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1/30DEPT. OF ECE 1CITV

MINIPROJECT MARCH 2011 VEHICLE SECURITY SYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSORS

CO-OPERATIVE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

VATAKARA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE UNDER CO-OPERATIVE ACADEMYOF PROFFESSIONAL EDUCATION (CAPE)

Established by Govt. of Kerala

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

MINIPROJECT REPORT ON

VEHICLE SECURITY SYSTEM USINGULTRASONIC SENSORS

SUBMITTED BY

ANAND.R

JITHIN KRISHNA B.S

HARI K.P

SHEETHAL SURENDRAN

SHANIBA IBRAHIM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION

MARCH 2011




CO-OPERATIVE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYVATAKARA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE UNDER CO-OPERATIVE ACADEMYOF PROFFESSIONAL EDUCATION (CAPE)



MINIPROJECT REPORT ON

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION WITH SMSALER

GUIDED BY

Mr. PRAPU PREMANATH

SUBMITTED BY

ANAND.R

JITHIN KRISHNA B.S

HARI K.P

SHEETAL SURENDRAN

SHANIBA IBRAHIM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION




MARCH 2011

CO-OPERATIVE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYVATAKARA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE UNDER CO-OPERATIVE ACADAMYOF PROFFESSIONAL EDUCATION (CAPE)



MARCH 2011

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project titled VEHICLE SECURITYSYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSORS is the bonafide recordof the work done byANAND.R, JITHIN KRISHNA B.S, HARIK.P, SHEETHAL SURENDRAN, SHANIBA IBRAHIM of B.Tech inElectronics and Communication towards the partial fulfillmentof the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor ofTechnology, by the Cochin University of Science andTechnology.

Guide:

Mr. PRAPU PREMANATH Mrs.RAGI R.G

Asst Proff HODDept of ECE




Dept of ECE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset we would like to express our deepest

gratitude to God Almighty for his abundant grace and guidance

without which this project would not have been successfully

presented.

We express our sincere gratitude to our Principal Mrs.

Smitha C.K and our college management, for providing well

equipped laboratories, for our project work. Our sincere thanks to

Mrs. Ragi R.G, Head of the department and all other lecturers of

Electronics and Communications department, for their co-

operative guidance.

We would also like to thank our project guide Mr.Prapu

premanath, Lecture of Electronics and Communications

department, for his timely advice and support.




ABSTRACT

This project protects vehicles from accidents by finding

distance and light intensity from opposite vehicle through

Ultrasonic Sensor and Light Sensor. When a vehicle reaches

opposite to our vehicle the sensor visualize its correct distance

from our vehicle.

{ The project named vehicle security system using

ultrasonic sensors is a security system which protects the

vehicles from accidents. It has a provision for displaying the

distance of any obstacle from the vehicles, with the aid of ECHOultrasonic sensors. When a vehicle reaches opposite to our vehicle

the sensor visualize its correct distance from our vehicle.

It also has a light intensity controlling system envisaged with

the aid of LDR (light dependent resistors). It ensures security to

night drivers from the effects of high intensity light. Its provided

with a buzzer that alarms when the distance between the vehicle

and obstacle is less than 50cm. }

This project contains a microprocessor called PIC16F876A.

This controller is the heart of the Project.

{Its a 28 pin device with improved core and peripheral

features. With the help of microprocessor and ultrasonic sensors,

we can display the distance between the vehicle and obstacle on

an LCD screen.}




INTRODUCTION

There has a tremendous growth of modernization of

electronic systems throughout the world. Human have always

tried to make life more and more comfortable. We have reached

from an age where human used to walk miles and miles to reach

their destination to an age which use hybrid cars for travelling.

The rapid increase in the number of vehicles and the

pathetic condition of our roads are unfortunately increasing the

accident day by day. The accident rate is slightly more during

night driving. This project is developing a prevention method

against road accidents. Here in our projects we have two security

measures. One is to measure the distance from our vehicle to

other vehicle or object in front of us and displaying it on a LCD

monitor. This is one useful technique which help us while parking

our vehicle and driving through a foggy condition. The measure is

done by using the ultrasonic sensor using the famous Doppler

Effect. When our vehicle approaches too near to an object or

vehicle in front of us, a warning sound will be produced this is a

useful function while driving through fog.

The other security measure is to measure the intensity of

light coming from an opposite vehicle during night drive. Thishelps us to reduce our light intensity while an opposite vehicle is




approaching and give clear view for them without light from our

vehicle blocking their view. The measuring is done with the help

of light sensor. Since our aim is to detect the light and reduce

light intensity, this device is being placed on the front side of the

vehicle.

BLOCK DIAGRAM




BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

PIC16F876A

PIC16F876A

PIC16F876A

PIC16F876A




The block diagram of vehicle security system consists of 5

blocks.

1. MICRO CONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a device that includes microprocessor,

memory and I/O lines on a single chip fabricated using CMOS

technology. The microcontroller PIC16F876 is the main brain of

the project. The assembly language program written in

microcontroller receives input data and manipulates it and

controls the output device. The main features PIC16F876 are:

100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash

program memory typical

1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM

memory typical

Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years

Self-reprogrammable under software control In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP)

via two pins

Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming

Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC

oscillator for reliable operation

Programmable code protection

Power saving Sleep mode

Selectable oscillator options

In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins




2. INPUT SECTION

The input section consists of light sensor and ultrasonic

sensor. Here we use an LDR to sense the light.LDR is connected

with comparator circuit using LM368. LDR (light Dependent

Resistor) or photo is resistor whose resistance decreases with

increasing light intensity.

