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LCS

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Page 1: LCS ch1
Page 2: LCS ch1

Mathematical ReviewMathematical Review

Page 3: LCS ch1

VectorsVectors

• Notation – lower case italicsNotation  lower case italics• Linear dependence

lid• Euclidean norm• p‐norm• Euclidean norm properties

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VectorsVectors

• Linearly dependenceLinearly dependence

0x y • If above holds for non‐zero alpha and beeta

y

then the vectors are dependant

Page 5: LCS ch1

VectorsVectors

• Euclidean normEuclidean norm

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VectorsVectors

• P‐normP norm

• P>=1P> 1

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Properties of Euclidean normProperties of Euclidean norm

Triangle inequalityg q y

Cauchy‐Schwarz 

• If x is complex then its transpose is conjugate transpose

inequality 

transpose

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MatricesMatrices

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MatrixMatrix

• NotationNotation– Upper case italic

• Multiplication• Multiplication– Properties

• Determinant– Properties

• Inverse of a matrix

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Trace of a MatrixTrace of a Matrix

• Sum of diagonal entries of a square matrixSum of diagonal entries of a square matrix

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Eigen values/vectors of a matrixEigen values/vectors of a matrix

• Real and distinct Eigen values• Real and repeated Eigen values• Complex Eigen valuesComplex Eigen values

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Norm of a matrixNorm of a matrix

• Induced norm of n x m matrixInduced norm of n x m matrix

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Spectral norm of a square matrixSpectral norm of a square matrix

• Induced by the Euclidean normInduced by the Euclidean norm

maxTA A A

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Quadratic formQuadratic form

• Given a nx1 state vector and nxn matrix Q theGiven a nx1 state vector and nxn matrix Q, the product

TQTx Qx

is called quadratic form in x, where Q is real and symmetric

Significance: It is used to check stability for all type of systemsyp y

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Definiteness of matricesDefiniteness of matrices

• Q is positive semi definite ifQ is positive semi definite if

Q i i i d fi i if i i i i i0Tx Qx

• Q is positive definite if it is positive semi definite and                      for x=00Tx Qx

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Definiteness of matricesDefiniteness of matrices

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Definiteness of matricesDefiniteness of matrices

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Definiteness of matricesDefiniteness of matrices

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Matrix calculusMatrix calculus

• Norms as function of timeNorms as function of time

• Differentiation & Integration

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Matrix calculusMatrix calculus

• Product ruleProduct rule

• Fundamental theorem of calculus

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ConvergenceConvergence