latin american independence leaders
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Unit 7 Notes
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• Spain is building an empire- Native Americans are the lowest class
• Native Americans begin to die because of European diseases
• Introduction of Slavery• New ethnicities- Mestizo, Mulatto, Criollo• More money from Triangle Trade = more slaves• Slaves are unhappy= more rebellions
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Haiti
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• former slave in Haitiformer slave in Haiti; freed in
1777
• 1791: led a huge slave revolt huge slave revolt against the French French in Hispanola
• France was also fighting a war against Spanish forces in Hispaniola; couldn’t deal with slave rebellions• promised that any slave who joined the
French army & fought the Spanish would be freed
• 1795: L’Ouverture’s army helped French defeat the Spanish
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• 1801: L’Ouverture led a huge army into a Spanish colony & freed all slaves freed all slaves there
• Six months later, he became “governor general of Haiti for
life.”• 1802: Large French army lands in Haiti wanted to restore
old French government & regain control of sugar trade
• L’Ouverture’s army fought the French & lostfought the French & lost
• French arrested L’Ouverture and sent him to prison in prison in
FranceFrance
• L’Ouverture died died
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• L’Ouverture’s army was outraged; it took up arms again against France.• November 1803: defeated last of the French forces
• 1804: declared Haiti independent of French rule• HaitiHaiti became the 1st country in Latin America 1st country in Latin America
to break free free of European imperialism.
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Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Bolivia
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• wealthy Venezuelan criollo criollo who spent many years traveling Europe
• While in Italy, he discovered his life’s purpose: to liberate his homeland from European control.• 1810: Bolivar’s army kicks Spanish kicks Spanish governor out of VenezuelaVenezuela• 1811: new constitution proclaimed Venezuela’s independent of Spanish rule
• Soon after, Spanish royalists defeated the new country’s army & Bolivar was forced to flee to New Granada (Colombia).
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• Bolivar organized a bigger army bigger army & marched back into Venezuela.• 1813: Bolivar’s army won & took control won & took control
of Venezuela’s capital, Caracas•Bolivar was nicknamed El Libertador.El Libertador.
• Over the next few years, Bolivar liberated New Granada (now Colombia), New Granada (now Colombia), Ecuador, Panama, Peru, & Upper Peru Ecuador, Panama, Peru, & Upper Peru (now Bolivia).(now Bolivia).
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Mexico
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• Catholic priest Catholic priest in the town of Dolores• began the struggle for Mexico’s Mexico’s
independence in 1810• September 16th, 1810September 16th, 1810: “Cry of Cry of
DoloresDolores” was his call for revolution; rang church bells and shouted, “Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the Spaniards!”
• an army of mestizos & Native mestizos & Native Americans rallied behind HidalgoAmericans rallied behind Hidalgo
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• 80,000 people joined the fight, but the army was soon defeated by the SpanishSpanish.• Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811
• Mexicans continued to fight for independence over the next decade.
• 1821: Mexico gained independence 1821: Mexico gained independence from Spain.from Spain.
• Mexico celebrates September 16th as it’s Independence Day.• The president rings a bell in Mexico city and repeats Hidalgo’s “Cry of Dolores.”
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