lcmt conf proc 2013

Proceeding of the LJMU 12th Annual International Conference on PAVEMENT ENGINEERING AND INFRASTRUCTURE 27th 28th February 2013, Liverpool, UK. Volume 12, ISBN 978-0-9571804-2-0

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Proceeding of The 12th Annual International Conference on PAVEMENT ENGINEERING AND INFRASTRUCTURE

27 -28 February, 2013, Britannia Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, UK

SUPPORTED BY:

RSTA Cardiff Council Findlay IrvineLafarge Aggregates Stirling Lloyd

The Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation The Institution of

Asphalt Technology The Institution of Civil Engineers Merseyside

BranchTotal Bitumen Transport Scotland University of UlsterUniversity of Nottingham & WRAP

LIVERPOOL CENTRE FOR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES (BEST) RESEARCH INSTITUTE SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Volume 12 ISBN 978-0-9571804-2-0 February 2013

Editor Professor Hassan Al Nageim

Professor of Structural Engineering Head of Liverpool Centre for Materials Technology

Conference Director


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CONTENTS Day One Conference Programme .......................................................................................... 4

Day One: Speakers Short CVs.............................................................................................. 6

Day One: Papers .................................................................................................................. 11

DEVELOPMENTS IN SURFACE DRESSING THE ECONOMIC SOLUTION .......... 11

RESEARCH INTO POTHOLE FORMATION .................................................................. 12

COLD MIX ASPHALT FOR ROAD REINSTATEMENTS, ROAD AND

HIGHWAYS: NEW DEVELOPMENTS ............................................................................ 13

LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY: BITUMEN .......................................................................... 14

DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY OF AGGREGATES TO MEET THE

NEEDS OF RAPIDLY EXPANDING INFRASTRUCTURE IN QATAR ....................... 15

NOVEL ASSESSMENTS ON DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF UNBOUND

MATERIALS BY MEANS OF DEFLECTOMETRIC TESTS .......................................... 16

DETERMINATION OF MIXING AND COMPACTION TEMPERATURES OF

WARM MIXES WITH MODIFIED BINDERS ................................................................. 17

VERIFICATION OF A FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER USING A

GOLDEN SLAB .................................................................................................................. 18

NEW CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL: UNDERSTANDING THE HYDRATION

PROCESS USING INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND THERMAL ANALYSIS ........ 19

HIGH FRICTION SURFACING SYSTEMS USING NATURAL AGGREGATE ........... 20

PAVEMENT RUTTING PREDICTION MODELS USING ARTIFICIAL

NEURAL NETWORK TECHNIQUE ................................................................................ 21

POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE-RELATED PROPERTIES OF RUBBERIZED

BITUMINOUS MIXTURES PRODUCED WITH DRY TECHNOLOGY ....................... 22

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS AND CE MARKING FOR PRODUCTS ............. 23

Day Two Conference Programme ....................................................................................... 24

Day Two: Speakers Short CVs ........................................................................................... 27

Day Two- Papers.................................................................................................................. 32

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF AIR-FOAMED STABILIZED

MIXTURE OF WASTED SOILS AS SUBGRADE ........................................................... 32

EFFECT OF SASOBIT ON MIX DESIGN PARAMETERS ............................................. 33

LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE BY

APPLICATION OF STEEL POLYMERS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN

IRAN .................................................................................................................................... 34

EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF STRESS ABSORBING

MEMBRANE INTERLAYERS (SAMIS) AGAINST REFLECTIVE CRACKING UNDER THERMAL LOADING ........................................................................................ 35

APPLICATION OF CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND 2.5D LASER


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SCANNING TO BETTER UNDERSTAND TYRE /ASPHALT INTERACTION ........... 36

EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF AGGREGATE GRADING FOR TYPE III

APPLICATION OF MICRO-SURFACING USING ISSA MIX DESIGN

PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................................... 37

UTILIZATION OF STEEL SLAG AGGREGATES IN HOT MIX BITUMINOUS

PAVEMENT ........................................................................................................................ 38

COMPARISON STUDY BETWEEN LIME APPLICATION METHODS ON

HMA ASPHALT CONCRETE IN IRAQ ........................................................................... 39

EFECTS OF RICE-HUSK ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT

ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE ......... 40

EVALUATION OF WARM ASPHALT TECHNOLOGIES CONTAINING

RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT ............................................................................... 41

UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTICS IN CONSTRUCTION OF FLEXIBLE

PAVEMENT ........................................................................................................................ 42

FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE

CONCRETE AND THE EFFECT OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE ................................. 43

POLYMIX: POLYMER WASTES IN ASPHALT MIXES: A WAY TO

INCREASE SUSTAINABILITY OF ROADS INFRASTRUCTURES ............................. 44

Durability and Stiffness Modulus of a New Cold Rolled Asphalt Containing

Cement and Waste Fly Ash.................................................................................................. 45

REVIEW OF POTENTIAL WARM MIX ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY IN

IRELAND ............................................................................................................................ 46

LOW TEMPERATURE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR INVESTIGATION FOR

RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS ............................................................................ 47

ASSESSMENT OF WATER AND TEMPERATURE SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF

COLD RECYCLED BITUMINOUS EMULSION MIXTURES USING THE NAT

IN THE ITSM MODE OF TESTING ................................................................................. 48

THE USE OF GRANITE BY-PRODUCTS IN ROAD ASPHALT LAYERS ................... 49

LABORATORY EVALUATION OF MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXTURES USING

IRON NANO OXIDE .......................................................................................................... 50

FOAMED ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY: TEST RESULTS WITH

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE ............................................................ 51

USE OF LOCAL AGGREGATES AS SUSTAINABLE ASPHALT SURFACING

MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................... 52

A NEW PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGY FOR POROUS ASPHALT ......................... 53

Information for Prospective Authors ................................................................................... 54

Exhibitor List ....................................................................................................................... 58


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Welcome to the 2013 LJMU International Annual Conference

This year marks the 12th anniversary of the annual LJMU international conference on sustainable construction

materials, pavement engineering and infrastructure in Liverpool.

We would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to all the speakers, distinguished guests, exhibitors and delegates,

particularly those who have traveled far to our city, for participating in this years conference. We have delegates from 12 countries including many specialists and experts in their field to share with us their

knowledge and experience on all aspects of pavement engineering and related sustainability issues.

This year and as for the last four years the conference is extended over two days and we are extremely fortunate

to have an impressive array of speakers presenting papers under the general theme of research and practical

applications using sustainable materials/technology in pavement engineering and infrastructure.

The scope of the conference is wide enough to give everyone an up to date review of the current work being

carried out in this field and also provides a useful networking arena for making new contacts and to be brought

up to speed with the latest industry and academic developments.

The conference organizing committee wishes to express its gratitude to the sponsoring companies and

institutions that have supported the conference and helped in one way or another to make this conference a

success. We would particularly like to acknowledge the continuous support from Road Surface Treatments

Association, RSTA, and thanks the chairmen on day one and day two and the speakers for their outstanding

contributions. We would also like to thank the excellent work of the LJMU Conference and Event Services team,

Harry Morton and Richard Simm from the IT Department.

We are confident that this 12th LJMU annual conference will be informative, inspiring and rewarding to all the

participants, generate new ideas for further research and help build a global technology network between UK,

Europe, America , Middle East and the Far East.

The Secretariat help desk is there to assist you and facilitate your participation. Please contact them for any

assistance that you may require during the day. Please wear your name badge at all the times during the

conference, as it will help identify delegates, create a friendly atmosphere and hopefully stimulate general

discussion. Importantly this will also serve as identification for your admission to the conference activities.

On behalf of the conference organizing committee may we wish you an informative, rewarding and enjoyable

time here and look forward to seeing you again next year.

Professor Hassan Al Nageim Professor of Structural Engineering

Head of Liverpool Centre for Materials Technology

Conference Director

Professor Howard Robinson LJMU Visiting Professor, Chief Executive,

RSTA

Conference Chairman

Visit us on the web on http://www.ljmu.ac.uk/blt/best/lcmt/index.htm.


