) میرےOur hmaara hama@ra@ (���را) ہمارا Our hmaarI hama@r& ھماری \(���ری) Our hmaare hama@re ھمارے(���رے)Your Aapaka a@p ka@ Your ,(آپ���) آپ کا AapakI a@p k& (آپ���) آپ کی Your Aapak’ a@p ke آپ کے(آپ���)In me mauJamae> mujh meÜ (��������) موجھ مین In you tauJamae> tujh meÜ (��������) توجھ میںIn you Aapamae> a@p meÜ (آپ����) آپ میں In that qsamae> us meÜ (اس����) اس میںIn them qnamae> un meÜ (اون����) اون میں On me mauJa par mujh par (�������) موجھ پرOn you tauma par tum par (��م���) توم پر On you tauJa par tujh par (توجھ پر) توجھ پرOn you Aapa par a@p par (آپ���) آپ پر On that qsa par us par س پرا (اس���) On this }sa par is par (�����) یس پر On them qna par un par (ان���) ان پر
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LESSON 6THE URDU NUMERALS
اردو عدد0 sifr ٠ isaf`r
1 ek �١ ]k ì One book. ek kita@b ]k iktaaba_ تابی ککیا ( ��ب�����ا )
2 do ٢ dae ì ì Two books. dok kita@beÜ تابےںیدو ک ( ����ں�دو�� )
3 t&n ٣ taIna ì ì ì Three books t&n kita@beÜ تابےںی کنیت ( نیتتابےںیک )
4 cha@r ٤ caar ì ì ì ì
5 pa@n~ch ٥ paaãca ì ì ì ì ì
6 chhah ٦ Ch ì ì ì ì ì ì
7 sa@t ٧ saata ì ì ì ì ì ì ì
8 a@t>h ٨ Aa# ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì
9 nau ٩ naaE ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì
10 das ١٠ dsa ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ì ìì
EXERCISE 13 : (1) Read the numbers in Urdu@ :
1 7 9 4 0 3 2 8 5 6(2) Read the following Urdu numerals :
٧ ٤ ١ ٩ ٦ ٠ ٥ ٣ ٢ ٨ (3) Read and Write the following Urdu@ numerals :
ٹھ، پانچھ، دو، دس آک،یچار، سات، نو، ا ( �آ��،������،�دو،�دس�،���ر،���ت،���،�ا )
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LESSON 7
MAKING YOUR OWN URDU SENTENCESApanae Aapa qdU| jaumaLae banaanae kI maok_
اپنے آپ اردو جوملے بنانے کی مشک
1 MAKING SIMPLE SENTENCES - about a ‘Present’ event, with ‘IS’ (hai hE)
Key words : NOTE, The Ü sign is a nasal tone added to the vowel under that Ü English Hindi Urdu English Hindi UrduI maE>> (maiÜ) میں (���) am hUã (hu@Ü) (���ں) ہوںYou Aapa (a@p) (آپ) آپ are hE> (haiÜ) (���) ہیںHe, she, that vah (vah) وہ (وہ) is hE (hai) ہے (��)This, it yah (yah) (��) یہ They vah (vah) ہو ( ہو )My maera (mera@) (���ا) میرا your Aapaka (a@p-ka@) (آپ���) آپ کا
Our hmaara (hama@ra@) (���را) ھمارا Hisöher qsaka (us-ka@) اس کا (اس���)
ہنقش ( ���� ) TABLE 1 : Speaking Present EventsSubject am is are I maE>> maiÜ میں (���) hUã (hu@Ü) (���ں) ہوںHe, that vah vah وہ (وہ) hE (hai) ہے (��)
She, that vah vah وہ (وہ) hE (hai) ہے (��)
We hma ham hE> (haiÜ) (��) ہم (���) ہیں
You Aapa a@p (آپ) آپ hE> (haiÜ) ہیں (���) You tauma tum تم (��) hae (ho) ہو (��)
You taU tu@ تو (��) hE> (haiÜ) ہیں (���) They vah vah (وے) وے hE> (haiÜ) (���) ہیں
These yah yah (��) یہ hE> (haiÜ) (���) ہیں
NOTE : The above table shows that : (i) A Present Event is shown by suffix hu@Ü, hai or haiÜ hUã, hE, hE> ھے ,(���ں) ہوں (���) ہیں ,(��)Masuline
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I am a boy maE>> LaDñka hUã maiÜ lad<ka@ hu@Ü (�����������ں) میں لڑکا ہوںYou are a boy taU LaDñka hE tu@ lad<<ka@ hai تو لڑکا ہے (����������)He is a boy vah LaDñka hE vah lad<ka@ hai وہ لڑکا ہے (وہ��������)This is a boy yah LaDñka hE yah lad<ka@ hai یہ لڑکا ہے (����������)
FeminineI am a girl maE>> LaDñkI hUã maiÜ lad<k& hu@Ü میں لڑکی ہوں (�����������ں)You are a girl taU LaDñkI hE tu@ lad<k& hai تو لڑکی ہے (����������)She is a girl vah LaDñkI hE vah lad<k& hai ی ہےوہ لڑک (وہ��������)This is a girl yah LaDñkI hE yah lad<k& hai یہ لڑکی ہے (����������)
IMPORTANT NOTEBECAUSE URDU IS A DAUGHTER OF HINDI LANGUAGE, WITH ITS GRAMMAR INTACT,
ALL HINDI SENTENCES WRITTEN IN URDU SCRIPT ARE URDU SENTENCES.Popular and difficult English words may also be used in Urdu sentences as if they were Urdu words.
