Later History of the Middle East/GovernmentUnit 6

SSWG3 The student will describe the interaction of physical and human systems that have shaped contemporary North Africa/Southwest Asia. a. Describe the location of major physical features and their impact on North Africa/Southwest Asia. c. Analyze the impact natural resources, especially oil, have on North Africa/Southwest Asia. e. Explain the impact of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the development of the region’s culture. g. Describe the major ethnic and cultural groups in North Africa/Southwest Asia; include major customs and traditions.

Ottoman Empire Creation of Israel Israel v. Muslim Countries

PLO & Hamas Iran Iraq

Ottoman Empire Began in the early 1300’s Made up of Sunni Muslims Sunni Muslims: choose

religious leaders to lead prayer and interpret the Qur’an Largest group of Islamic

followers Empire began to expanded

into Southern Europe, Eastern Europe & North Africa

SIGNIFICANCE: Ottomans acquired a new

capital and port which allowed them to expand & spread Islam

Ottoman Empire continued

Ottomans tolerant of Christians/Jews Allowed religious freedom throughout their

empire

1700’s --- Ottoman Empire begins declining Great Britain/France begin to take much

territory from the Ottomans Algeria --- France Egypt --- Great Britain

Great Britain/France waiting for Ottomans to crumble

Fall of Ottoman Empire

World War I --- Ottomans side w/ Germany

Great Britain makes deal with Ottomans: Create Arab homeland with religious

freedom for all faiths

Great Britain secretly plans to divide empire with France

Fall of Ottoman Empire continued

o Ottomans & Germany lose WWI Ottomans forced to sign peace

treaty

3 parts of peace treaty:

1. Arab state in Saudi Arabia & Yemen

2. France controls Syria & Lebanon

3. Great Britain gets Iraq, Jordan, & Palestine (Israel)

Creation of Israel

Zionist Movement (late 1800’s/early 1900’s) Jews thought Palestine was the only home they

knew & free from persecution

PROBLEM Great Britain controlled Palestine after WWI

British promised Muslims a homeland --- offered Muslims self determination

Self determination: right to decide political future

Creation of Israel continued

BIGGER PROBLEM: Balfour Declaration (1917): Stated G. Britain’s

support for creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine w/out violating Muslim rights

Many Muslim nations (Jordan, Syria, Iraq) began to form independent nations after World War II

Sympathy arose for the Jews after news of their suffering emerged during WWII (Holocaust) Jews from Europe began to migrate to Israel

Creation of Israel continued Tensions among the 3

groups (British, Muslims, Jews) turned violent

1947 --- British w/drew from Palestine --- turned area over to the United Nations

UN Solution for Palestine: Palestine --- divided into 2

states (one Muslim, one Jewish) (1)

Jerusalem would be international city sacred to Christians, Muslims, Jews (2)

Creation of Israel continued

accepted UN plan, Muslims did not

Muslims said plan not fair since they had majority population

UN approved division of Palestine

1948 --- creation of Israel

Almost immediately, Muslim countries attack

Israel v. Muslim countries Israel’s borders change

within a 30 year period 1948 War, 1967 Six Day War &

the 1973 Yom Kippur War Egypt, Jordan, Syria

Israel gains more land West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai

Peninsula Palestinian Muslims flee to

areas/live in refugee camps Sinai Peninsula will eventually

go back to Egypt

PLO Palestinian Liberation

Organization Formed in mid-1960’s to

represent best interests of Palestinian Muslims

Said Muslims were only group that had rights to Palestine

Leader: Yasir Arafat (dies 2004)

1980’s --- called for an intifada or uprising in Israeli occupied territories

terrorist attacks by PLO against Israel

Has control of West Bank Official gov’t now called the

Palestinian National Authority

Hamas

Created in the 1980’s Also responsible for

terrorist attacks against Israel

Took control of Gaza Strip --- 2007

Imposed Islamic law Legal system based on

Islamic principles Money for Hamas

comes from countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfMyuDc9yx04:12 min

Hezbollah

Military group/political party in Lebanon Founded in response to Israeli

forces invading Lebanon in the early 1980’s

Led by Shi’a Muslims Sophisticated attacks

against Israel Determined to drive Israeli

troops out of Lebanon Also claimed responsibility

for 1983 killings of 200 U.S. Marines in Beirut, Lebanon

Conflict continues Both Hamas and PLO have hatred for

European countries and the U.S.

Hatred comes from:

1. Dishonesty of Great Britain after WWI2. UN granting land to Israel3. Foreign countries meddling in Middle

East4. U.S. military and financial support of

Israel

Iran Once ruled by a shah-ruler 1970’s---Iranians wanted

an Islamic theocracy Theocracy: gov’t ruled

through religion shah did not truly

represent the Islamic religion

1979-people of Iran revolted

shah left Iran for United States

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini set up new Islamic gov’t—became the Republic of Iran

Changes Made by Ayatollah Khomeini

Harsh punishments for anyone who spoke out against the gov’t (1)

Had to abide by Islamic dress code, especially women-had to be covered (2)

No Western influences (3)

Examples: No American movies/music/clothing/news

Iran Hostage Crisis

Nov. 1979 Iranian university students

took 66 people hostage @ U.S. embassy in Tehran

Hostages held 444 days tried rescue attempt

October 1980 Rescue attempt failed killing 8 U.S. military men

some of the reason why Jimmy Carter not reelected

Hostages finally released Jan 1981 the day Ronald Reagan took oath

of office

Iraq vs Iran 1980-Iraq & Iran start

the 8 Year War Iraqi leader, Saddam

Hussein, fought Iran over a border dispute (Strait of Hormuz)

Iraq was supplied with weapons by the U.S.

Iran got weapons from the former communist Soviet Union

The U.S. also secretly sold weapons to Iran

War ended in a truce

Hussein vs. the U.S. Former leader---Saddam

Hussein-came to power in 1979

1990—Hussein attacks Kuwait b/c of its large oil supply

US comes to Kuwait’s aid---beginning of Desert Storm Conflict/First Gulf War

1991-US liberates Kuwait from Iraq Hussein remains in power

United Nations places embargo or severe restriction on trade w/ other countries on Iraq

Hussein vs U.S. continued

Embargo was to force Hussein to give up chemical/nuclear weapons

2002---United Nations inspectors look for chemical weapons in Iraq

March 2003-US invades Iraq—beginning of 2nd War in the Gulf

Hussein captured in 2003, tried/executed in 2006