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Day One Conference Programme DAY 1 Wednesday 27

th FEBRUARY 2013

Venue: BRITANNIA ADELPHI HOTEL, LIVERPOOL L3 5UL, UK

08:30 Registration, Refreshment and Exhibition

09:00 Welcome by the Conference Chairman, Professor Howard Robinson, Road Surface Treatments Association, RSTA, UK

09:05 Opening Address, Professor Nigel Weatherill, Vice Chancellor, Liverpool John Moores University, UK

Morning Programme

Session 1, Chairman: Professor Howard Robinson, RSTA, UK.

09:10 Dougie Millar, Transport Scotland, UK New Surfacing Specification for Scotland

Latest developments.

09:30 Owen Jenkins, Cardiff Council, UK Asset Management - The South Gloucestershire

Experience.

09:50 Mike Harper, Stirling Lloyd, UK Crack and Joint Repair Systems.

10:10 John Barritt, Wrap, UK The Road to Construction Resource Efficiency.

10:30 Questions & Discussion

10:35 Refreshments and Exhibition

Session 2, Chairman: John Richardson, Colas, UK

11:05 Gary Schofield, Total Bitumen, UK Developments in Surface Dressing The

Economic Solution

11:25 Campbell Waddell, Findlay Irvine, UK Developments in Skid Resistance

Monitoring.

11:45 Nick Thom, University of Nottingham, UK Research into Pothole Formation.

12:05 Prof. Hassan Al Nageim, LJMU, UK Cold Mix Asphalt for Road Reinstatements,

Road and Highways: New Developments.

12:25 Questions & Discussion 12:30 Lunch and Exhibition


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CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

DAY 1 Wednesday 27th

FEBRUARY 2013

Venue: BRITANNIA ADELPHI HOTEL, LIVERPOOL, UK

Afternoon Programme

Session 3, Chairman: Prof. Alan Woodside, University of Ulster, UK

13:30 Mike Southern, Eurobitumen, Belgium Life Cycle Inventory: Bitumen.

13:50 Murray J Reid, Dr K A Hassan and Dr M S Al-Kuwari, TRL, UK Developing a

Sustainable Supply of Aggregates to Meet the Needs of Rapidly Expanding

Infrastructure in Qatar.

14:10 Alessandro Marradi & Giacomo Betti, Italy, Novel assessments on dynamic

behavior of unbound materials by means of deflectometric tests.

14:30 Rajan Choudhary and Priyansh Singh, India Determination of Mixing and

Compaction Temperatures of Warm Mixes with Modified Binders.

14:50 Richard Stain and Mark Dawkins, UK Verification of a Falling Weight Deflectometer

Using a Golden Slab.



Session 4, Chairman: Dr. John Murray Reid, TRL, UK

15:35 Monower Sadique, Research Fellow at LJMU, UK New Cementitious Material: Understanding the Hydration Process Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Thermal Analysis.

15:50 David Woodward, University of Ulster, UK High Friction Surfacing Systems Using

Natural Aggregate.

16:05 Taddesse Ephrem, Norway Pavement Rutting Prediction Models Using Artificial Neural Network Technique.

16:20 Prof. Ezio Santagata, Italy The Effects of Crumb Rubber on the Performance-

Related Characteristics of Wearing Course Mixtures.

16:35 Ian Walsh, Road Consultants Ltd., UK Performance Specifications and CE Marking

for Products.

16:50 Questions and Closing Remarks by the Conference Chairman and Director

Professor Hassan Al-Nageim, Liverpool John Moores University


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Day One: Speakers Short CVs

Dougie Millar

Materials & QA Advisor, Transport Scotland, UK

Owen Jenkins, Cardiff Council, UK

Owen Jenkins: is a Chartered Manager and has worked in the public and

private sector and gained extensive experience in Asset Management,

Design and Operations, Street Lighting and Procurement , Open Spaces,

Road Safety, Structures, Landscape Consultancy, Cemeteries and

Allotments and Waste Disposal.

Before highways, Owen worked in many countries including UAE,

Pakistan, Seychelles and Burma within the oil exploration, GIS and

surveying industries, as well as spending time on specialist access civil

engineering projects involving abseil and confined spaces techniques.

Out of work Owen is a PADI Diving Instructor and enjoys good wine!

Mike Harper, Stirling Lloyd, UK

Mike Harper: BSc(Hons), DipM, MCIM, MBA, is Development Director

for Stirling Lloyd and has global responsibility for their Safetrack

portfolio of highway materials. Mike has 24 years in highway materials

and 13 years at Stirling Lloyd. Mike is chairman of the RSTA committee

on Crack Sealing & Joint Repair, as well as chairman of the RSTA High

Friction Surfacing committee.

John Barritt, WRAP, UK

John is part of the WRAP Construction and Refurbishment team,

improving resource efficiency in construction and reducing waste to

landfill. He has worked with the WRAP/Environment Agency Waste

Protocols team developing end of waste Quality Protocols for aggregates from a range of secondary resources.

He has over 40 years experience in the construction materials industry, covering ready mix concrete, asphalt, quarrying, marine aggregates, slag

and recycling.


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Gary Schofield

Total Bitumen, UK

Campbell Waddell

Findlay Irvine, UK

Nick Thom, University of Nottingham, UK

Nick Tom has been working in the fields of highway and pavement

engineering for over 30 years. He has been an academic staff member at the

University of Nottingham for 22 years and has supervised numerous

doctoral and masters research projects on asphalt and other pavement

materials, pavement design, evaluation and maintenance. A specific area of

interest is the development of practical pavement design tools.

Prof. Hassan Al Nageim, LJMU, UK

Professor Hassan Al Nageim BSc (Hons.), MSc, PhD, CEng, FIHT, FInstNDT

Professor of Structural Engineering

Head of Liverpool Centre for Materials Technology

Editor-in-Chief: The International Journal of Pavement Engineering &

Asphalt Technology, ISSN 1464-8164

Adjunct Dean: College of Engineering, ACCRA, Ghana

School of the Built Environment , Liverpool John Moores University, UK www.ljmu.ac.uk/blt/best/lcmt/index.htm

Mike Southern, Eurobitumen, Belgium Mike is a chemist and started his career in Colas UK in the R&D department

working mainly on the rheology of bitumen polymer blends. Since then he

has worked in the Shell UK technical department, Shell International

bitumen division and since 2005 has been the Technical Director for

Eurobitume, the European bitumen association.


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Murray J Reid, TRL, UK

Murray Reid is a principal consultant at TRL in Crowthorne, Berkshire. He

is a chartered geologist with 33 years experience in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering consultancy and research. He has particular

expertise in sustainable construction and the use of recycled and secondary

aggregates. Murray will present the paper on behalf of his co-authors.

Alessandro Marradi, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Alessandro Marradi is Technical Responsible of the activities of the Road

Research Laboratory of the University of Pisa (Italy) since 1997, Senior

Researcher of "Road Railway and Airport Constructions" in 2002, Assistant

Professor of the same discipline since 2003. Since 2009, also cooperate

actively with Dynatest in the field of pavement evaluation, innovative

pavement testing, road and airport pavement management systems. The

main scientific and academic activities of Alessandro Marradi are in the

field of road materials, pavement analysis and design, innovative materials

for road construction, pavement sustainability, pavement and material

testing

Dr. Rajan Choudhary,

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of

Technology (I.I.T.), India.

Richard Stain, Testconsult Ltd

Richard Stain has spent most of his working life with Testconsult Ltd,

first as an engineer working on road construction and feasibility studies

overseas. Sudan, Yemen, Iran to name a few.

In 1986 he was appointed managing director of the company, leading a

buyout from the French parent company in 1994.

He has always had a keen interest in non destructive testing methods and

has developed several foundation integrity test methods in the last ten

years.

A keen sailor, cyclist and beekeeper. Not quite ready to retire just yet.