EXERCISE : (��االت) سواالتTranslate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for your help)1. I am a man. maiÜ a@dam& hu@Ü. maE> AadmaI hUã_ آدمی ہوںمیں (����آد�����ں)2. I am a woman. maiÜ aurat hu@Ü. maE> AaErta hUã_ ہوں اوتر نیم ( ��ں�او������ )3. I am a Cashier. maiÜ cashier hu@Ü. maE> cashier hUã_ (�������������ں) میں کیشیئر ہوں4. I am a Judge. maiÜ judge hu@Ü. maE> jaja hUã_ میں جج ہوں (���������ں)5. I am a Surgeon. maiÜ surgeon hu@Ü. maE> surgeon hUã_ (�����������ں) میں سرجن ہوں6. I am a Chemist. maiÜ chemist hu@Ü maE> chemist hUã_ (�������������ں) میں کیمیسٹ ہوں7. It is good. yah achha@ hai yah AcCa hE_ (���ا�������) یہ اچچھا ہے8. I am an Inspector. maiÜ inspector hu@Ü. maE> inspector hUã_ (����ا���������ں) میں انسپکٹر ہوں9. She is a Midwife. vah midwife hai. vah midwife hE_ ہوں فیڈوائی میںم ( ��ں ���وا������� )10. He is a Conductor. vah conductor hai. vah conductor hE_ نڈکٹر ہےوہ ک (وہ����������) 11. I am alright (ok). maiÜ t>h&k hu@Ü. maE> #Ik hUã_ (�����������ں) میں ٹھیک ہوں12. Ra@ma is a Tennis player. Ra@m tenn&s khila@d<& hai. rama @einasa iSaLaaDñI hE_
(رام�����������ڈی���) رام ٹینیس کھیالڈی ہے13. My name is Ratnakar/ mera@ na@m Ratna@kar hai. maera naama rtnaakr hE_ ا���م�ر������) میرا نام رتناکر ہے���
��)
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USING URDU PLURAL WORDS
RATNAKAR’S FIRST THREE NOBLE TRUTHS : (Singular to Plural)FIRST TRUTH : If the word is Masculine ending in a@ (Aa), the a@ (Aa) changes to e (]) in plural.
eg\ singular m\ Boy LaDñka lad<ka@ ’plural m\ Boys LaDñk # (����) لڑکا lad<ke لڑکے (����)SECOND TRUTH : If the word is Feminine ending in a consonant, then eÜ (]ã) is added in plural.
eg\ singular f\ Book iktaaba kita@b بکیتا plural f\ Books iktaabae> kita@beÜ # (����ب) (������ں) کیتابےںTHIRD TRUTH : If the word is Feminine ending in & (}|), the & (}|) changes to iya@Ü (}yaaã) in plural.
e.g. Singular f\ Girl LaDñkI lad<k& # ���� (����) # plural f\ Girls LaDñikyaaã ladñkiya@Ü لڈکییاں ������ں) )
MORE EXAMPLES : (* = no change)Dog (m\) kÖTaa (kutta@) کتا (���) # Dogs kÖTae (kutte) کتے (���)Cat (f\) ibaLLaI (bill&) یبل ( � �� ) # Cats ibaiLLayaaã (billiya@Ü) ںایبل ( � ں��� )Car (f\) gaaDñI (ga@d<&) گاڑی (��ڑی) # Cars gaaiDñyaaã (ga@diya@Ü) ںاڑیگا ( ��� ں�ڑ )*House (m\) zar (ghar) گھر (���) # Houses zar (ghar) گھر (���) Thing (f\) caIja (ch&j) چیز (���) # Things caIjae> (ch&jeÜ) چیزےں (���ےں)Cow (f\) gaaya (ga@y) گائے (����) # Cows gaa]ã (ga@eÜ) گائےں (����ں)*Teacher (m\) qstaad (usta@d) استاد (ا���د) # Teachers qstaad (usta@d) استاد (ا���د)
PLURALS . We are boys hma LaDñk’ hE> ham lad<ke haiÜ ہم لڑکے ہیں (�����������)You are boys Aapa LaDñk’ hE> a@p lad<ke haiÜ آپ لڑکے ہیں ( آپ���������)They are boys vah LaDñk’ hE> vah lad<ke haiÜ وہ لڑکے ہیں (وہ���������)These are boys yah LaDñk’ hE> ye lad<ke haiÜ یہ لڑکے ہیں (�����������)
We are girls hma LaDñikyaaã hE> ham lad<kiya@Ü haiÜ ہیں ںاہم لڑک؟ی ( ��� ں������ك؟� )You are girls Aapa LaDñikyaaã hE> a@p lad<kiya@Ü haiÜ ہیں ںایک؟ڑآپ ل ( �����ں�آپ���ك؟ )
They are girls vah LaDñikyaaã hE> vah lad<kiya@Ü haiÜ ہیں ںاہ لڑک؟یو ( ��� ں�ہ���ك؟�و )These are girls yah LaDñikyaaã hE> ye lad<kiya@Ü haiÜ ہیں ںاڑک؟ی لیہ ( ��� ں��ك؟����� )
EXERCISE : (��االت) سواالتTranslate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)1. We are men. ham a@dam& haiÜ. hma AadmaI hE>_ (���آد������) ہم آدمی ہیں
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2. We are women. ham aurateÜ haiÜ. hma AaErtae> hE>_ اورتےں ہیںہم (���اور��ں����) 3. This is a house. yah ghar hai. yah zar hE_ یہ گھر ہے (���������)4. Those are houses. vah ghar haiÜ. vah zar hE>_ (وہ��������) وہ گھر ہین5. This is a dog. yah kutta@ hai. yah kÖTaa hE_ یہ کوتتا ہے (�����������)6. Those are dogs. vah kutte haiÜ. vah kÖTae hE>_ (وہ���������) وہ کوتتا ہے7. That is a cat. vah bill& hai. vah ibaLLaI hE_ ہے ہ ب؟لیو ( ����وہ�ب؟� )
8. These are cats. yah billiya@Ü haiÜ. yah ibaiLLayaaã hE>_ ہیں ںای بلیہ ( �� � �����ں��� )
9. You are a Painter. (a@p painter haiÜ. Aapa paen@r hE>) (آپ����������) آپ پینٹر ہیں10. These are Urdu books. (yah Urdu kita@beÜ haiÜ. yah qdU| iktaabae> hE>) (���اردو�������ں����) یہ اردو کیتابےں ہیں11. Those are red cars. (vah la@l ga@diya@Ü haiÜ. vah LaaLa gaaiDñyaaã hE>) ہیں ںاہ الل گاڑیو ( �����ں�وہ�الل���ڑ )
