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Later History of the Middle East/GovernmentUnit 6
SSWG3 The student will describe the interaction of physical and human systems that have shaped contemporary North Africa/Southwest Asia. a. Describe the location of major physical features and their impact on North Africa/Southwest Asia. c. Analyze the impact natural resources, especially oil, have on North Africa/Southwest Asia. e. Explain the impact of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam on the development of the region’s culture. g. Describe the major ethnic and cultural groups in North Africa/Southwest Asia; include major customs and traditions.
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Ottoman Empire Creation of Israel Israel v. Muslim Countries
PLO & Hamas Iran Iraq
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Ottoman Empire Began in the early 1300’s Made up of Sunni Muslims Sunni Muslims: choose
religious leaders to lead prayer and interpret the Qur’an Largest group of Islamic
followers Empire began to expanded
into Southern Europe, Eastern Europe & North Africa
SIGNIFICANCE: Ottomans acquired a new
capital and port which allowed them to expand & spread Islam
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Ottoman Empire continued
Ottomans tolerant of Christians/Jews Allowed religious freedom throughout their
empire
1700’s --- Ottoman Empire begins declining Great Britain/France begin to take much
territory from the Ottomans Algeria --- France Egypt --- Great Britain
Great Britain/France waiting for Ottomans to crumble
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Fall of Ottoman Empire
World War I --- Ottomans side w/ Germany
Great Britain makes deal with Ottomans: Create Arab homeland with religious
freedom for all faiths
Great Britain secretly plans to divide empire with France
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Fall of Ottoman Empire continued
o Ottomans & Germany lose WWI Ottomans forced to sign peace
treaty
3 parts of peace treaty:
1. Arab state in Saudi Arabia & Yemen
2. France controls Syria & Lebanon
3. Great Britain gets Iraq, Jordan, & Palestine (Israel)
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Creation of Israel
Zionist Movement (late 1800’s/early 1900’s) Jews thought Palestine was the only home they
knew & free from persecution
PROBLEM Great Britain controlled Palestine after WWI
British promised Muslims a homeland --- offered Muslims self determination
Self determination: right to decide political future
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Creation of Israel continued
BIGGER PROBLEM: Balfour Declaration (1917): Stated G. Britain’s
support for creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine w/out violating Muslim rights
Many Muslim nations (Jordan, Syria, Iraq) began to form independent nations after World War II
Sympathy arose for the Jews after news of their suffering emerged during WWII (Holocaust) Jews from Europe began to migrate to Israel
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Creation of Israel continued Tensions among the 3
groups (British, Muslims, Jews) turned violent
1947 --- British w/drew from Palestine --- turned area over to the United Nations
UN Solution for Palestine: Palestine --- divided into 2
states (one Muslim, one Jewish) (1)
Jerusalem would be international city sacred to Christians, Muslims, Jews (2)
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Creation of Israel continued
accepted UN plan, Muslims did not
Muslims said plan not fair since they had majority population
UN approved division of Palestine
1948 --- creation of Israel
Almost immediately, Muslim countries attack
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Israel v. Muslim countries Israel’s borders change
within a 30 year period 1948 War, 1967 Six Day War &
the 1973 Yom Kippur War Egypt, Jordan, Syria
Israel gains more land West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai
Peninsula Palestinian Muslims flee to
areas/live in refugee camps Sinai Peninsula will eventually
go back to Egypt
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PLO Palestinian Liberation
Organization Formed in mid-1960’s to
represent best interests of Palestinian Muslims
Said Muslims were only group that had rights to Palestine
Leader: Yasir Arafat (dies 2004)
1980’s --- called for an intifada or uprising in Israeli occupied territories
terrorist attacks by PLO against Israel
Has control of West Bank Official gov’t now called the
Palestinian National Authority
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Hamas
Created in the 1980’s Also responsible for
terrorist attacks against Israel
Took control of Gaza Strip --- 2007
Imposed Islamic law Legal system based on
Islamic principles Money for Hamas
comes from countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfMyuDc9yx04:12 min
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Hezbollah
Military group/political party in Lebanon Founded in response to Israeli
forces invading Lebanon in the early 1980’s
Led by Shi’a Muslims Sophisticated attacks
against Israel Determined to drive Israeli
troops out of Lebanon Also claimed responsibility
for 1983 killings of 200 U.S. Marines in Beirut, Lebanon
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Conflict continues Both Hamas and PLO have hatred for
European countries and the U.S.
Hatred comes from:
1. Dishonesty of Great Britain after WWI2. UN granting land to Israel3. Foreign countries meddling in Middle
East4. U.S. military and financial support of
Israel
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Iran Once ruled by a shah-ruler 1970’s---Iranians wanted
an Islamic theocracy Theocracy: gov’t ruled
through religion shah did not truly
represent the Islamic religion
1979-people of Iran revolted
shah left Iran for United States
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini set up new Islamic gov’t—became the Republic of Iran
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Changes Made by Ayatollah Khomeini
Harsh punishments for anyone who spoke out against the gov’t (1)
Had to abide by Islamic dress code, especially women-had to be covered (2)
No Western influences (3)
Examples: No American movies/music/clothing/news
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Iran Hostage Crisis
Nov. 1979 Iranian university students
took 66 people hostage @ U.S. embassy in Tehran
Hostages held 444 days tried rescue attempt
October 1980 Rescue attempt failed killing 8 U.S. military men
some of the reason why Jimmy Carter not reelected
Hostages finally released Jan 1981 the day Ronald Reagan took oath
of office
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Iraq vs Iran 1980-Iraq & Iran start
the 8 Year War Iraqi leader, Saddam
Hussein, fought Iran over a border dispute (Strait of Hormuz)
Iraq was supplied with weapons by the U.S.
Iran got weapons from the former communist Soviet Union
The U.S. also secretly sold weapons to Iran
War ended in a truce
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Hussein vs. the U.S. Former leader---Saddam
Hussein-came to power in 1979
1990—Hussein attacks Kuwait b/c of its large oil supply
US comes to Kuwait’s aid---beginning of Desert Storm Conflict/First Gulf War
1991-US liberates Kuwait from Iraq Hussein remains in power
United Nations places embargo or severe restriction on trade w/ other countries on Iraq
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Hussein vs U.S. continued
Embargo was to force Hussein to give up chemical/nuclear weapons
2002---United Nations inspectors look for chemical weapons in Iraq
March 2003-US invades Iraq—beginning of 2nd War in the Gulf
Hussein captured in 2003, tried/executed in 2006