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Page 1: Layering Do's and Dont’s for Arc Flash Protection...Flame‐Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire ) is commonly referenced for details concerning

Layering Do's and Dont’s for Arc Flash Protection

Sponsored by

Page 2: Layering Do's and Dont’s for Arc Flash Protection...Flame‐Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire ) is commonly referenced for details concerning

Layering Do’s and Don'tsBrought to you by:

Property of Bulwark, not for reproduction without written permission

Page 3: Layering Do's and Dont’s for Arc Flash Protection...Flame‐Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire ) is commonly referenced for details concerning

• The information today can be useful for our utilities, general industry electricians for NFPA70E and many of the basic do’s and don’ts can be used across all market segments that utilize FR/AR clothing– Look to cover the basic of why FR/AR clothing is needed– FR/AR basics– History of FR/AR in 1910.269– How to properly wear FR/AR– Layering

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OSHA General Duty Clause – OSH Act 1970

• Employer’s responsibility / Choosing FR 

SEC. 5. Duties

(a) Each employer ‐‐

(1) shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees;

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References

OSHA:• 1910.269 ‐ Electric Power Generation, Transmission, 

and Distribution; Electrical• Protective Equipment;• 1910.132(a) – Protective equipment, including 

personal protective equipment for eyes, face, head, and extremities, protective clothing,…

• 1910.137 ‐ Electrical Protective Equipment• 1910.147: LOTO• 1910.269: Power Generation & Distribution• 1910.331‐.335 ‐ ESWP• 1910.334 Use of equipment ‐ Portable ‐ Fixed ‐ Test• 1910.335 PPE & warning

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Organizational Policy ‐ Is compliance with industry standards required?

• Conducting a hazard risk assessment of the workplace is the first step in understanding the risks in each work environment.  Appropriate flame resistant clothing can be selected based on the employer’s evaluation of the workplace hazards.  Once the hazards are defined, employers should reference common performance standards which address specific threats.   In environments having the potential for arc flash/flash fire, NFPA 70E/2112 (Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace/Standard on Flame‐Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire) is commonly referenced for details concerning the performance and design requirements of appropriate FR clothing.  Many organizations have adopted an internal policy of issuing NFPA70E/ 2112 certified garments to their employees

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What is Flame Resistant Clothing?

• Clothing made from fabrics that self-extinguish

• Fabrics may be natural or synthetic

• Designed to limit (not eliminate) burn injury

• Survival, extent of injury, recovery time and quality of life are all dependent on FR/AR garment performance

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“Primary” vs. “Secondary” 

• Primary Protective Clothing– Definition; “Clothing that is designed to 

be worn for work activities where significant exposure to molten substance splash, radiant heat, and flame is likely to occur.” Example‐Firefighter Turnout Gear 

• Secondary Protective Clothing– Definition; “Clothing that is designed for 

continuous wear in designated locations where intermittent exposure to molten substance splash, radiant heat, and flame is possible.”

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What Flame Resistant Clothing is Not!

Hierarchy of Controls

• Eliminate or replace• Engineering• Admin and/or policies• PPE

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Arc Energy Basics

• Exposure ‐ Incident Energy (IE) expressed in cal/cm2

• Protection – Arc Thermal Protective Value (ATPV) expressed in cal/cm2

• An exposure of only 1‐2 calories will cause second degree burn on human skin

• Typical non‐FR/AR workwear can ignite @4‐5cals• Reports indicate that 80‐90% of job tasks have hazards with the potential to release up to 8 cal/cm2. still leaving 10 – 20% above 

• Arcs typically release 5‐30 cals, and energies of 30‐60 cals are not uncommon

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Now What?

You have to wear PPE with an arc rating greater than or equal to the estimated heat energy.