12. Those cars are red. (vah ga@diya@Ü la@l haiÜ. vah gaaiDñyaaã LaaLa hE>) ہیں الل ںاہ گاڑیو ( ���الل���ں�وہ���ڑ )
13. Kha@n is a Weaver. (Kha@n jula@ha@ hai. Saana jauLaaha hE) کھان جالہا ہے ( ن����������� )14. She is an Indian. (vah Hindustan& hai. vah ih>dustaanaI hE) (وہ������������) وہ ہندستانی ہے15. You are American. (a@p Amrican haiÜ. Aapa AmarIkna hE>) وہ امریکن ہے (������ (وہ�ا��16. They are Chinese. (vah Ch&n& haiÜ. vah caInaI hE>) (وہ��������) وہ چینی ہے
3 SPEAKING A PAST EVENT - ‘WAS’ (Yaa) ��� (تھا )
Key words: Here = yaha@Ü yahaã(���ں) یہاں, There = vaha@Ü vahaã(و��ں) وہاں, Where = kaha@Ü khaã (���ں) کہاںRich =am&r AmaIr Poor= gar&b g[arIba ,(ا���)امیر بیغر ( ���� ), Don’t =mataمت(��), Up to = tak
takتک(��)
ہنقش ( ���� ) TABLE 2 : Speaking Past EventsSubject was (m\) was (f\) were (m\) were (f\)I maE>> maiÜ میں (���) Yaa tha@ تھا (���) YaI th& تھی
(���)He vah vah وہ (وہ) Yaa tha@ تھا (���)She vah vah وہ (وہ) YaI th& تھی
(���)We hma ham Yae (��) ہم the تھے
(���)YaI> th&Üتھیں (����)
You Aapa a@p (آپ) آپ Yae the تھے(���)
YaI> th&Üتھیں (����)
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You tauma tum تم (��) Yae the تھے(���)
YaI> th&Üتھیں (����)
You taU tu@ تو (��) YaI th& تھی
(���)Yaa tha@ تھا (���)
They vah vah ہو ( ہو ) Yae the تھے(���)
YaI> th&Üتھیں (����)
These yah yah (��) یہ Yae the تھے(���)
YaI> th&Üتھیں ( ���� )
NOTE : The above table shoes that : (i) Suffixes for the Past events are tha@, th&, the, th&Ü (Yaa YaI Yae YaI>) تھا تھی ,(���) تھے ,(���) تھیں ,(���) (����)(ii) Ending ‘a@’ (Aa) stands for masculine gender, singular subject (I, you, he)(iv) Ending ‘&’ (}|) shows a feminine singular subject (I, she)(v) Ending ‘e’ (]>) stands for masculine plural subject (we, you, they)(vi) Ending letter ‘&Ü’ (}|>) stands for feminine plural subject (we, you, they)* In Urdu and Hindi there is no Neuter gender, all English Neuter things are Masculine or Feminine.
Masculine :I was maE>> Yaa maiÜ tha@ (�������) میں تھاWe were hma Yae ham the (������) ہم تھےYou were Aapa Yae a@p the (آپ����) آپ تھےWhere were you Aapa kha{ Yae? a@p kaha@Ü the? آپ کہاں تھے (آپ����ں����)He was here vah yahaã Yaa vah yaha@Ü tha@ وہ یہاں تھا (وہ����ں����)They were here vah yahaã Yae vah yaha@Ü the وہ یہاں تھے (وہ����ں����)* It was here yah yahaã Yaa yah yaha@Ü tha@ یہ یہاں تھا (������ں����)These were here yah yahaã Yae yah yaha@Ü the یہ یہاں تھے (������ں����)I was poor maE>> g[arIba Yaa maiÜ gar&b tha@ ������) میں غریب تھا ������)He was rich vah AmaIr Yaa vah am&r tha@ وہ امیر تھا (وہ�ا�������)Who were poor? g[arIba kaEna Yae? gar&b kaun the غریب کون تھے �����ن����) ��)
Feminine :I was maE>> YaI maiÜ th& (�������) میں تھیWe were hma YaI> ham th&Ü ہم تھیں (�������)
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You were Aapa YaI> a@p th&Ü آپ تھیں (آپ�����)Where were you Aapa kha{ YaI>? a@p kaha@Ü th&Ü? آپ کہاں تھیں؟ (آپ����ں�����؟)She was here vah yahaã YaI vah yaha@Ü th& وہ یہاں تھی (وہ����ں����)They were here vah yahaã YaI> vah yaha@Ü th&Ü وہ یہاں تھیں (وہ����ں�����)* It was here yah yahaã YaI yah yaha@Ü th& یہ یہاں تھی (������ں����)These were here yah yahaã YaI> yah yaha@Ü th&Ü ھیں تیہاں یہ ( ��������ں �� )I was poor maE>> g[arIba YaI maiÜ gar&b th& ھی تبی غریںم ( ������������ )She was rich vah AmaIr YaI vah am&r th& ھی ترہ امیو ( �����ہ�ا��و )Who were poor? g[arIba kaEna YaI>? gar&b kaun th&Ü? ھیں کون تبیغر ( ������ن������ )
EXERCISE : Present tense and Past tense (��االت) سواالتTranslate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)
Key Words : Not = nah&Ü nahI> ہیںن ( ���� ), And = aur AaEr (اور) اور, Or = ya@ yaa ای ( �� ), Also = bh& BaI ھیب ( ��� ), Only = h& hI (��)ہی
1. I was an engineer. main engineer tha@. maE> engineer Yaa_ ھا تئرینی انجیںم ( ����������ا����� )2. She was dentist. vah dentist th&. vah dentist YaI_ ھی تٹسٹینہ ڈیو ( ���������ہ�ڈ�و )3. Where was she? vah kaha@Ü th&. vah khaã YaI_ ہ کہاں تھیو ( ہ����ں����و )4. He is a thief. vah chor hai. vah caaer hE_ ہ چور ہئےو ( ہ���ر����و )5. They are thieves. vah chor haiÜ. vah caaer hE>_ ہ چہر ھیںو ( ہ��������و )6. You were there. a@p vaha@Ü the. Aapa vahaã Yae_ ہاں تھےآپ و ( ��ں����آپ�و )