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Dr.Monower Sadique BSc MSc PhD CEng MCIHT

Sadique obtained his first degree in Civil Engineering at Chittagong

University of Engineering and Technology (CUET). Sadique joined in

Bangladesh Civil Service and appointed as Assistant Engineer of

Bangladesh Roads and Highways Department, RHD (www.rhd.gov.bd)

under Ministry of Communication in 1999. During his employment with

RHD, Sadique was involved with various Pre-stress Concrete Bridges and

National and Regional Highways construction projects in Bangladesh.

In 2008, Sadique enrolled in University of Birmingham for pursue Post

graduate study. He obtained MSc in Road Management and Engineering in

2009 from University of Birmingham with Distinction.

Sadique obtained PhD in 2012 from LJMU and his thesis was entitled as

Development of Low Carbon Cement from waste fly ash. On completion of his PhD Sadique took up an EPSRC Research Fellow position in

Coventry University and worked till January 2013. Recently Sadique Joined

in LJMU as Research Fellow in a project funded by the National Joint

Utilities Group.

Sadique is a registered member of Engineering Council UK (as Chartered

Civil Engineer, CEng) and Member of Chartered Institution of Highways

and Transportation (CIHT).

Sadique also published technical papers in various peer reviewed

International Journals and Conferences.

David Woodward, University of Ulster, UK

Reader in Highway Engineering at the University of Ulster and responsible

for the Highway Engineering Research Group. Graduated from the Ulster

Polytechnic in 1982 with a degree in geology and later with a Masters in

1988 and PhD in 1995 both in aggregate related subjects at the University of

Ulster. He is current Chairman of the Northern Ireland Branch of the IAT

and a Member of the IOQ, CIHT and IEI. Research interests include

aggregate performance, interfacial stress, skid resistance and sustainable

highway technologies.


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Taddesse Ephrem, Norway

Ephrem Taddesse is born in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, and got

his BSc degree in civil engineering (with distinction) from Addis Ababa

University. After his graduation, he worked as highway design engineer

and pavement materials engineer on several road projects in Ethiopia and

abroad. At the same time worked as part time lecturer at Addis Ababa

University. In 2000 he joined the university of Hannover in Germany for

his master of science study in geotechnique and infrastructure. In 2005

he joined the Norwegian University of science and technology in

Trondheim, Norway, for his PhD study in the field of pavement

technology. Since 2011 he joined the university of Agder in southern

Norway as associate professor mainly responsible for teaching and

research in pavement engineering field.

Ezio Santagata,

Professor T Department of Environmental, Land and Infrastructure

Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Ian Walsh, Road Consultants Ltd., UK

Prof. Ian D Walsh MBE , CEng: 30yrs as Head of Laboratory for Kent

County Council gave Ian a unique insight into the workings of the

surfacing industry and Client side operations of highways design,

specification and materials for maintenance. He still represents ADEPT

on BBA HAPAS, BSI and National Highway Sector Scheme committees

after years of service to CEN standards. He continues to provide services

to lawyers, contractors and Local Authorities


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Day One: Papers

DEVELOPMENTS IN SURFACE DRESSING THE ECONOMIC SOLUTION

Gary Schofield

Total Bitumen

ABSTRACT

The recent economic climate has led to resurgence in Surface Dressing and Micro Surfacing

processes. These processes have proven to be effective and efficient in many areas. This

paper looks at the impact of modern developments in these surface treatments against hot mix;

in terms of performance, time efficiency, cost effectiveness and carbon impact.

There are many examples of Surface dressings on major routes performing in excess of 15

years, applied over a period of hours with the binder at temperatures of 85 degrees Celcius

and the aggregate at ambient. How does this compare with the alternative approach of

planing, and reinstatement with equivalent depth of hot mix; in terms of disruption to the

general public; impact on the environment and long term performance? Modern techniques

have also enabled surface dressing binders to be applied at temperatures up to 25oC lower

than traditional binders; this paper will look at the further benefits of these binder types.

The specifier has a wide range of options to consider, and the industry has to present

quantitative information for a properly considered decision to be made. This paper will begin

to look at some of these considerations.


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RESEARCH INTO POTHOLE FORMATION

Nick Thom University of Nottingham, UK

ABSTRACT

This paper describes an initial series of laboratory tests carried out to simulate the type of

damage sustained by an asphalt pavement that is likely to give rise to pot-holes. The tests

successfully demonstrated the relative importance of temperature, layer bonding and whether

the pavement is wet or not, and succeeded in producing alligator cracking of the form

commonly associated with pothole development. In particular the effect of water was found

to be dramatic in leading to an increased rate of damage and the presence of a tack coat was

found to inhibit surface cracking very effectively. The paper then goes on to discuss the

options for analysis of pavement disintegration. An analysis of the effect of layer debonding

is illustrated, demonstrating the likelihood of premature surface course failure in such a case,

and the ways in which the damaging effect of water might be taken into account are discussed.

Finally the issue of cold spots developing during compaction is illustrated and an analysis

approach proposed.


13

COLD MIX ASPHALT FOR ROAD REINSTATEMENTS, ROAD AND

HIGHWAYS: NEW DEVELOPMENTS

Prof. Hassan Al Nageim LCMT, LJMU, UK

ABSTRACT

This paper reports the mechanical properties and XRD analysis of a new cold mix asphalt

developed for use in highway and airfield pavement structural layers including surfacing

pavement.

The main filler in the traditional Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) is replaced with treated biomass

waste fly ash materials. The waste or by-product materials were used as a modifier of the

cold bitumen mixtures.

Fly ash which is waste or by-product material was incorporated in the cold bituminous

emulsion mixtures at five percentages 0-5.5% of aggregate weight in the mixture. The results

have shown outstanding comparative improvement in the mechanical properties of the new

cold mixtures compared with traditional cold mix asphalt. The reason for achieving these

results was explained in this paper by the analysis of XRD of the fine mineral-emulsified

mortar used in this study.


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LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY: BITUMEN

Timo Blomberg, Frederick Bernard and Mike Southern

Eurobitume, Belgium.

ABSTRACT

In 2009 Eurobitume decided to update and enhance the bitumen life cycle inventory (LCI)

originally published in 1999. The bitumen LCI is a cradle to gate study.

This article is a synthesis of the Life cycle inventory: bitumen report published by Eurobitume in March 2011.

The study covers paving grade bitumen from the product standard EN 12591 table 1. The

main bitumen production route is straight-run distillation (atmospheric distillation + vacuum

distillation). Other manufacturing processes were evaluated. In addition to bitumen, LCIs for

polymer modified bitumen and bitumen emulsion were calculated. The report is based upon

the most recent information available from the crude oil production and refining industry.

Where primary data were not available data from the Ecoinvent database were used. The

allocation between bitumen and other co-products made from crude oil is based on mass

balances at the crude oil extraction and the transport stages. At the refining level, the

allocation is based on relative economic values. The environmental impacts resulting from

such emissions have not been assessed. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) based on

these data would be the next step in a full life cycle assessment. The report gives

recommendations how these data can be used. The LCI has been conducted according to ISO

14040 and ISO 14044. As part of these standards, the report has been peer reviewed by an

independent LCI expert.


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DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY OF AGGREGATES TO

MEET THE NEEDS OF RAPIDLY EXPANDING INFRASTRUCTURE

IN QATAR

Murray J Reid, Dr K A Hassan and Dr M S Al-Kuwari TRL, UK

ABSTRACT

Qatar is a small state on the south shore of the Arabian Gulf. With substantial economic

growth and a fast-expanding population, there is an increasing demand for reliable, world-

class infrastructure. The recent award of the 2022 World Cup has provided an even greater

impetus to achieve this goal. This boom in construction requires an increasing supply of

aggregates of reliable quality. However, Qatar has limited high quality natural aggregates and

has to import all the coarse aggregate used in concrete and asphalt; this is estimated to

currently be about 14 Mt/year and is expected to more than double by 2020. At the same time

vast quantities of construction, demolition and excavation are being dumped in the desert

outside the capital, Doha. Very little of this material is currently recycled. This situation is

clearly not sustainable and is being addressed by work carried out by TRL in association with

Qatar Standards and Qatar University. Laboratory and site trials are currently underway in

Qatar. Hot desert regions such as the Gulf are very harsh environments for construction. This

has traditionally been met by using high quality natural aggregates with low salt content and

high durability. For recycled and secondary aggregates to be acceptable, they must offer the

same durability and strength properties as proven primary aggregates. Quality control will be

essential to meet the required standards. Initial results are encouraging for applications as

unbound subbase, coarse aggregate in structural and low strength concrete and concrete

blocks.


