late 19 th century america mr. marston dominion christian high school marietta, ga
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Late 19th Century America
Mr. MarstonDominion Christian High
SchoolMarietta, GA
![Page 2: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
America as a great industrial power
• By 1890, America was one of the top three industrialized powers in the world
• Great Britain• Germany• United States
![Page 3: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most
Americans. Some question the “means” by
which the industrial capitalists became
wealthy.
Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most
Americans. Some question the “means” by
which the industrial capitalists became
wealthy.
![Page 4: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Causes for Industrialization
• 1. Population Growth led to increased demand for products and an increased work force to produce them.
1860: 32 million1910: 92 milliona.Movement westward (source of raw
materials)b.Rapid expansion of railroads
![Page 5: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Causes for Industrialization
• 2. new machines and methods• 3. government friendly to economic
growth (willing to stay out of the way)• 4. new sources of power: oil and
electricity• 5. abundant capital• 6. talented group of businessmen
(entrepreneurs)• 7. surplus labor from immigration
![Page 6: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
New Business CultureNew Business CultureLaissez Faireto leave alone)Laissez Faireto leave alone)
the ideology of the Industrial Age.
Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.
The market was not man-made or invented.
No room for government in the market!
the ideology of the Industrial Age.
Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.
The market was not man-made or invented.
No room for government in the market!
![Page 7: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“Captains of Industry”
• Derisively called “robber barons” because of their greed and aggressive business practices.
Andrew Carnegie: (Steel)John D. Rockefeller: (Oil)Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)J.P. Morgan: (investment banker)
![Page 8: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Steel Industry: Andrew Carnegie
![Page 9: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Andrew Carnegie
• “Surplus wealth is a sacred trust which its possessor is bound to administer in his lifetime for the good of the community”
• The man who dies rich, dies disgraced”• “Rags to riches story”• Immigrant from Scotland• His skill was as a business organizer and
innovator in running factories• He hired the best people to perform the
technical work for him
![Page 10: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• 1875: Edgar Thompson Works: An integrated steel factory and sell steel to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company
• Vertically Integrated System: all processes from start to finish are controlled by one entity. For steel, from blast furnaces to steel rails.
• Carnegie always modernized to the most recent equipment before his competitors
![Page 11: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vertical Integration example
![Page 12: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Carnegie Steel
![Page 13: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• American steel production1865: 19,000 tons1900: 10 million tonsHe sold to JP Morgan in 1901 for $480
million and Carnegie’s companies became the core of US Steel Corporation
![Page 14: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Carnegie’s legacy
• Gave away $350 million• 3,000 libraries• Education (Carnegie-Mellon
University)• Carnegie Hall: (NYC)
![Page 15: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Carnegie Hall
![Page 16: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Gospel of Wealth:Religion in the Era of
Industrialization
The Gospel of Wealth:Religion in the Era of
Industrialization
Russell H. ConwellRussell H. Conwell
$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
$ Should not help the poor.
$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
$ Should not help the poor.
![Page 17: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
“The Gospel of Wealth”
• “Not evil, but good, has come to the race from the accumulation of wealth by those who have the ability and energy that produces it.”
![Page 18: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
“On Wealth”“On Wealth”
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie
$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.
$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).
$ Inequality is inevitable and good.
$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.
$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).
$ Inequality is inevitable and good.
$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
![Page 19: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
John D. Rockefeller
• Built empire on refining oil, not in its production
• Expert organizer • Established refineries and he worked
hard to make a high quality product• Bought out competitors or went into
partnership• Made deals with the railroads to
subsidize his shipping charges of oil
![Page 20: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Rockefeller
![Page 21: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Standard Oil Refinery
![Page 22: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Created monopoly of American oil refining
• Rockefeller could control how oil went onto the market
• He could create business stability• By 1879, Rockefeller controlled 95%
of the U.S. oil refining industry
![Page 23: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
“pay nobody a profit”
Standard Oil owned the pipelines leading to railroads, plus the tank cars and the oil storage facilities
![Page 24: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Rockefeller organized his company into a trust: business entity with a board of trustees that made decisions and controlled the day to day operations of several companies
![Page 25: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Horizontal Integration
• Consolidation of all of one entire segment of an industry.
• 1. raw materials• 2. Transport and Manufacturing• 3. Marketing and Selling
![Page 26: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cornelius Vanderbilt
• Shipping and railway magnate• Controlled rail lines from New York to
Chicago
![Page 27: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cornelius [“Commodore”] Vanderbilt
Cornelius [“Commodore”] Vanderbilt
Can’t I do what I want with my money?Can’t I do what I want with my money?