USING THE ACTION WORDSFOR MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES
Let us learn how to make our own sentences in the following five ways1. I normally ‘do’ (habitual) (you do; he, she, it does; we do, they do) see - Table 32. I am ‘doing’ (you are doing; he, she, it is doing; we, they are doing) Table 43. I was ‘doing’ (you were doing; he, she, it was doing; they were doing) Table 55. I had ‘already’ done (you had done; he, she, it had done; we, they had done) Table 66. I ‘used to do’ (you used to do; he, she, it used to do; they used to do) Table 7
ہنقش ( ���� ) TABLE 3 : Making sentences with - I do; you do; he, she, it does; we do; they do.Doer of the action drink am, is, are, has, have
Subject Verb Masculine Verb Feminine Present tense
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I drink maE>> maiÜ میں (���) paItaa p&ta@ تایپ ( ���� ) paItaI p&t& یتیپ ( ���� ) hUã hu@Ü �) ہوں(��ں
He drinks vah vah وہ (وہ) paItaa p&ta@ تایپ ( ���� ) hE (hai) (���) ہئےShe drinks vah vah وہ (وہ) paItaI p&t& یتیپ ( ���� ) hE (hai) (���) ہئےWe drink hma ham ےتیپ paItae p&te (��) ہم ( ���� ) paItae p&te ےتیپ ( ���� ) hE> (haiÜ) (���) ہیں
You drink Aapa a@p (آپ) آپ paItae p&te ےتیپ ( ���� ) paItae p&te ےتیپ ( ���� ) hE> (haiÜ) ہیں (���) You drink tauma tum تم (��) paItae p&te ےتیپ ( ���� ) paItaI p&t& یتیپ ( ���� ) hae (ho) ہو (��)You drink taU tu@ تو (��) paItaa p&ta@ تایپ ( ���� ) paItaI p&t& یتیپ ( ���� ) hE (hai) (���) ہئےThey drink vah vah ہو (وہ) paItae p&te ےتیپ ( ���� ) paItae p&te ےتیپ ( ���� ) hE> (haiÜ) (���) ہیں
EXERCISE : (��االت) سواالت 1. Present Habitual modeTranslate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)
1. I drink tea. maiÜ cha@y p&ta@ (p&t&) hu@Ü maE> caaya paItaa (paItaI) hUã ہوں تاے پی چائیںم ( ���ں������������� )
) ہوںیتی چائے پںیم ���ں������������� )
You drink tea. a@p cha@y p&te haiÜ. Aapa caaya paItae hE>_ ہیں ےتے پیآپ چائ ( �������آپ������� )
He drinks tea. vah cha@y p&ta@ hai. vah caaya paItaa hE_ ہے تاہ چائے پیو ( �����������وہ�� )
2. She eats hot Samosa@s vah garam samose khat& hai vah garma samaaesae SaataI hE ہے ہ گرم سموسے کھاتیو( ����وہ���م����������� )
We walk 10 km. ham das km chalte haiÜ. hma 10 km.caLatae hE>_ ۔می۔ چلتے ہوںہم دس کی ( ـ��ـ�����دس��(�������ں
They drink hot tea. vah garam cha@y p&te haiÜ. vah garma caaya paItae hE>_ ہیں ےتہ گرم چائے پیو ( ہ���م������و���� ��� )
3. They eat bananas. vah kele kha@te haiÜ. vah k’Lae Saatae hE>_ ھاتے ہیں کےلہ کیو ( ������������ہ���و )4. She sleeps at 10 O Clock. vah das baje sot& hai vah dsa bajae saaetaI hE ہئے ہ دس بجے سوتیو ( ہ�دس�����و
���� ��� )5. You write books. a@p kita@beÜ likhte haiÜ. Aapa iktaaba iLaSatae hE>_ ہیں ھتےکی لتابیآپ ک ( ������� ��ب�� آپ���)6. He goes home. vah ghar ja@ta@ hai. vah zar jaataa hE_ ہ گھر جاتا ہئےو ( ہ�������������و )
ہنقش ( ���� ) TABLE 4 : Use of, I am doing; you are doing; he, she is doing; we are doing; they are doing
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Doer of the action Doing (verb drink = paI p&) I am, he is, they are
I am drinking etc. Verb Masculine : xxxing Verb Feminine : xxxingI maE>> maiÜ میں (���) paI rha p& raha@ ہا ریپ ( ���ر�� )
paI rhIp& rah& ہی ریپ ( ���
��ر )
hUã hu@Ü �) ہوں(��ں
He vah vah وہ (وہ) paI rha p& raha@ ہا ریپ ( ���ر�� ) hE (hai) (���) ہئےShe vah vah وہ (وہ) paI rhIp& rah& ہی ریپ ( ���
��ر )hE (hai) (���) ہئے
We hma ham paI rhe (��) ہم p& rahe ہے ریپ ( �����ر )
paI rhe p& rahe ہے ریپ ( �����ر )
hE> (haiÜ) (���) ہیں
You Aapa a@p (آپ) آپ paI rhe p& rahe ہے ریپ ( ���
��ر )paI rhe p& rahe ہے ریپ ( ���
��ر )hE> (haiÜ) ہیں (���)
You tauma tum تم (��) paI rhe p& rahe ہے ریپ ( �����ر )
paI rhIp& rah& ہی ریپ ( �����ر )
hae (ho) ہو (��)
You taU tu@ تو (��) paI rha p& raha@ ہا ریپ ( ���ر�� ) paI rhIp& rah& ہی ریپ ( ���
��ر )hE (hai) (���) ہئے
They vah vah ہو (وہ) paI rhe p& rahe ہے ریپ ( �����ر )
paI rhe p& rahe ہے ریپ ( �����ر )
hE> (haiÜ) (���) ہیں
* NOTE : Generally, Masculine Plural verb is used for Feminine Plural verb also.