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NOVEL ASSESSMENTS ON DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF UNBOUND

MATERIALS BY MEANS OF DEFLECTOMETRIC TESTS

A. Marradi, U. Pinori & G. Betti Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

ABSTRACT

The evaluation of the in situ bearing capacity of soils and unbound layers is moving from

traditional plate load test (PLT) to enhanced dynamic testing devices, like the Light Weight

Deflectometer (LWD), able to provide many practical advantages and to better simulate the

real stress levels induced by the heavy vehicles. The type of devices provided with the load

cell and geophone allows to acquire the load-deflection time histories, sampling data every

0.25 ms. LWD data are mainly used to calculate Surface Modulus of the soil by means of

Boussinesq equation using the peak of applied load and the correspondent peak of centerplate

deflection; more recently some special procedures, specifically developed to estimate the

material compaction level achieved on site, are also starting to be used. The experimental

results presented in this paper analyze the possibility to deeply investigate the dynamic

behavior of unbound materials using the information related to load-deflection time histories,

focusing attention on the amount of energy spent to deflect the soil. This parameter, usually

reported as Energy Loss, represents the area enclosed by load-deflection graph (Hysteresis

Loop) and is generally considered an index of the dynamic response of the soil to applied

loads. The paper reports the analysis of different correlations between Energy Loss and soil

stiffness parameters developed with the aim to investigate the potential use of the Energy

Loss for Qc/Qa activities. Results confirm the reliability of this parameter as a quality

indicator of soil conditions, providing a wider range of information when compared to

standard bearing capacity tests.

KEY WORDS: Bearing capacity, compaction level, deflectometric tests, dynamic behavior of

the soil.


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DETERMINATION OF MIXING AND COMPACTION

TEMPERATURES OF WARM MIXES WITH MODIFIED BINDERS

Rajan Choudhary1 and Priyansh Singh

2

1

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India

781039 2M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India

781039

ABSTRACT

Warm mix technology is an emerging technology that suggests a possible lowering of about

30 C in mixing and compaction temperatures of bituminous mixes without compromising

the performance. Lowering of production temperature for bituminous mixes helps in reducing

the fuel consumption and emissions at hot mix plants. It also allows longer haul distance,

increase in construction period and healthy operations.

Currently Equi-viscous method is used in India to determine mixing and compaction

temperatures of mixes with neat binders. In India for wearing courses modified binders like

Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) and Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) are

recommended for use, in order to achieve a higher performance. Equi-viscous method usually

gives higher mixing and compaction temperatures for modified binders. Zero shear viscosity

(ZSV) method is recommended by different researchers for establishing the mixing and

compaction temperatures of modified binders.

This paper gives the results found for mixing and compaction temperatures of modified and

neat binders established through both Equi-viscous and Zero shear viscosity. Results of

mixing and compaction temperatures for neat bitumen, CRMB and PMB with addition of

different percentages of Sasobit as a WMA additive are also presented in the paper.


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VERIFICATION OF A FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER

USING A GOLDEN SLAB

Richard Stain1 and Mark Dawkins

2

1Director, Testconsult Ltd, Ruby House, Warrington, WA1 4RF 01925 286896

2Director Testconsult Ltd

ABSTRACT

The Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) is a well known piece of equipment used for

measuring road pavement deflection. Unfortunately, there is no International Standard and

FWDs vary somewhat with different manufacturers.

This lack of a standard presents a problem for the end user and in the UK, these machines are

verified each year at a trial organised by Transport Research Laboratory (TRL).

The procedure consists of many machines testing the same road pavement sections on the

same day and then comparing the results. A machine will pass if the results lie within a certain percentage of the mean results for the whole group.

While that is a practical approach and has been used for a number of years it suffers from the

obvious disadvantage that a machine could pass when compared to one set of say ten FWDs but fail when compared to a different set of ten. Similarly a correct machine, (if only we knew what that was!), could fail simply because some of the others in the group were

improperly calibrated. Its not really very satisfactory from anyones point of view.

The authors decided to explore an alternative approach whereby the force/time curve of the

impact would be standardised on a Golden slab , a massive and thick slab of concrete that would be unchanging year on year and season by season. Hopefully this would remove the

difficult problem of defining and standardising the FWD force and buffer configuration.

The authors built a Golden Slab consisting of a 3m x 3m x 1m thick concrete slab and have

built up some experience of using this during the last year.

This paper presents the results to date, suggests an improved Golden Slab and tentatively proposes how the key elements of an FWD could be specified/standardised.


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NEW CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL: UNDERSTANDING THE

HYDRATION PROCESS USING INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AND

THERMAL ANALYSIS

Dr.Monower Sadique Research Fellow, School of Built Environment, LJMU, UK

ABSTRACT

A combined application of Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Infrared spectroscopy (IR)

to track the changes in hydrated phases during the hydration process has been suggested as a

valuable means for better understanding of the hydration phenomenon through this study.

Successful production of hydrates upon hydration by the new zero cement cementitious

materials as well as non-expansive nature of secondary ettringite after 365 days were

revealed using analytical techniques.

Key words: Differential thermal analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; hydration kinetics;

hydration product


20

HIGH FRICTION SURFACING SYSTEMS USING NATURAL

AGGREGATE

David Woodward

University of Ulster, UK

ABSTRACT

High Friction Surfacing is a proprietary product developed and used extensively used in the

UK at locations where there is a significant risk of serious or fatal accidents occurring e.g.

approaching traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, road junctions, slip roads. Developed in the

1960s, treatment of such sites found up to a 60% reduction in accidents involving skidding in their first year of use. This research identified that the optimum aggregate was a 3mm

calcined bauxite applied to the asphalt surface using an epoxy based binder. The main

sources of calcined bauxite used in the UK are Guyana and China. However, over the last few

years the price of this material has risen considerably. This paper looks at whether natural

aggregates can be used as a replacement to calcined bauxite.


21

PAVEMENT RUTTING PREDICTION MODELS USING ARTIFICIAL

NEURAL NETWORK TECHNIQUE

Taddesse Ephrem Associate Professor, University of Agder, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Engineering

Science. Jon Lilletuns vei 9, 4879 Grimstad, Norway

ABSTRACT

Prediction of pavement performance is a key process in the efficient management of

pavement assets for a highway agency. There are a lot of tools that can be used to develop

pavement performance prediction models, but the newest generation of tools belongs to the

field of Artificial Intelligence. The important goal of this research is to use the intelligent

artificial neural network (ANN) modeling technique and check its predicting capability

against the classical multiple linear regression (MLR) method. Flexible pavement rutting

prediction models are developed using MLR and ANN techniques, using data from the

Norwegian national road databank (NVDB). Comparative study of the results is also

conducted. The main conclusion from this study is that pavement rutting prediction models

using the intelligent ANN technique predict pavement condition with a better accuracy than

the classical MLR models.

KEY WORDS: Pavement performance prediction models, pavement rutting, Artificial Neural

Network modeling, pavement condition measurement data.


22

POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE-RELATED PROPERTIES OF

RUBBERIZED BITUMINOUS MIXTURES PRODUCED WITH DRY

TECHNOLOGY

Ezio Santagata*, Michele Lanotte, Davide Dalmazzo, Maria Chiara Zanetti

Department of Environmental, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI),Politecnico di Torino 24, Corso

Duca degli Abruzzi, 10129 Turin, Italy

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation which focused on the effects

caused by the inclusion of coarse crumb rubber in a wearing course mixture produced by

means of the so-called dry technology. For comparative purposes a reference mixture, which did not contain any recycled rubber, was also included in the study. Both mixtures

were sampled at a production plant and were thereafter subjected to standard control tests

(composition and Marshall properties) and to performance-related tests for the assessment of

compactability, elastic stiffness, rutting resistance and resistance to crack formation and

propagation. Employed crumb rubber was characterized in terms of particle size distribution,

density, particle morphology, surface area and chemical composition. Performance-related

tests were carried out on specimens compacted to the same void content (equal to 6%).

