lawrence berkeley national laboratory environmental …gaia.lbl.gov/people/mwbeck/public/philips...

Arun Majumdar, LBNL/UCBArun Majumdar, LBNL/UCB

Arun MajumdarDivision Director, EETD

Faculty Scientist, Materials Sciences Division

Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEnvironmental Energy Technologies DivisionEnvironmental Energy Technologies Division

OverviewOverview


US Department of Energy

National Laboratory System

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory~4000 Employees

Managed by the University of California

Environmental Energy Technologies Division~400 Employees, 5 Departments

Energy and Environment ResearchPrimary Sponsors: Federal and State Agencies

What is the Environmental Energy Technologies Division?


Energy Analysis Department123 staff & guests

Electricity Markets &

Policy

Inter-national Energy Studies

China Energy

Government & Industry Programs

Energy Efficiency Standards

End-Use Forecasting

& Market Assessment

Heat Islands

Independent Research Projects

J.E. McMahon, Head


Building Technologies Department66 staff & guests

Windows & DaylightingWindows & Daylighting

Commercial Building Systems

Commercial Building Systems

Lighting SystemsLighting Systems

Simulations Research

Simulations Research

Applications Team

Applications Team

S.E. Selkowitz, HeadS.E. Selkowitz, Head

Demand Response, Residential & Industrial

Policy

Demand Response, Residential & Industrial

Policy


Advanced Energy Technologies Department95 staff & guests

Physical/Chemical Technologies

Physical/Chemical Technologies

Combustions TechnologiesCombustions Technologies

Electrochemical Technologies

Electrochemical Technologies

R.E. Russo, HeadR.E. Russo, Head


Indoor Environment Department63 total staff

Airflow & Pollutant Transport

Airflow & Pollutant Transport

William Fisk, HeadWilliam Fisk, Head

Environmental Chemistry,

Exposure, and Risk

Environmental Chemistry,

Exposure, and Risk

Commercial Building

Ventilation & Indoor

Environmental Quality

Commercial Building

Ventilation & Indoor

Environmental Quality

Energy Performance of

Buildings

Energy Performance of

Buildings


Atmospheric Sciences Department26 total staff (includes matrixed staff & guests)

Atmospheric Processes

Impacting Air Quality

Atmospheric Processes

Impacting Air Quality

Atmospheric Processes Impacting

Global Climate

Atmospheric Processes Impacting

Global Climate

EmissionsEmissions

N.J. Brown, HeadN.J. Brown, Head

Aerosol Sources and Exposures

Aerosol Sources and Exposures


2007 IPCC Nobelists from EETD

1. Mark Levine2. Surabi Menon3. Evan Mills4. Lynn Price5. Jayant Sathaye6. Ernst Worrell7. Maithili Iyer8. Phil Haves9. Stephane de la Rue du Can


Prior Impacts of Prior Impacts of EETDEETD’’s s Efficiency R&DEfficiency R&DFrom National Academy of Sciences ReportFrom National Academy of Sciences Report

• Primary energy savings = 9% of 2025 residential energy use

• Carbon reductions in 2025= 132 million metric tons CO2/year

NAS estimate of economic benefits of EE R&D assigns $23 of $30 billion in savings to LBNL -derived technologies

Additional $48 billion in savings from energy efficiency standards for 9 residential products


0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,00019

60

1962

1964

1966

1968

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

KW

h

12,000

8,0007,000

California

U.S.

kWh

Per Capita Electricity in the U.S. and California (1960-2001)

Art Rosenfeld (Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley) turns his attention to the energy problem

(Karin)


U.S. Refrigerator Energy UseUnited States Refrigerator Use v. Time

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1947

1949

1951

1953

1955

1957

1959

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Ave

rage

Eer

ngy

Use

per

Uni

t Sol

d (k

Wh

per y

ear)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Ref

riger

ator

vol

ume

(cub

ic fe

et)

Energy Use per Unit

Refrigerator Size (cubic feet)

Refrigerator Price in 1983 Dollars

$ 1,270

$ 462


Fluorescent Lighting

1 quad = 300 billion kW-hr

390 Billion kWh used for lighting in all 390 Billion kWh used for lighting in all commercial buildings in 2001commercial buildings in 2001


QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.


Advanced Energy Technology(Eg. Battery, Combustion)

Advanced Energy Technology(Eg. Battery, Combustion)

Atmospheric Sciences (Eg.Pollutant formation/transport)

Atmospheric Sciences (Eg.Pollutant formation/transport)

Energy Analysis (Eg. Efficiency, Economics, Standards,..)

Energy Analysis (Eg. Efficiency, Economics, Standards,..)