EXERCISE : (��االت) سواالت ON WHAT WE LEARNED SO FARTranslate the Hind& sentences into English (Answers are given for help)
Key Words : O Clock, at O Clock = baje bajae ےبج ( ��� ); Today = a@j Aaja ;(آج) آجTomorrow, Yesterday = kal kLa ) کل ��); Now = ab Aba ;(اب) اب Then = tab taba ;(��) تبWhen? = kab kba کب (��); What? = kya@ Kyaa ایک ( ��� ); Work = ka@m kama (��م) کام
1.Anjal& is coming at two O Clock. an~jal& do baje a@ rah& hai. A>jaLaI dae bajae Aa rhI hE_ہے ے آ رہی دو بجیانجل ( �����دو�����آ�ر��ا��� )
2. They are not working today. vah a@j ka@m nah&Ü kar rahe haiÜ. vah Aaja kama nahI> kr rhe hE>_ہے ہیں کر رہ آج کام نہیںو ( ����������رہ�آج���م�����و )
3. Yesterday she was eating two Roties. Vah kal do rot>iya@Ü kha@ rah& th&. vah kLa dae raei@yaaã Saa rhI YaI_
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ی تھی کھا رہںایکل وہ دو روٹ ( ����������ر��ں����وہ�دو�رو� )
4. What Ahmad Ali was saying yesterday? Ahmad Ali kal kya@ kah raha@ tha@. Ahmad ALaI kLa Kyaa kh rha Yaa? ہ رہا تھا کای کل کھمد علیا ( ��ر����������������������ا )
5. M&ra@ was singing Urdu songs. (song = ga@na@) m&ra@ Urdu ga@ne ga@ rah& th&. maIra qdU| gaanae gaa rhI YaI_ھی تے گا رہی اردو گانرایم ( ���������ر���اردو�����ا�� )
6. Ra@dha@ wants a cup of tea. Ra@dha@ ek kap cha@y cha@hat& hai. raZaa ]k kpa caaya caahtaI hE_
��� �� ��� ��� �� �� �� �� �� � ) راد�� ا�� ��� �����������������ا��راد )
7. R&ta@ is now going home. R&ta@ ab ghar ja@ rah& hai. rItaa Aba zar jaa rhI hE_ہئے ھر جا رہی اب گتایر ( ��� ������ر���اب�����ر )
8. N&ta@ can run 10 km. N&ta@ das kilo-mitar bha@g sakt& hai. naItaa dsa ikLaae-ima@r Baaga saktaI hE_ہئے ھاگ سکتی بیٹر دس ک؟لو متاین ( ��� ��گ�����������دس�ك؟�������� )
9. You can not walk even one km. a@p ek km.bh& nah&Ü chal sakte haiÜ. Aapa ]k ik.maI. BaI nahI> caLa saktae_ے چل سکتہیں نٹر بھی کلو مکیآپ ا ( ������������������������� ��آپ�ا )
10. Yesterday a house was burning. kal ek ghar jal raha@ tha@. kLa ]k zar jaLa rha Yaa_ھر جل رہا تھا گکیکل ا ( ������ر�������������ا )
11. Gopa@l has already fried the Samosa@@/. Gopa@l samose tal chuka@ hai. gaaepaaLa samaaesae taLa cauka hE_ے تل چوکا ہئےوسگوپال سم ( ��ل����� ��������������� )
12. Mona@ had already brought the books. Mona@ kita@beÜ la@ chuk& th&. maaenaa iktaabae> Laa caukI YaI_ھی تےں ال چکیمونا کتاب ( �����ں�ال������������� )
13. Masood Nabi reads at 7 O Clock. Masu@d nab& sa@t baje pad<hta@ hai. masaUd nabaI saata bajae pa$ñtaa hE_ے پڑھتا ہئے سات بجیمسود نب ( ��������������ت�������د��� )
14. I used to drink only coffee, now I drink tea also. maiÜ ka@f& h& p&ta@ tha@, ab maiÜ cha@y bh& p&ta@ hu@Ü. maE> kafI hI paItaa Yaa, Aba maE> caaya BaI paItaa hUã_
ہوں تای پے بھی چائھا اب میں تتای پہی ی کافیںم ( ��ں �����������������اب������������� �������� )15. They had already played Chess. vah shatranj khel chuke the. vah oatar>ja SaeLa cauk’ Yae_
ے تھے چوکلہ شترنج کھیو ( ���������������ہ�����و )
5. MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR FUTURE EVENTS
ہنقش ( ���� ) TABLE 8 : Future actions : I will do, I will eat, I will go, ...etc.Doer of the action drink am, is, are, has, have
Subject Verb Masculine : will Verb Feminine : willI will drink maE>> maiÜ میں (���) paIQ{gaa p&u@nga@ ںگاویپ
( ں����� )paIQ{gaI p&u@ng& ںگیویپ ( ں����� )
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He will drink vah vah وہ (وہ) ]gaa p&ega@ ےگائیپ ( ������ )
She will drink vah vah وہ (وہ) paI]gaI p&eg& ےگیئیپ ( ������ )
We will drink hma ham ےعنگیپ paI]{gae p&enge (��) ہم( ������ )
paI]{gae p&enge ےعنگیپ ( ������ )
You will drink Aapa a@p (آپ) آپ paI]{gae p&enge ےعنگیپ( ������ )
paI]{gae p&enge ےعنگیپ ( ������ )
You will drink tauma tum تم (��) paIAaegae p&oge ئوگےیپ ( ������ ) paIAaegaI p&og& یئوگیپ ( �� ���� )You will drink taU tu@ تو (��) ]gaa p&ega@ ےگائیپ ( ������ ) paI]gaI p&eg& ےگیئیپ ( ������ )
They will drink vah vah ہو (وہ) paI]{gae p&enge ےعنگیپ( ������ )
paI]{gae p&enge ےعنگیپ ( ������ )
*NOTE : Generally, masculine plural forms for feminine plural tenses also.