![Page 28: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
J.P. Morgan
• Born wealthy• Investment banker: bought company
shares and bonds wholesale and then sold them at a profit.
• He reorganized railroads• Purchased U.S. Steel from Carnegie
in 1901 (the first billion dollar corporation)
![Page 29: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
J.P. Morgan
![Page 30: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tobacco
• James Buchanan (Buck) Duke formed the American Tobacco Company
• Controlled 90% of the nation’s cigarette market
![Page 31: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
End result of Industrial Capitalism
• Rising standard of living• Rich got richer• Most others were better off.• 1860 and 1900: richest 2% of
American families owned more than a 1/3 of the wealth
• 10% owned almost 75%• Upward mobility was common
![Page 32: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Long term economic decline in prices and the cost of living, real wages and earnings went up by 50% between 1860 and 1890
![Page 33: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Relative Share of World Manufacturing
Relative Share of World Manufacturing
![Page 34: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Inventions
• 276 patents in 1790’s• 234, 956 by the 1890’s
• “Invention was the mother of new industries.”
![Page 35: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
U. S. Patents GrantedU. S. Patents Granted
1790s 276 patents issued. 1790s 276 patents issued.
1990s 1,119,220 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.
![Page 36: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
New inventions
• New processes in steel making and refining
• Refrigerator car: meat could be sent back east and gave rise to packinghouses in Chicago and Minneapolis.
• Glassmaking became mechanized• Tobacco manufacturing (machine to
roll cigarettes)
![Page 37: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Other inventions
• 1868: air brakes for trains (George Westinghouse)
Steam turbines, gas distribution and electrical devices.
Typewriter, sewing machine, vacuum cleaner, internal combustion engine, and the motion picture.
Standardize size and designs of clothes
![Page 38: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Other improvements
• Paper from wood pulp led to inexpensive newspapers, magazines, and books.
![Page 39: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison
“Wizard of Menlo Park” “Wizard of Menlo Park”
![Page 40: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Light Bulb (1879)The Light Bulb (1879)
![Page 41: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Phonograph (1877)The Phonograph (1877)
![Page 42: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Ediphone or Dictaphone
The Ediphone or Dictaphone
![Page 43: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Motion Picture CameraThe Motion Picture Camera
![Page 44: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell
Telephone (1876)Telephone (1876)
![Page 45: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Bell
• 1877: staged a conversation between Boston and New York
• Formed Bell Telephone Association, that became National Bell Telephone Company
• 1885: American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T)
![Page 46: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Alternate CurrentAlternate Current
George WestinghouseGeorge Westinghouse
![Page 47: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Alternate CurrentAlternate Current
Westinghouse Lamp ad
Westinghouse Lamp ad
![Page 48: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Politics and government response to “Big
Business”• 4 issues in the 1870’s• 1. civil service reform• Hayes attacked a New York Political
machine that controlled NY’s tariff-collecting agency (led by Senator Roscoe Conkling)
• 2. government corruption• 3. revision of the tariff• 4. regulation of trusts
![Page 49: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Republican party splits• Stalwarts: Conkling’s supporters (high
tariff, hard currency, and the spoils system)
• Half-Breeds: moderate Republicans favored reform
• 1880 Election• James Garfield (Half-Breed for president)
shot in a Washington D.C. train station• Chester A. Arthur: (Stalwart) becomes
president
![Page 50: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Civil Service Reform under Arthur
• Pendleton Act: 3 civil service commissioners appointed by president to ensure that civil service offices went to people who scored well on civil service exams, not personal friends or lackeys of the president (spoils system)
![Page 51: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Tariff Reduction Attempt
• “Mongrel Tariff” a failed effort to reduce the tariff as its supporters and detractors split along party lines.
• Republicans (industrial areas) supported it
• Democrats: South and West favored low tariff
![Page 52: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Election of 1884
• Grover Cleveland (Democrat)• James G. Blaine (Republican)• Mugwumps: deserters of Republican
party who supported Grover Cleveland
• Cleveland won
![Page 53: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
• Regulation of railroad companies• A. Railroad rates must be reasonable
and just• B. all railroad companies must
publish rates and financial reports• C. create a regulatory agency
(Interstate Commerce Commission)
![Page 54: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890)
• Made monopolies illegal• Act was ineffective until tougher
federal regulations came later
![Page 55: Late 19 th Century America Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/5697bfd71a28abf838cae4ab/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
McKinley Tariff (1890)
• High duties on manufactured and agricultural imports than any previous tariff in history
• Lowered revenue by decreasing trade
• Extremely unpopular