Building Technology (Eg. Lighting, Demand Response, Data Centers)

Building Technology (Eg. Lighting, Demand Response, Data Centers)

Indoor Environment(Eg. Thermal control, Pollutant gen/transport)

Indoor Environment(Eg. Thermal control, Pollutant gen/transport)

CAMPUS•Engineering (Wireless, sensors, Data centers)•ERG•Haas•Architecture

CAMPUS•Engineering (Wireless, sensors, Data centers)•ERG•Haas•Architecture

Energy Efficiency & Environment in Buildings


Zero Energy BuildingCreating a New Generation of Net-Zero Energy, Carbon-Neutral Buildings

Automation• Energy sensors & actuators• Wireless communication• Feedback control systems

Cool Stuff

Tunable WindowsFunctional BuildingMaterials• Thermal• Structural


New York Times HQConstruction complete, occupied June 2007Construction complete, occupied June 2007Automated shading and daylight dimming installed and Automated shading and daylight dimming installed and workingworkingExtensive monitoring plannedExtensive monitoring plannedChallenge: Adoption by othersChallenge: Adoption by others……


New Generation of Whole Building Energy Analysis Software

• DOE-2 and BLAST had limitations– Outdated, couldn’t model newer technologies– Hard to enhance because of old data structures,

“spaghetti code”• EnergyPlus is built on DOE-2 and BLAST

– 7-year collaboration among LBNL, University of Illinois and others

– Redesigned from bottom up using modular Fortran 90 code: makes it easier to keep EnergyPlus up to date

– More accurate simulation results from features not found in earlier programs, such as

– Link to CAD– Heat balance loads calculation every time

step– Multizone air flow calculation– Network-based HVAC systems

» Simulation of newer technologies: photovoltaics, radiant cooling, etc.

Source Energy Use (Btu/ft2-year)

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

1 2

Average commercialbuilding

Designed w ith EnergyPlus

Percent savings 25.5%Energy savings 52,000 Btu/ft2-yearCost savings $0.70/ft2-yearCarbon savings 1.8 lb/ft2-year

• Based on successful 25-year old programs: DOE-2 and BLAST– Used to develop state and national energy standards– Buildings designed with these programs use average of 25% less energy

– Link to CAD– Heat balance loads calculation every time step– Multizone air flow calculation– Network-based HVAC systems

» Simulation of newer technologies: photovoltaics, radiant cooling, etc.

19


• Establishes capabilities of current controls and communications with Energy Management Control Systems

• Demonstrates large sheds can take place without complaints

• Demonstrates range of strategies to produce sheds and capabilities needed

• First steps toward enabling policy and adoption of technology in code

• Commercial HVAC and dimmable ballast/lighting could be first target

Fully Automated Electricity Demand Response:DR Research Center Project

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

300

CM

all

Alb

erts

ons

B o

f A

Cal

EP

A

CIS

CO

50 D

ougl

as

Sum

mit

Ctr

Ech

elon

450

GG

NA

RA

OFB

OS

Isof

t

Roc

he

UC

SB

US

PS

Max

She

d k

W o

f Tes

t Per

iod

(3 H

our

s)

8-Sep 21-Sep 13-Oct 5-Nov

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Tota

l

Max

imum

Aggregated Demand Saving, Sept 8th

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

13:0

0

14:0

0

15:0

0

16:0

0

17:0

0

18:0

0

19:0

0

20:0

0

21:0

0

22:0

0

23:0

0

Dem

and

[kW

]

Albertsons B of A (B) OFB Roche USCB Total Savings Baseline


Data Center Energy Consumption

– Google warns “Power could cost more than servers”

– LBNL expects 7 fold increase in electricity demand over 10 years, tripling LBNL’s total current peak demand

Research areas• Understanding how energy is used

in data centers• Efficient power supplies• Efficient computer cooling

strategies• Real time monitoring and control• Use of outdoor air for free cooling• Power efficient algorithms

Energy Demands at Data Centers and Super Computer Centers are Growing Rapidly






Batteries & Waste Heat Recovery

1

2

46

10

2

46

100

2

46

1000

Spe

cific

Ene

rgy

(Wh/

kg)

100 101 102 103 104

Specific Power (W/kg)

Lead-Acid

Capacitors

Fuel Cells

IC Engine

36 s0.1 h1 h

10 h

100 h

Ni-MH

Li-ion

Lead-Acid

Capacitors

Fuel Cells

IC Engine

36 s0.1 h1 h

10 h

100 h

Ni-MH

Li-ion

Acceleration

Rang

e

Lead-Acid

Capacitors

IC Engine

EV goal

HEV goal

3.6 s36 s0.1 h1 h

10 h

100 h

Ni-MH

Li-ion

Source: Product data sheets

PHEV goal

EV Š Electric VehiclePHEVŠ Plug-in Hybrid-Electric VehicleHEV Š Hybrid-Electric

Vehicle

BatteriesWaste Heat Recovery

Silicon Nanowires



Thermoelectric Engines/Refrigerators


Sepa

rato

r

Cathode:e.g., LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2

Al C

urre

nt C

olle

ctor

Anode:e.g., Graphite

Cu

Cur

rent

Col

lect

or

e−e−

Li+

Lithium-ion batterye−

Battery Technology

Electrolyte:• Liquid organic solvents• Gel• Polymers• Ionic liquids

Binder

Conductive additives

Cathode:• Layered transition-metal oxides• Spinel-based compositions• Olivine-based compositions

Anode:• Carbon-based• Alloys and intermetallics• Oxides• Lithium-metal

• A lithium-ion battery is not a single chemistry (unlike a lead-acid battery)

•Presently three classes of cathodes, four classes of anodes, and four classes of electrolytes under consideration for Li-ion cells


For More Information

http://http://eetd.lbl.goveetd.lbl.gov//

lawrence berkeley national laboratory environmental …gaia.lbl.gov/people/mwbeck/public/philips...

Documents