EXERCISE : (��االت) سواالت Future EventsTranslate the English sentences into Hind& (Answers are given for help)
1. I will eat a mango. maiÜ ek a@m kha@u@n[ga@ (kha@u@n[g&). maE ]k Aama> SaaQãgaa (SaaQãgaI)_
�� �� � آم ���و�� � ا�� ��� ،�� �� � آم ���و�� � ا�� ��� ( ��و�ں���آم�����ا���و�ں��،����آم�����ا��� )
2. You will bring the money. a@p paise la@en[ge. Aapa paEsae Laa]ãgae_ ے العنگےسیآپ پ ( �ال�������آپ�� )
3. He (she) will wash clothes tomorrow. vah kal kapd<e dhoega@ (dhoeg&). vah kLa kpaD[e Zaae]gaa (Zaae’gaI)_ یگی وہ کل کپڑے دھوگا،یوہ کل کپڑے دھو ( �� ��وہ�������ے�د����،�وہ�������ے�د�� )
4. We will write two ham do khat likhenge. hma dae Sata iLaSae>gae_ ےنگہم دع کھط لکھی ( �����دع���������� )
5. Will they drink wine? vah shara@b p&en[ge kya@? vah oaraba paI]ãgae Kyaa?عنگے؟ی وہ شراب پایک ( ����؟��وہ���اب����� ا؟ی کعنگےیوہ شراب پ ,( ( �؟��������وہ���اب�� )
6. What will they ask? vah kya@ pu@chhen[ge? vah Kyaa paUCe>gae? ےنگھی پوچاہ کیو ( �����������وہ�� )
RATNAKAR’S FOURTH NOBLE TRUTH : (kya@)Whem ‘kya@’ (Kyaa) comes at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, kya@ (Kyaa) = a question mark (?). But, when kya@ (Kyaa) comes anywhere in the sentence, then this kya@ (Kyaa) = what?
See examples 5 and 6 above.
EXERCISE : (��االت) سواالت
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Translate the Hind& sentences into English (Answers are given for help)Key Words : Everyday = roz raej[a (روز) روز; Never = kabh& nah&Ü kBaI nahI> ہیں نھیکب ( ��������� );
Always = hamesha@ hmaeoaa ہشہمی ( ����� ); Someone = ko& kae}| یکوع ( ���� ); Sometime, ever = kabh& kBaI ھیکب ( ���� ); Anytime = kabh& bh& kBaI BaI ھی بھیکب ( �������� ), Some, Something = kuchhkÖC ھکوچ ( ���� ); Anything, whatever = kuchh bh& kÖC BaI ھ بھیکوچ ( �������� ); Where = kaha@Ü khaã
ہاںک ہیںک <Somewhere = kah&Ü khI ;(���ں) ( ���� ); Anywhere = kah&Ü bh& khI> BaI ھی بہیںک ( �������� )
1. Neil will come home at two O Clock. Neil do baje ghar a@ega@. naILa dae bajae zar Aa]gaa_گای دو بجے گھر آئلین ( ����دو���������آ���� )
2. Ra@n& will not work today. Ra@n& a@j ka@m nah&Ü kareg&. ranaI Aaja kama nahI> kregaI_یگی کرںی آج کام نہیران ( ���������آج���م����را� )
3. Yesterday N&ra@ was sewing a scarf. kal N&ra@ dupt>t>a@ s& rah& th&. kLa naIra dupa@`@a saI rhI YaI_ھی تٹا س رہی دوپرایکل ن ( ��ا����� �ر���دو �������س )
4. What should Vijay say to Amir? Vijay kya@ kahe? ivajaya Kyaa khe? ) کہے؟ای سے کری امجےیو �������ا����و����؟��� )
5. What will M&na@ say tommorrow to Razia? M&na@ raziya@ ko kal kya@ kaheg&? maInaa rij[ayaa kae kLa Kyaa khegaI? ؟یگہی کای کو کل کیہ رضنایم ( ؟�������������������ر����� )
6. Ra@ja@ will go to the farmer’s field sometime. Ra@ja@ kisa@n ke khet meÜ kabh& ja@yega@. rajaa iksaana k’ Saeta mae> kBaI jaa]gaa_ گای جائھی کبیںے کھےت م کسانیراجا ک ( �����������������ت��������ن�را���� )
7. Will (should) R&kk& go home now? R&kk& ab ghar ja@ega@ kya@? rIKkI Aba zar jaa]gaa Kyaa?ا؟ی کگاھر جائی اب گیکیر ( �؟�������������اب���� �ر )
8. Where will N&ru@ keep the Urdu books? N&ru@ Urdu@ kita@neÜ khaÜ rakhegi? naIW qdU| iktaabae> kha{ rSaegaI? ؟یگی کہاں رکھںیتابی اردو کروین ( ؟����ں�ر������������اردو���و�� )