So you have estimated your Incident energies

Now you have to match your ATPV in your clothing so that it is equal or greater than the estimated IE

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• The majority of single layer garments utilized today in our electrical both high and low voltage provide an ATPV of 8 cal/cm2 or more 

• Their would be no need to change if all your estimates are less than 8 cal/cm2

• For equipment that is greater than 8 cal/cm2

• You have a some options increase the distance to work on that equipment to such that it is less than 8 cal/cm2 or provide additional layers of Arc rated clothing to exceed the incident energy

• Layering can provide additional advantages

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Layering to meet the Hazard

Basics• Any garment worn as the outer layer, 

including rainwear, must be AR.• Any garment worn as a base layer 

cannot be made of meltable fibers such as acetate, nylon, polyester, polypropylene and spandex only natural fibers such as silk, cotton or wool are permissible.

• Two lightweight layers may provide greater protection than a single heavier layer

• Layering prevents exposing the non ‐FR under garment to potential ignition

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FR/AR Layering

Eliminate the two major problems when implementing either no under garment and/or natural fiber Non AR under garments (cotton T‐shirt) with your AR Clothing

In an Arc Flash the threat of break open is real (the AR garment reaches it’s performance threshold and begins to fail exposing either the naked skin or the light weight Non AR undershirt to thermal energy causing injury or worse potential ignition adding to the injury.

AR base layers add an additional layer of protection and eliminate the potential of under garment ignition as they will not ignite, drip or melt

This buys into the overall goal of your AR Clothing program which is to minimize injury.  Plus eliminates the need to police under garments and attempt to insure that all employees are safe. 

The Bulwark Tagless Base Layer displays the Bulwark Triangle easily identifying it as AR

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1506 APPENDIX (Non‐mandatory Information) 

Xl. GUIDELINES FOR PROTECTIVE WEARING APPAREL

Xl.1 Although this performance specification for basic protection level wearing apparel for electrical workers is written for single‐layer work clothing, it is recognized that optimum protective performance to severe exposure (for example, high currents, closeness to the arc, long time periods) involves the use of an appropriate system.X1.1.l Garments worn as underlayers (underwear) that neither ignite nor melt and drip in the course of an exposure to the electric arc and related thermal hazard may provide additional thermal insulation.X1.1.2 Garments that meet this performance specification may be used for a layered system for added protection. A typical layering system may include an undershirt, a shirt, trousers, and a flash jacket or may include a shirt and trouser and coverall. Specific tasks that may involve high‐energy levels, for example switching, grounding, and jumpering, may require specialized clothing.X1.1.3 Additional factors that may contribute to injury are under consideration and may result in the need to consider other specifications for protective systems.

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NFPA70E Annex M ‐ Total System Arc Rating.

M.3.1 The total system arc rating is the arc rating obtained   when all clothing layers worn by a worker are tested as a multilayer test sample. An example of a clothing system is an arc‐rated coverall worn over an arc‐rated shirt and arc rated pants in which all of the garments are constructed from the same arc‐rated fabric. For this two‐layer arc‐rated clothing system, the arc rating would typically be more than three times higher than the arc ratings of the individual layers; that is, if the arc ratings of the arc‐rated coverall, shirt, and pants were all in the range of 5 cal/cm2 to 6 cal/cm2, the total two‐layer system arc rating would be over 20 cal/cm2.

M.3.2 It is important to understand that the total system arc rating cannot be determined by adding the arc ratings of the individual layers. In a few cases, it has been observed that the total system arc rating actually decreased when another arc‐rated layer of a specific type was added to the system as the outermost layer. The only way to determine the total system arc rating is to conduct a multilayer arc test on the combination of all of the layers assembled as they would be worn.

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Dr. Thomas Neal testified in the final rule (pg 20500)

The only sure way [to obtain a rating for a layered clothing system] is to measure the arc rating for the system. [I]t’s not [a] situation where you could have an arc rating for three different layers that you put those on top of each other, just add them together.That doesn’t work. [Tr. 500]

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Layering do’s and don’ts – what to be aware of

• Regardless of the hazard arc flash or flash fire when discussing undergarments only natural fibers are allowed be cautious here of Non FR/AR synthetic performance apparel. AR base layers can provide piece of mind regarding fabric content being worn under AR/FR garments and can provide increased protection in lighter layers versus one heavier layer

• Layering of non‐melting flammable garments is permitted to be worn under AR/FR garments for added protection. However, the system arc rating of the outerlayerAR/FR layer must be sufficient to prevent break open and ignition of the flammable under layer. Only AR/FR layers within the layered system are used to determine system arc rating. Arc ratings of individual layers cannot simply be added together. Any garment worn as the outer layer, including rainwear, must be AR/FR.