Experimental results highlighted the fact that if compaction problems are overcome, crumb

rubber can bring several benefits to a bituminous mixture, by enhancing its elastic response

under pulse loading and by increasing its fracture toughness and ductility. Additional tests

carried out after immersion in water also showed that moisture damaging effects are in most

cases quite limited, with the only exception of resistance to permanent deformation which

tends to decrease significantly.


23

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS AND CE MARKING FOR

PRODUCTS

Ian Walsh Road Consultants Ltd., UK

ABSTRACT

Surfacing materials including Asphalts, Surface Dressing and Microasphalt (Slurry Surfacing)

must be put on the market with CE mark after 30 June 2013. These products cannot be sold

without a CE Mark. CE Marking does not apply to the performance of the product after

delivery to the customer.

This has ramifications for the producer and for the Client/Specifier.

For asphalts, the change is relatively straight forward as the products have been available

with a voluntary CE mark since the publication of the BS EN 13108 series of harmonised

Standards (2006 onwards). The obvious change is an editorial on from a Declaration of

Conformity to a Declaration of Performance, but this also recognises a change in emphasis

from delivery in accordance with a quality system, to delivery of a known performance as

demonstrated in a Type Approval Installation Trial (TAIT) or by surrogate laboratory testing.

All the CE Marked properties must be disclosed to the Client in writing for each delivery.

The change also affects the production of Thin Surface Courses Systems under the BBA

HAPAS scheme.

For Surface Dressing and Microasphalt the change is more fundamental in that no one has yet

delivered these products, which are manufactured on site, in accordance with EN 12271 and

EN 12273. It requires a TAIT monitored for at least 12months to demonstrate durability.

For Clients, the CE Marking can limit what they specify, how they do it and how they control

the quality. This is a serious issue requiring the provision of guidance, as indicated by the

paper, to ensure legal compliance, so that correctly specified material is installed to provide

the expected level of performance.


24

Day Two Conference Programme DAY 2 Thursday 28

th February 2013

Venue: Britannia Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool, UK

08:0008:30 Registration, Refreshment and Exhibition

Morning Programme

Session 1, Chairman: Dr. Nick Thom, the University of Nottingham, UK

08:30 Dae-Wook Park, Sang-Hun Lee, and Hai Viet Vo, Korea Experimental Verification

of Air-Foamed Stabilized Mixture of Wasted Soils as Subgrade.

08:45 Rajan Choudhary and Julaganti Ashok, India Effect of Sasobit on Mix Design

Parameters.

09:00 Mohammad Reza Ahadi, Iran Laboratory Assessment of Roller Compacted

Concrete by Application of Steel Polymers in Concrete Pavements in Iran.


09:20 Exhibition

Session 2, Chairman: Dr. Choudhary Rajan, India

09:50 Olumide M. Ogundipe, Nick Thom and Andrew C. Collop, Nigeria Evaluation of the

Performance of Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayers (SAMIS) Against Reflective

Cracking under Thermal Loading

10:05

Grainne McQuaid, Phillip Millar and David Woodward, UK Application of Close

Range Photogrammetry and 2.5d Laser Scanning to Better Understand Tyre

/Asphalt Interaction.

10:20 Masoud Robati, Alan Carter and Daniel Perraton, Evaluation and Selection of

Aggregate Grading for Type III Application of Micro-surfacing Using ISSA Mix

Design Procedure.

10:35 Satish Pandey, India Utilization of Steel Slag Aggregates in Hot Mix Bituminous

Pavement.

10:50 Questions & Discussion 10:55 Refreshments and Exhibition


25


Session 3, Chairman: Dae-Wook Park, Korea

11:25 Amjad Albayati and Ahmad Al-Ani, Iraq Comparison Study Between Lime

Application Methods on HMA Asphalt Concrete in Iraq.

11:40 Olanike Akinkurolere Olufunke, Nigeria Efects of Rice-Husk Ash as Partial

Replacement for Cement on Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate

Concrete.

11:55 Juan Antonio Gonzlez-Len, France Evaluation of Warm Asphalt Technologies

Containing Recycled Asphalt Pavement.

12:10 Rajasekaran Sankarappan, India Utilisation of Waste Plastics in Construction of

Flexible Pavement.


12:30 Lunch and Exhibition

Afternoon Programme

Session 4, Chairman: Dr. Mohammad Reza Ahadi, Iran

13:15 Adnan Qadir, Zia-ur-Rehman, Rukhsana Rahooja and Abdul Bari Mangi, Pakistan

Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Lightweight Aggregate Concrete and the Effect of

Polypropylene Fibre.

13:30 Elena Sez Caballero, Spain POLYMIX: Polymeric Wastes in Asphalt Mixes.

13:45 Abbas Al-Hdabi, LCMT, UK Durability and Mechanical Properties of Cold Rolled

Asphalt Containing Cement and Waste Fly Ash.

14:00 Mitchell Ruth, Donal Ryan and David Woodward, UK Warm Mix Asphalt Research

in Ireland


14:20 Exhibition


26


Session 5, Chairman: Prof. Adnan Qadir Pakistan

14:50 H. Behbahani and M.R.M. Aliha, Iran Low Temperature Fracture Behaviour

Investigation for Recycled Asphalt Pavements.

15:05 O. L. Oke, Nigeria Assessment of Water and Temperature Susceptibilities of Cold

Recycled Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures Using the NAT in the ITSM Mode of

Testing.

15:20 James Rombi, Italy The Use of Granite by-Products in Road Asphalt Layers.

15:35 Javad Tanzadeh, Javad Tanzadeh, Fariborz Vahedi, Mohammad Reza Ahadi,

Rashid Tanzadeh and Pezhouhan T. Kheiry , Iran Laboratory Evaluation of

Modified Asphalt Mixtures Using Iron Nano Oxide.



Session 6, Chairman: Mike Southern Eurobitumen, Belgium

16:15 Dirce Carreg Balzan, Brazil Foamed Asphalt Technology: Test Results with

Construction and Demolition Waste

16:30 Shaun Friel and David Woodward, UK Use of Local Aggregates as Sustainable

Asphalt Surfacing Materials.

16:45 Bert Jan Lommerts, UK A New Preservation Technology for Porous Asphalt.

17:00 Questions and Closing Remarks by the Conference Chairman and Director Professor Hassan Al-Nageim, Liverpool John Moores University


27

Day Two: Speakers Short CVs

Dae-Wook Park

Dr. Park got a Ph.D. at Texas A & M University in May 2004. He

worked for Maryland State Highway Administration as a consultant

from August 2004 to February 2006. He is associate professor at

Kunsan National University in South Korea. His expertise are asphalt

mixture, asphalt pavement, pavement-vehicle interaction, tire contact

pressure.

Dr. Rajan Choudhary,

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute

of Technology (I.I.T.), India.

Dr. Mohammad Reza Ahadi, B.Sc, M.Sc, Ph.D, MIHT, MICE

Dr. Ahadi is the Deputy of Road Safety from the Transport Research

Institute in Iran, where he has been an Assistant Professor and Senior

Researcher since 2000. Dr. Ahadi holds his MSc in Traffic

Transportation from City University and his PhD in Pavement

Engineering from the Queen Mary College University of London.

Dr. Ahadi has had a considerably varied academic and industrial

career. His teaching experience began at Queen Mary College

University of London, and has expanded to involve supervision of

several research projects on the subject of road safety and pavement

engineering. He is engaged in teaching undergraduates at Azad

University in Iran and also traffic police with regards to the principles

of road safety and highway engineering. Since the start of his career,

he has supervised over 35 M.Sc student projects and is currently

working with two PhD candidates.