9. What will David write in the examination today? David aj imteha@n meÜ kya@ likhega@? DeivaD Aaja }mtaehana mae> Kyaa iLaSaegaa? گا؟ھی لکای کیں آج ا؟متحان میڈوڈی ( ��؟������������آج�ا؟����ن������ڈ )
10. What was burning yesterday? kal kya@ jal raha@ tha@. kLa Kyaa jaLa rha Yaa_ ہا تھا؟ جل رایکل ک ( ����������������؟ر )
11. Raju had already washed the pots. ra@ju@ batran dho chuka@ tha@. gaaeiva>d bartana Zaae cauka Yaa_(را��������د�����������) راجو برتن دھو چوکا تھا
12. Mohan will not sleep here today. Mohan a@j yaha@Ü nah&Ü soyega@. maaehna Aaja yahaã nahI> saae]gaa_گای سوئںی نہہاںیموحن آج ( ��������������ں������آج� )
17. Somebody was here. ko& yaha@Ü tha@@. yahaã kae}| Yaa_ ھا تیہاں یکوع ( �������ں ���� )18. Was anyone here? ko& yaha@Ü tha@ kya@ ? kae}| yahaã Yaa Kyaa? اھا کی تیہاں یکوع ( �����������ں ���� )
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LESSON 8MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR COMPLETED ACTIONS
A perfected or completed action indicates what you did, have done or had done.(i) suffix (m\) a@ (Aa) or (f\) & (}|) is attached to the verb that ends in a consonant or a short vowel.
eg\ verb chal caLa (to walk) # walked chal + a@ = chala@; I walked m\ maiÜ chala@, f\ maiÜ chal&.caLa + Aa = caLaa, (m\) maE> caLaa, (f\) maE> caLaI_ ی چلیں چال، میںچال؛ م= آ + چل ( ���������،������؛��= آ�+ ��� )
(ii) suffix ya@ (y + a@) yaa or y& (y + &) yaI is attached to the verb that ends in a long vowel such as a@, & or o (Aa, }|, Aae). eg\ verb so saae (sleep) # (slept) m\ so + y + a@ = soya@, I slept m\ maiÜ soya@, f\maiÜ soy&. saae + yaa = saaeyaa, (m\) maE> saaeyaa, (f\) maE> saaeyaI_ ی سوئیں سوئا، میںم ( �����،������������ )
(iii) If a completed action is Transitive, suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject. verb kha@ Saa (eat) #(ate) kha@ + ya@ = kha@ya@, (I ate) maiÜne kha@ya@. Saa + yaa = Saayaa, maE>nae Saayaa_ اے کھای نیںم ( ������������ )p& paI (drink) # (drank) p& + ya@ = p&ya@, (I drank) maiÜne p&ya@. paIyaa, maE>nae paIyaa_ اے پیی نیںم ( ����������� )
(iv) When suffix ne (nae) is attached to a subject, the verb changes according to the Object (the thing on which the action is done). Now the Subject has no effect on the verb. eg\ m\ and f\ subject #
1. I ate a banana. maiÜ ne kela@ kha@ya@ maE>nae k’Laa Saayaa اھای کالے کی نیںم ( ��� ������������ ); 2. I ate bananas. maiÜ ne kele kha@ye maE>nae k’Lae Saayae ھائے کےلے کی نیںم ( ����������������� );
3. I ate a rot>& maiÜ ne rot>& kha@y& maE>nae rae@I SaayaI ھائی کے روٹی نیںم ( ��������رو������� );4. I ate rot>&/ maiÜ ne rot>iya@Ü kha@y&Ü maE>nae raei@yaaã SaayaI> ھائی کںاے روٹی نیںم ( ������ں���رو������� ).
RATNAKAR’S FIFTH NOBLE TRUTH : (Perfect tense)If an action is completed on a transitive verb, suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject.(a) Completed or perfected action = I did, I have done, I had done ...etc.(b) Transitive action is where the the action is performed on an object, not on the
subject. eg\ I (the subject) ate (the verb) a mango (the object), I drank tea, I wrote a book ...etc.
(c) Intransitive action is where the action is performed by the doer (subject) on himöherself, i.e. the action is not transferred to any external object.
