WWHOHO W WILLILL L LEADEAD & W & WHOHO W WILLILL FFOLLOWOLLOW Presented ByPresented By:: ALI ABBASALI ABBAS

ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2010, Vol.35, No.4, 627-647

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVETo Identify a leader and To Identify a leader and follower, their follower, their relationship and explain relationship and explain why some individuals why some individuals come to be seen as come to be seen as leaders and others as leaders and others as followers.followers.

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IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION & SELF CONCEPT:

THE IDENTIFICATION THE IDENTIFICATION PROCESS:PROCESS:

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Confident+Risk Taker+Innovative+Initiator+Fear Less+Dare To Win+Competitive+Never Give Up= LEADER= LEADER

Seeing Oneself as a leader not only enhances

one’s motivation to lead but also enables to seekResponsibilities and

opportunities to develop

Leadership skills.

Who is a Follower ?Who is a Follower ?

. . Volunteering to handle tasks or help Volunteering to handle tasks or help accomplish accomplish goals goals . Willingly accepting assignments. Willingly accepting assignments. . Exhibiting loyalty to the groupExhibiting loyalty to the group. . Voicing differences of opinions, but Voicing differences of opinions, but supporting the supporting the group's decisions group's decisions. . Offering suggestionsOffering suggestions. . Maintaining a positive attitude, even Maintaining a positive attitude, even in confusing or in confusing or trying times trying times. . Working effectively as a team memberWorking effectively as a team member

• Conformist followers often say “yes” when they really want to say “no.” • They are eager to take orders and please others. • They assume that the leader’s position of power entitles them to obedience. • They do not question the social order and find comfort in structure.

1. CONFORMIST 1. CONFORMIST FOLLOWERFOLLOWER

2. ALIENTATED 2. ALIENTATED FOLLOWERFOLLOWER

• Think independently and critically, but are not active in carrying out the role of a follower.

• Might find themselves disengaging from the group at times.

• My see themselves as a victim

who has been treated unfairly.

• Stay in the middle of the road. They question a leader’s decisions, but not too often or too openly.

• Perform the required tasks, but seldom do more than is asked or expected.

• They may live by the slogan “better safe than sorry.”

3. PRAGMATIC FOLLOWER3. PRAGMATIC FOLLOWER

4. PASSIVE FOLLOWER4. PASSIVE FOLLOWER

• Passive followers are the exact opposite of exemplary followers. • They look to the leader to do

their thinking for them. • Do not carry out their

assignments with enthusiasm. • They lack initiative and a sense

of responsibility

5. EXEMPLARY 5. EXEMPLARY FOLLOWERFOLLOWER

• Exemplary followers exercise independent, critical thinking, separate from the group or leader. • Second, they are actively

engaged, using their talents for the benefit of the organization, even when confronted with bureaucracy or other non-contributing members.

INDIVIDUAL INTERNALISATION:

A state where individuals come to Incorporate the identity of leader orFollower as part of their self-concept.

THE IDENTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION THE IDENTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSPROCESSIDENTITY CONSTRUCTION & SELF CONCEPT:

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RELATIONAL RECOGNITION:•Relationally recognized through adoption of reciprocal Role identities as leader & follower.• Clarity of Roles:• Clarity in the leader follower relationship• Influential leadership• Missing Clarity:• Conflicts• Non Productivity

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THE IDENTIFICATION THE IDENTIFICATION PROCESSPROCESS

IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN ORGANISATIONAL & SOCIAL CONTEXT

COLLLECTIVE ENDORRSEMENT:

•The more the individual is endorsed collectively by a group as a leader or follower, the more stable the construction process will be.

• How individuals influence each other to collectively construct their identities.

THE IDENTIFICATION PROCESSTHE IDENTIFICATION PROCESSIDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN ORGANISATIONAL & SOCIAL CONTEXT

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CLAIMING & GRANTING THE IDENTITY:

• Direct Verbal Acts (Leader)• © Leader like statements, (G) Referring other person as Leader• Direct Verbal Acts (Follower)• © I am following what he says, (G) You have to follow him• Indirect/ Non Verbal Acts (Leader)• Through postures or by sitting at the head of a meeting table• Indirect/ Non Verbal Acts (Follower) • By speaking in a meeting only when called

THE IDENTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION THE IDENTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSPROCESS

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THE IDENTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSTHE IDENTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

CLAIMING & GRANTING REQUIRESCLAIMING & GRANTING REQUIRES

. . CREDIBILITYCREDIBILITY

. CLARITY. CLARITY

. VISIBILITY Of CLAIMS. VISIBILITY Of CLAIMS

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The more individuals perceive instrumental, interpersonal and Image rewards associated with leadership, (a) the more they will Claim a leader

identity and (b) the more they will grant Follower Identity to others.

The more individuals perceive instrumental, interpersonal and Image risks associated with

leadership, (a) the less they will Claim a leader identity and (b) the more they will grant

Follower Identity to others.

THE IDENTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSTHE IDENTIFICATION & CONSTRUCTION PROCESSWHO

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WHO

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