Dr. Ahadi has over seventy publications in both national and

international journals, along with attendance at many academic and

industrial conferences. Dr. Ahadi is deeply involved with public

organisations in an advisory capacity, and is a TRB Committee

Member of ANB10 and AFB20. He is also active in two NGOs in the

road safety and pavement engineering fields, as well as the Road

Safety Engineering Committee at the National Transportation

Organisation.


28

Dr. Ogundipe Olumide Moses

Dr. Ogundipe obtained his first and second degrees in Civil

Engineering at University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria (now Ekiti State

University, Ado-Ekiti) and University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria,

respectively. He bagged his Ph.D at the University of Nottingham,

United Kingdom. He is a lecturer at Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti,

Nigeria. His area of specialization is Transportation Engineering with

special focus on Highway materials.

Grainne McQuaid, University of Ulster

Grainne graduated from Queens University, Belfast in 2012 with an

Honours Degree in Civil Engineering Currently. Grainne is currently

a DEL sponsored PhD researcher in highway engineering at the

University of Ulster. Memberships include the Institution of Civil

Engineers, Engineers of Ireland, Chartered Institute of Highways and

Transportation and the Institute of Asphalt Technology.

Masoud Robati

Ph.D. student, cole de technologie superieure

Satish Pandey

Mr. Satish Pandey is working as a Scientist in Flexible Pavement

Division of CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New-Delhi,

India. He is also engaged as an Assistant Professor in Academy of

Scientific and Industrial Research Govt. of India. He has around eight

year research experience in the field of highway engineering. He

obtained his Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering in Hons. with gold

medal from Rajiv Gandhi Technical University Bhopal, M.P. He

obtained his Masters in Transportation Engineering from Indian

Institute of Technology, Delhi. He has credited to publish ten papers

in various national and international journals and conferences. He is

the recipient of, Diamond Jubilee Research Intern Award by the

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India, Best Guide

Award by Indian Concrete Institute and Associated Cement

Companies Limited. He was also felicitated by Best paper award in

National Level Technical Symposium Technovision 2003" at S.A.T.I Vidisha and Techno Search 2004 at M.A.N.I.T, Bhopal. He is an active member of Indian Concrete Institute, Indian Road

Congress and BIS-FICCI task force on Technical Textile.


29

Amjad Albayati

Assist prof. Transportation. Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq

Olanike Akinkurolere Olufunke

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ekiti State

University,Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

Dr. Juan Antonio Gonzlez-Len

Juan obtained his Chemical Engineering degree from the National

Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and his PhD in Polymer

science and engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT), United States.

He works since 2007 at ARKEMAs Rhone Alpes Research Center, in France, as a research engineer in the area of bitumen additives, in

particularly, on the development of warm mix asphalt additives.

S. Rajasekaran

with B.Sc. Chemistry , MSc. Applied Chemistry Thiagarajar College

of Engineering, Both are Madurai Kamaraj University, and BEd., in

Bharathiyar Univeristy, INDIA, Research work is Utilisation of

Waste plastics for Construction materials. State government

implemented for Road laying process. i have published national and

interanation conferences and national journals. so many special

lecture given various seminars.

Adnan Qadir , NED University, Pakistan.

Adnan Qadir: is a Professor and Co-Chairman in the Department of

Urban and Infrastructure Engineering at NED University of

Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan, where he received

his B.E., and M.Sc., degrees in Civil Engineering in 1991 and 1998

respectively. He completed his PhD in Transportation Engineering

from Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 2010. His

research interests include highway materials such as polymer and

geogrid reinforced asphalt concrete, roadway geometries and

highway pavement design.

Elena Sez Caballero, Spain Elena graduated in Public Works Engineering at the Polytechnic

University and licensed civil engineering at the Alfonso X el Sabio of

Madrid (Spain). She works in ACCIONA Infrastructures since June-

2008 as a Research Engineer developing research projects related to

road infrastructures, mainly focused on calculation of pavement

structures.


30

Abbas Al-Hdabi, LCMT, UK

Abbas Al-hdabi achieved his BSc in Civil Engineering from Babylon

University and MSc in Transportation Engineering from Baghdad

University in Iraq and now a PhD researcher at LJM University, UK.

His area of interest is in bituminous materials, pavement structural

design and design of roads and bridges.

He was working at Kufa cement factory from 2001 till 2006 as civil

engineering and from 2006 till 2011 was working as lecturer at Kufa

University in Iraq.

Now he is a PhD student at Liverpool John Moores University.

Mitchell Ruth

Graduated from the University of Ulster in 2004 gaining a First Class

Honors in Construction Engineering. She has worked as a Civil

engineer for several International consultancies, including RPS and

BDP, focusing on Highway Engineering. Ruth started her PhD in

April 2011, the title is Durability of Warm Mix Asphalt and is funded

by National Roads Authority of Ireland through the NRA Research

Fellowship Programme.

M.R.M. Aliha Fatigue and Fracture Laboratory, Center of Excellence in

Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST),

Iran

O. L. Oke Lecturer - Ekiti State University - Civil Engineering Department,

Faculty of Engineering, Ekiti State University, P.M.B. 5363, AdoEkiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

James Rombi

Mr. James Rombi BSc and MSc graduated in Environmental

Engineering at Cagliari (Italy) University. He has conducted

researches on granular Debris Flows and the remediation of

contaminated sites using water jet technology. At present He is a PhD

researcher at the Department of Structural Engineering University of

Cagliari where he is currently studying the possibility of using

Granite by-products and Construction and Demolition waste materials

for road construction purposes.


31

Dr. Javad Tanzadeh

Dr. Javad Tanzadeh completed his B.Sc.,M.Eng., and Ph.D. degrees

in Civil Engineering. He graduated with the doctoral degree in

january 2007.He worked over ten years in various academic

institution in Iran.He is Technical and operational manager in

Organization of Roads and urban development of Tehran He has

more than 10 publications to his credit and has completed more than

20 research projects in Road Engineering about Effect of Nano

Materials in Creep and Fatigue of concrete Asphalt samples and

Modified Asphalt with new Materials, Bitumen- and Polymer

Bitumen Waterproofing Membranes, Nanotechnology-based

Bituminous Materials.

Dirce Carreg Balzan

Urban Infrastructure and Public Works Office, Brazil

Shaun Friel, University of Ulster

Shaun Friel, holds a first class honours degree in Civil Engineering

from Liverpool John Moores University and an MSc in Construction

and Project Management from Queens University, Belfast. Currently

nearing completion of a PhD in Highway Engineering at University

of Ulster. Memberships include Institution of Civil Engineers,

Institute of Asphalt Technology and Chartered Institute of Highways

& Transportation.

Dr.Bert Jan Lommerts

Dr. Bert Jan Lommerts: 52, obtained a masters degree in Chemical

Engineering and a PhD in Polymer Physics with cum laude honors

from the State University of Groningen, The Netherlands. His

industrial career started at Akzo Nobel where he was responsible for

the research on high performance fibers, for example new fibers to be

used for tire reinforcement. Subsequently, he became plant manager

of the Twaron aramid fiber plant in Arnhem. In 1999 he took the

challenge of merging three smaller companies into the new Latexfalt,

a company active in the production of advanced emulsions and

polymer modified bitumen. Under his supervision over the last 12

years the company has grown with a factor of 5 in turnover by

focusing of innovations and new business concepts in the road

industry.


32

Day Two- Papers

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF AIR-FOAMED STABILIZED

MIXTURE OF WASTED SOILS AS SUBGRADE

Dae-Wook Park1, Hai Viet Vo

2, Sang-Hun Lee

3

1 (Corresponding Author) Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, Daehak

Ro 558, Kunsan, Chellabuk-do, 573-701, Korea 2 Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kunsan National University, Daehak Ro 558, Kunsan,

Chellabuk-do, 573-701, Korea 3 Sungwon Engineering and Consultant, Hyoja-Dong 1Ga 594-8, Jeonju, Chellabuk-do, 560-908, Korea

ABSTRACT

In these days, use of proper soils for road construction materials become more limited, but

wasted soils are abundant; therefore, the method which can use wasted soil such as soft clay

has been investigated. Air-foameded stabilized soil has been used widely, but never been

used as a subgrade material of road.