eg\ I (the subject) went, Bob slept, John walked, dog ran, cat died, they stayed, we came, you lived, baby cried, water leaked, house burnt, Sonia
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LESSON 12
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND VOCABULARY 12.1 ANIMALS, Domastic جانورلوھریگ ( �����ر������ )
Buffalo BaE>sa bhains بھینس ( ����� ) Bull saa>D sa@nd> ڈسان (����)
Calf baCD[a bachad>a@ ھڑابچ (����ا) Camel Q{@ u@nt> ٹاون (او��)Cat ibaLLaI bill& یبل ( � �� ) Cow gaaya ga@y ےگائ (����)
Dog kÖTaa kutta@ کتا (���) Donkey gaZaa gadha@ ھاگد ( ���� )
Goat bakrI bakr& یبکر ( ی��� ) Horse zaaeD[a ghod>a@ ھوڑاگ (���ڑا)
Mouse caUha chu@ha@ ہاچو (����) Mule Saccar khacchar ھچرک (����)
Ox baELa bail لیب ( ��� ) Pig saUAr su@ar سوور (��ور)
Pony @@`@U t>at>t>u (���) ٹٹو Rabbit Sargaaeoa khargosh خرگوش (����ش)
Ram mae>$a mend>ha@ ڈھانیم ( ������ ) Sheep BaeD[ bhed> ھیڑب ( ���� )
12.2 ANIMALS, Wild جانوریجنگل ( �����ر����� )
Bear BaaLaU bha@lu@ ھالوب (�����) Crab k’kD[a kekd[a@ ڑاکیک ( ��ا�� )
Deer ihrna hiran رنہی ( �ن�� ) Elephant haYaI ha@th& ہاتھی ( ����� )Fish maCLaI machhl& ھلیمچ ( ����� ) Jackal gaIdD[ g&dad> ڑدیگ ( �ڑ�� )
Jackal isayaar siya@r اریءیس ( �ر�ء�� ) Lion oaer sher ریش ( ��� )
Mongoose naevaLaa neola@ والین ( �ال�� ) Monkey ba>dr bandar (���ر) بندر
Panther icaTaa chitta@ تایچ ( ���� ) Porcupine saehI seh& یہیس ( ���� )
Rhino gae>Da gend>a@ ڈانیگ ( ��ا�� ) Squirrel igaLahrI gilhar& ھریلیگ ( ی��� �� )
Stag baarhisa>gaa ba@rahsinga@@ ھانگہسیبار ( �������ر�� ) Tiger oaer sher ریش ( ��� )Turtle kCuAa kachhua@ ھوآکچ ( ��آ�� ) Wolf BaeiDyaa bhediya@ اھیڑیب ( ������ )
12.3 BIRDS ےندیپر ( ��ے��� )
Bat icamagaadD[ chimga@dad> ���دڑ �� �� ( ���دڑ�� ) Cockoo kaeyaLa koyal اھیڑیب ( ������ )
Duck bataSa batakh بطخ (���) Eagle caILa ch&l لیچ ( ��� )Hawk baaj[a ba@z باز (��ز) Hen maugaI| murg& یمرغ ( ���� )
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LESSON 14
URDU LITERATUREThe notable Urdu literary activity begins with the Su@f& mystic musician Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn al-Dīn Amir Khusrau (1253-1325) � ��� �ا���� �� ��و ا�� �� � ا����
( ����� ����و ا��ا���� ا���� ) better known as Amīr Khusrow Dehlawī ی�� ��و د�� �� � �) ا��� ����و ا���-Born at Badaun, he flourished during the reign of Sultan Ghias ,(د���یud-d&n Balban (r. 1266-1287). Following Khusrau’s Urdu Diwa@n, Ghazal, Masnavi, Qata, Qqwwa@l&, Rubai, Do-Beti and Tarkibhandwritings, the next Urdu literary milestone is the Doha@ compositions of Sant Kabir (1440-1518). Then the chronology of the Urdy poetry contunues through our great Muslim as well as Hindu forefathersmanely, Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah (1565-1611), Wali Muhammad Wali, Deccani (1667-1707), Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (1699-1781), Mirza Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713-1781), Khwaja Mir Dard, (1721-1785), Mir Taqi Mir (1722-1808), Nazeer Akbarabadi, (1740-1830), Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim, (1811-1845), Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish, (1778-1846), Hakim Momin Khan Momin, (1801-1852), Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Zauq (1789-1854), Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-1862), Mufti Sadr-Uddin Azurda (1788-1869), Mirza Ghalib (1797-1869), Mir Babbar Ali Anis (1803-1874), Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer (1803-1875), Wajid Ali Shah Akhtar (1827-1887), Amir Meenai (1826-1900), Nawab Mirza Khan Dagh Dehlawi, (1831-1905), Durga Sahay Saroor (1873-1910), Bekhud Badayuni (1857-1912), Altaf Hussain (1837-1914), Khwaja Altaf Hussain Hali (1837-1914), Shibli Nomani (1857-1914), Maulana Shibli Numani (1857-1914), Akbar Allahabadi (1846-1921), Brij Narayan Chakbast (1882-1926), Ram Parshad Bismil (1867-1927), Ashfaq Allah Khan (1900-1927), Muhammed Ali Jauhar (1878-1931), Munshi Premchand (1880-1936), Muhammed Iqbal (1873-1938), Akhtar Sheerani (1905-1948), Hasrat Mohani (1875-1951), Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang (1875-1952), Asrar-Ul-Haq Majaz (1911-1955), Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (1873-1956), Jigar Muradabadi, (1890-1960), Tilok Chand Mehroom (1885-1966), Shakeb Jalali (1932-1966), Makhdoom Mahiuddin (1908-1969), Shakeel Badayuni (1916-1970), Mustafa Zaidi (1930-1970), Nasir Kazmi, (1925-1972), Ravish Siddiqui (1909-1971), Majeed Amjad (1914-1974), Noon Meem Rashid (1910-1975), Jan Nisar Akhtar (1914-1976), Krishan Chander (1914-1977), Saeeda Urooj Mazhar, (1916-1978), Ibn-e-Insha, (1927-1978), Sahir Ludhianvi, (1921-1980), Nushoor Wahidi (1911-1981), Firaq Gorakhpuri, Raghupati Sahay (1896-1982), Shabir Hasan Josh Malihabadi (1898-1982), Hafeez Jullundhry (1900-1982), Saghir Nizami (1905-1982), Ihsan Danish (1914-1982), Josh Malihabadi, (1898-1982), Faiz Ahmed Faiz (1911-1984), Ayyub Sabir (1923-1989), Yazdani Jalandhari (1915-1990), Gopal Mittal (1906-1993), Habib Jalib (1928-1993), Waheed Akhtar (1934-1996), Obaidullah Aleem (1939-1997), Dilawar Figar (1928-1998), Zamir Jafri,