• The only way to determine the total system arc rating is to conduct a multilayer arc test on the combination of all the layers assembled as they would be worn.

• Meltable fibers cannot be used in under layers next to the skin except that an incidental amount of elastic is permitted in socks and underwear.

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Do’s

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Don'ts 

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Don'ts cont.

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What could be wrong here???

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Which FR/AR base layer is correct for You?

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• It is important what you wear under your FR/AR garments

• It is equally important, how you wear your FR/AR garments

• 2 light weight FR/AR garments can be more protective and more comfortable than a heavier single layer

• FR/AR base layers take away the potential for ignition of non FR undergarment

• Can be easier to monitor than non‐FR base layer 

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Non Melting Under Garments

The result of wearing a meltableunder garment

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Some Standards alone are not enough; some are just wrong

• ASTM F2302 – 1.3 This specification does not pertain to applications where the conditions of potential flame contact or heat exposure are of an extended duration and/or are of a high intensity. Note 1—Examples include fire fighting applications, exposure to high energy electrical arcs and exposures in flash fires

• ASTM D6413 – 1.2 This standard shall be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions

• NFPA 701 – Two distinct test methods differentiate fabrics of different densities. The test methods apply to textile materials used in interior furnishing for public occupancy buildings including curtains, window shades, draperies, table linens, textile wall hangings, as well as to fabrics used in the assembly of awnings, tents, tarps and other similar architectural fabric structures and banners.

** ANSI 107 – 2015 Changes in FR labeling requirements will help

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Be very cautious in Rainwear and Vests

Rainwear has specific standards for both Arc Flash and Flash FireAR Rainwear claims can and are very misleadingDo not jeopardize your safety and your AR/FR program by implementing non‐compliant Rainwear and/or vestsRainwear and vests that are marketed as AR should not be used in a Flash Fire – do your homeworkMake sure to match the Rainwear to the hazard – for Arc Flash ASTM 1891 and they will have an ATPV and for Flash Fire ASTM 2733 better yet get raingear that is tested to both

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What can go wrong here???

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Having selected the proper AR/FR Garment for your hazard is the first step.  Properly training on the correct way to wear your PPE is equally important as it directly impacts how your PPE will preform

Training is required on PPE in all the regulations and standards

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1910.132(f)(1)

The employer shall provide training to each employee who is required by this section to use PPE. Each such employee shall be trained to know at least the following:1910.132(f)(1)(i) ‐When PPE is necessary;1910.132(f)(1)(ii) ‐What PPE is necessary;1910.132(f)(1)(iii) ‐ How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE;1910.132(f)(1)(iv) ‐ The limitations of the PPE; and,1910.132(f)(1)(v) ‐ The proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE.1910.132(f)(2) ‐ Each affected employee shall demonstrate an understanding of the training specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section, and the ability to use PPE properly, before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE.

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• The easiest time to inspect FR/AR Clothing is just before you put it on in the morning

• However make sure that you are vigilant throughout the day to avoid common errors in proper wear

• Check for holes, rips and tears• Check for areas of heavy wear such as elbows and knees where the fabric may be worn thin

• Check the integrity of the seamsIn general check the integrity of the garment and repair or replace accordingly 

Inspect garments daily –

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• Ask for the manufacturers guarantee in writing on letterhead and signed

• Ask for the test data for the hazard (fabric suppliers can readily supply these results)

• Ask to see the garments certification(s) (has every garment been tested to your hazard?) 

• Specify that only certified compliant garments for your hazard(s) are allowed on site

• Work with a proven supply chain partners • Periodically police your program for compliance

SUMMARY

32

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THANK YOU

Bulwark Protective Apparelwww.bulwark.com

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Disclaimers

*This webinar is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information about the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. *This webinar provides general information only and does not constitute legal advice. No attorney-client relationship has been created. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. We recommend that you consult with qualified local counsel familiar with your specific situation before taking any action.