The aim of this study is to verify the use of air-foameded stabilized soil as the subgrade

construction material of road. Several wasted soils such as soft clay was selected to make air-

foameded stabilized soil mixtures. The air-foameded stabilized mixture design was conducted

to find the optimum quantity of stabilizing agent (cement) and air-foamed, and the effect of

cement quantity and air-foamed quantity on strength of air-foameded stabilized soil mixtures

base on the test results of unconfined compression test was investigated. As the quantity of

cement is increased, the strength is increased, but the quantity of air-foamed is increased, the

strength is decreased. Elastic moduli based on unconfined compression strength were

obtained to use pavement structural design. As cement content increases, the bottom up and

rutting depth were decreased. From the results, it was found that air-foameded stabilized soil

mixtures of soft clay and dredge soil could be used as the subgrade material.

Keywords: Air-foameded stabilized soil; Soft clay; Dredge soil; Subgrade.


33

EFFECT OF SASOBIT ON MIX DESIGN PARAMETERS

Rajan Choudhary1, Ashok Julaganti

2

1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T.) Guwahati, Assam,

India 781039 2Ph. D Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T.) Guwahati, Assam, India

781039

ABSTRACT

Premature failure of roads in India due to high increase in axle loads, overloading, higher

temperature variations etc. have created the demand for the use of modified bitumen in

bituminous mixes. Polymer Modified Bitumen (PMB) and Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

(CRMB) are frequently used now a day on wearing courses of Indian highways. During the

production and compaction of bituminous mixes a large amount of greenhouse gases like

carbon dioxides, nitrous oxides, sulphur oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) etc. are

generated. Since mixes with modified bitumen have to be produced and compacted at

comparatively higher temperatures than those with neat binder, resulting into higher

emissions of greenhouse gases.

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies prevalent in in Europe and USA are also gaining

popularity in India. WMA technologies use organic additives, chemical additives, emulsions,

foaming technologies etc., for reducing operation temperatures of the asphalt mix about 20 to

50C.

In this study WMA mixes are designed using Sasobit (an organic additive) with PMB and

CRMB binders. This paper presents the mix design parameters of WMA mixes and control

mixes (without Sasobit), at different mixing and compaction temperatures.


34

LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF ROLLER COMPACTED

CONCRETE BY APPLICATION OF STEEL POLYMERS IN

CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN IRAN

Mohammad Reza Ahadi 1, Javad Tanzadeh

2,Gholam Ali Jafarzadeh

3, Rashid Tanzadeh

4,

Pezhouhan T. Kheiry 5

1Assistant Professor, Transportation Research Institute, University of Science & Technology, Tehran-Iran

2Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University Bandar Anzaly Branch, Gilan -Iran

3Assistant Professor, Gilan University, Gilan -Iran

4MSc, student, University of Gilan, Dept. of Civil Engineering

5MSc Civil Eng., National Transportation Infrastructures Research Center

Corresponding Author: Dr Mohammad Reza Ahadi

ABSTRACT

Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) is one of the most durable pavement types when

subjected to heavy traffic loads, which are more prevalent due to an increase in road capacity

and technological advances in transport. RCC also offers greater comfort and ride ability for

drivers, and improved visibility in dark conditions due to the bright colour of the RCC

surface. However, the formation of cracks caused by tensile stresses is the major drawback of

this type of pavement, which results in a break in the bonding within concrete layers. Various

types of additives have been used to reduce this tensile cracking. With regards to aggregate

types used for construction of concrete in Iran, steel fibres are new materials that have been

shown to reinforce concrete and improve tensile strength; thereby reducing the incidence of

microscopic cracks. In this study, reinforcement of concrete with steel fibre is investigated by

laboratory tests, including the compressive strength test and a four-point bending strength test.

There is also an evaluation of the effect of certain parameters, such as the curing period, in

order to achieve concrete with a higher workability. The results show that adding steel fibres

to concrete enhances its flexural strength and provides a homogenous pavement with a higher

loading capacity.

Keywords: RCC, Steel Fibres, Concrete Pavement, Pavement Cracks


35

EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF STRESS ABSORBING

MEMBRANE INTERLAYERS (SAMIS) AGAINST REFLECTIVE CRACKING UNDER THERMAL LOADING

O.M. Ogundipe1, N.H.Thom

2 and A.C.Collop

3

1Civil Engineering Department, Ekiti State University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

2Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre, University of Nottingham, UK.

3Faculty of Technology, De-Montfort University, UK..

ABSTRACT

This study examines the potential of stress absorbing membrane interlayers (SAMIs) to retard

reflective cracking in an overlaid pavement subjected to temperature variations. The SAMIs

in the study were produced by sandwiching strands of glass fibre between two layers of

bitumen emulsion. Two different types of bitumen emulsion were considered in the study.

The test was conducted using a thermal cycling device developed at the University of

Nottingham. The test results showed that the specimen with SAMIs performed better than the

control specimens with no SAMIs. It was found that the strain distribution was more uniform

over the length of the specimens with SAMIs than the control specimen and they sustained

greater crack opening. Lastly, the test results established the importance of the slip between

the overlay and SAMIs to the crack resistance of SAMIs used as interlayer between overlay

and the existing pavement.


36

APPLICATION OF CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND 2.5D

LASER SCANNING TO BETTER UNDERSTAND TYRE /ASPHALT

INTERACTION

G. McQuaid, P. Millar, D. Woodward and D. Ryan School of the Built Environment, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, Jordanstown campus,

Shore Road, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, United Kingdom, BT37 0QB

ABSTRACT

This paper considers the use of two techniques i.e. close range photogrammetry and 3D laser

scanning to produce 3D models. Examples are given to show how these methods can be used.

This ability to measure and quantify parameters opens new opportunities to investigate issues

at scales ranging from the macro to the micro-scale and so allow better understanding of the

asphalt / tyre interface.

Key Words: High resolution 3D laser, close range photogrammetry, volume parameters

Triangular Irregular Networks, Depth Classification.


37

EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF AGGREGATE GRADING FOR

TYPE III APPLICATION OF MICRO-SURFACING USING ISSA MIX

DESIGN PROCEDURE

Masoud Robati1, Alan Carter

2 & Daniel Perraton

2

1Ph.D. student, cole de technologie superieure

2Professor, cole de technologie superieure

ABSTRACT

Micro-Surfacing is a polymer modified, asphalt emulsion based, dense graded, cold mixed,

and quick setting, asphalt resurfacing material. Type III application of micro-surfacing is

used as the rut fill materials for highly trafficked roads. As of now, International Slurry

Surfacing Association (ISSA) mix design guideline is the widely used standard to design

micro-surfacing mixtures. The research described in this paper intended to suggest

modifications to the actual ISSA mix design procedure to accurately select aggregate grading

for type III micro-surfacing mixtures. To do this, a sensitivity analysis at Laboratoire sur les

Chausses et Matriaux Bitumineux (LCMB), at cole de technologie suprieure (TS),

Montral, Canada, was used in order to study the effect of aggregate gradation, and asphalt

emulsion residue on five micro-surfacing mixture design tests, including Loaded wheel test

(ISSA TB 109), Wet track abrasion test (ISSA TB 100), modified cohesion test (ISSA TB

139), vertical displacement test (ISS TB 109, Method-A), and Mixing time test. The second

part of study consisted mainly of establishing a limit for the aggregate gradation used in type

III application of micro-surfacing, which gives higher resistance to rutting as it is the main

property of type III application of micro-surfacing. To do this, the resistant of different

micro-surfacing mixtures against rutting was evaluated and modified specifications were

suggested to select aggregate grading for type III application of micro-surfacing.


38

UTILIZATION OF STEEL SLAG AGGREGATES IN HOT MIX

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT

Satish Pandey1, Dr. P.K.Jain

2, Nick Jones

3

1Scientist, CSIR-CRRI, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India,

2Chief Scientist, CSIR-CRRI, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India,

3Slag Business Development Manager, Harsco Metals Group Ltd.

ABSTRACT

India has the second largest road network in the world with a total road length of 4.24 million

km. Hot mix bituminous pavement contribute around 50% road length to this vast road

network. Large scale highway construction in India, emanating from rapid development, has

caused massive depletion of scarce natural aggregate. This paper investigates the influences

of the utilization of steel slag as a coarse aggregate on the properties of hot mix bituminous

concrete. Physical characteristics of ingredients of bituminous mix i.e natural aggregate, steel

slag aggregate and bituminous binder were determined to find out their compliance with

Ministry of Road Transport and Highway Specification for Road and Bridge Work.

Mechanical characteristics of bituminous mixes, Unmodified (having natural aggregate) and

Modified (having steel slag as coarse aggregate) were determined using Marshall Method of

mix design.

Unmodified and Modified mixes were also subjected to an array of performance tests to

check out the suitability of steel slag aggregates for the preparation of high performance

bituminous mix. The performance tests includes, retained Marshall Stability, indirect tensile

strength, static creep test, wheel-tracking test and resilient modulus test. The laboratory study

confirmed the improvement in various mechanical properties of steel slag modified mixes

besides reduction in temperature and moisture susceptibility.

Key Words: Steel Slag Aggregate, Natural aggregate, Bituminous Mix, Bituminous Pavement.


39

COMPARISON STUDY BETWEEN LIME APPLICATION METHODS

ON HMA ASPHALT CONCRETE IN IRAQ

Amjad H. K. Albayati1 & Ahmed M. M. Alani

2

1Assist prof. Transportation. Engineering,University of Baghdad

2M.Sc Candidate Transportation Engineering,University of Baghdad

ABSTRACT

Iraq has been experiencing tremendous development in the national infrastructure road

network over the last decade. Iraqi economic growth in rural areas has been triggered by good

and safe roads and highways network system. . Studies had shown that climate, traffic

conditions, characteristics of the asphalt binder and the aggregate are the main factors that

can contribute in the premature pavement failures. The ability of hydrated lime to improve

the fatigue and rutting resistance of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) as well as moisture sensitivity ,

has led to observed improvement in the field of lime modified HMA pavements ,and

significant decreases in maintenance and repair costs of highway network. In this study, the

mechanistic properties of asphalt concrete mixes modified with hydrated lime as a partial

replacement of limestone dust mineral filler were evaluated. Four replacement rates were

used; 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 percent by weight of aggregate beside two kinds of addition methods,

namely dry and wet. Asphalt concrete mixes were prepared at their optimum asphalt content

and then tested to evaluate their engineering properties which include moisture damage,

resilient modulus, permanent deformation and fatigue characteristics. These properties have

been evaluated using indirect tensile strength, uniaxial repeated loading and repeated flexural

beam. The experimental results, in general, showed that the mixes modified with hydrated

lime were found to have improved fatigue and permanent deformation characteristics, also

showed lower moisture susceptibility and high resilient modulus. The use of 1.5 percent of

hydrated lime in wet addition method as a replacement for limestone dust mineral filler has

shown a significant improvement of asphalt concrete behavior and has added to the local

knowledge the possibility of producing more durable mixture with higher resistance to

distress.


40

EFECTS OF RICE-HUSK ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR

CEMENT ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF RECYCLED

AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Akinkurolere Olufunke Olanike

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ekiti State University,Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

The high and continuous increase in the cost of cement and the incessant scarcity brought

about by the high exchange rate by the local currency which discourages importation of

construction materials have made it imperative to search for other alternatives. Also, the

source of raw materials for building industries is clearly changing in many countries and

more attention is given to the environmental safety regulations. Due to the reservation of

natural resources, prevention of environmental pollution, and cost-saving consideration of

construction project, the recycled concrete aggregate has been widely reused for making

different construction materials.

Experimental studies were carried out to evaluate the influence of Rice-Husk Ash on the

Compressive strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. The experimental program consisted

of testing 100 x 100 x 100mm concrete cubes. The experimental variables used were the

Water- cement ratio, Recycled Aggregate, and Rice-Husk Ash as partial replacement for

cement. Orthogonal Array table with three levels and three factors was used to prepare the

mixing proportions, and Analysis of Variance and significance test with F statistic were used

to check the existence of interaction and level of significance. The results indicate that the

order of significance of the three factors are recycled aggregate content, Rice-Husk Ash

content and water-cement ratio, respectively. The effects of these variables on the

compressive strength of concrete are presented and discussed.

Keywords: Recycled Aggregate, Concrete, Water-cement ratio, Rice-Husk Ash.


41

EVALUATION OF WARM ASPHALT TECHNOLOGIES

CONTAINING RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVEMENT

Juan Antonio Gonzlez-Len, Patrick Caujolle & Vincent Luca Centre de Recherche Rhne-Alpes ARKEMA, Rue Henri Moissan, B.P. 63 Pierre-Bnite, France 69493.

ABSTRACT

It has been demonstrated that the ensemble of warm mix asphalt technologies are compatible

with most of the asphalt mixtures normally produced at standard hot temperatures. The

advantages of using warm mix asphalts (WMA), in particular on the reduction of polluting

emissions and energy consumption, have been reported on several occasions in literature

described by laboratory and field tests. However, the biggest challenge remains to be

efficiently combining WMA with higher amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP).

The incorporation of higher amounts of RAP into asphalt mixtures produced at reduced

temperatures is not an easy task, although several economical and environmental advantages

are obtained by its use. The final asphalt mix properties are highly dependent on the proper

blending between the aged bitumen, present on the RAP, and the fresh added binder. The

blending of aged and fresh binder is a process that depends on the viscosity of the binders,

their mixing time, and among other factors the operating conditions. It is easy to imagine that

this blending process is more difficult at lower production temperatures, as found in WMA,

than in regular hot mix asphalt conditions. WMA technologies are based on different physical

phenomena, such as bitumen viscosity reduction, use of surface-active chemicals, or bitumen

foaming, a different result from the incorporation of higher amounts of RAP may be expected

in each case.

In this work, the challenges of using increased amounts of RAP with warm asphalt mix

technologies are discussed and demonstrated through original laboratory experiments based

on two phase rheology. Simple mechanical tests on asphalt mixes containing high amounts of

RAP were also carried out to evaluate the impact of those technologies on the final

performance of the mix. The effect of WMA additives on the compaction performance of

asphalt mixtures containing RAP is also discussed.

Finally, the advantages of using WMA and RAP together from an environmental point of

view are also shown. A simplified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method is used to this

exemplify this, taking into account the impact of the WMA additive used for this end.


42

UTILISATION OF WASTE PLASTICS IN CONSTRUCTION OF

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

S.Rajasekaran1, Dr.Vasudevan

2 & Dr.Samuvel Paulraj

3

1Research Scholar, Madurai kamaraj University

2Thiagarajar college of Engineering, Madurai - 15

3M.K University

ABSTRACT

Elastomers like natural rubber, crumb rubber, SBR, etc. as well as Plastomeric substances

like Polyethylene, Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Ethylene Butyl Acrylates are mixed with

Bitumen to modify the properties. Modified Bitumen possesses better quality1.

Today the availability of the waste plastics is enormous, as the plastic materials have become

part and parcel of daily life. They either get mixed with Municipal Solid Waste and or thrown

over land area. Their present disposal is either by land filling or by incineration. Both the

processes are not Ecofriendly. Under this circumstance, an alternate use for the waste plastics

is also the need of the hour.


43

FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT

AGGREGATE CONCRETE AND THE EFFECT OF

POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE

Adnan Qadir1, Zia-ur-Rehman

2, Rukhsana Rahooja

3, Abdul Bari Mangi

4

1 Professor, Department of Urban and Infrastructure Engineering, NED University of Engineering and

Technology, Karachi-74550, Pakistan 2Principal Research Officer/ Secretary, Council for Works and Housing Research,

F-40, Hub Ri

lcmt conf proc 2013

Documents

pavement engineering

conference programme

dry technology

expanding infrastructure

contents day

built environment volume

new developments

road reinstatements