Ultrasonic sensor that we here used is ECHO sensor. It is an

amazing product that provides very short to long range detection

and ranging. The output of sensor is a ASCII serial output.

3. OUTPUT SECTION

The output section consists of relay and buzzer. A relay is an

electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of

another electrical circuit. Here an SPDT relay is used to adjust the

vehicle light intensity.

The buzzer used here is a Piezo-electric buzzer or beeper

is a signaling device usually electronic, typically used in auto

mobiles, house hold appliances such as microwave oven, or game

shows.

4. DISPLAY SECTION

The LCD is used in the display section. A liquid crystal display

(commonly abbreviated LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up

of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of

a light source or reflector.




CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

CIRCUIT EXPLANATION




1. POWER SUPPLY:

The power supply circuit is shown in the figure. We use a

regulator power supply, which gives a stable output of 5V from

the voltage regulator IC 7805.The entire circuit uses the +5V

power supply. The pin configuration is shown in the figure.

The 230V 50Hz supply is step down by the transformer and is

converted into DC by using the bridge rectifier. The output of the

rectifier is filtered by 100 microfarad capacitor. This filtered DC is

given to the regulator IC 7805 (pin 1 and pin 2). The output of the

regulator (pin 3) Supplies 5V conditionally to the entire circuit. In

practical cases we use batteries in rectification section.

IC 7805:




A voltage regulator (also called a regulator ) with only

three terminal appears to be a simple device, but it is in fact a

very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input

voltage into a constant regulated output voltage. Voltage

regulators are available in a varying of output like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V

and 15V. The LM78XX series of voltage regulators are designed

for positive input. For application requiring negative input, the

LM79XX series is used.

The output of a regulator circuit can be increased by using a

pair of voltage divider resistors. It is not possible to obtain a

voltage lower than the started rating. You cannot use 12V

regulator to make a 5V power supply, but you can use 5V

regulator to make 12V supply. Voltage regulators are very robust.

These can withstand over-current drawn due to due to shortcircuit and also overheating. In both cases regulator will cut off

before any damage occurs. The only way to destroy a regulator is

to apply reverse voltage to to its input. Reverse polarity destroys

a regulator almost instantly.

PIC16F876MICROCONTROLLER:

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers

made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640

originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics

Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface

Controller".

PICs are popular with both industrial developers and

hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user

base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low

cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-

programming with flash memory) capability.




PIN OUT

The pin out of PIC16F876 microcontroller is shown below:

CORE ARCHITECTURE

The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple attributes:

Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture) for

devices other than PIC32, which has Von Neumann

architecture.

A small number of fixed length instructions.

Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles),

with one delay cycle on branches and skips.

One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is

implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode).

All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or

destination of math and other functions.




A hardware stack for storing return addresses.

A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256

bytes), extended through Banking.

Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers.

PERFORMANCE:

The architectural decisions are directed at the maximization

of speed-to-cost ratio. The PIC architecture was among the first

scalar CPU designs,[citation needed] and is still among the

simplest and cheapest. The Harvard architecturein whichinstructions and data come from separate sourcessimplifies

timing and microcircuit design greatly, and this benefits clock

speed, price, and power consumption.

The PIC instruction set is suited to implementation of fast

lookup tables in the program space. Such lookups take one

instruction and two instruction cycles. Many functions can be

modeled in this way. Optimization is facilitated by the relatively

large program space of the PIC (e.g. 4096 x 14-bit words on the

16F690) and by the design of the instruction set, which allows for

embedded constants. For example, a branch instruction's target

may be indexed by W, and execute a "RETLW" which does as it is

named - return with literal in W.

Execution time can be accurately estimated by multiplying

the number of instructions by two cycles; this simplifies design of

real-time code. Similarly, interrupt latency is constant at threeinstruction cycles. External interrupts have to be synchronized

with the four clock instruction cycle; otherwise there can be a one

instruction cycle jitter. Internal interrupts are already

synchronized. The constant interrupt latency allows PICs to

achieve interrupt driven low jitter timing sequences. An example

of this is a video sync pulse generator. This is no longer true in the

newest PIC models, because they have a synchronous interrupt

latency of three or four cycles.




ADVANTAGES:

The PIC architectures have these advantages:

Small instruction set to learn and RISC architecture.

Built in oscillator with selectable speeds.

Easy entry level, in circuit programming plus in circuit

debugging PICKit units available from Microchip.com for less

than $50.

Inexpensive microcontrollers. And wide range of interfaces

including I2C, SPI, USB, USART, A/D, programmable

Comparators, PWM, LIN, CAN, PSP, and Ethernet.

LIMITATIONS:

The PIC architectures have these limitations:

One accumulator.

Register-bank switching is required to access the entire RAM of

many devices

Operations and registers are not orthogonal; some instructions

can address RAM and/or immediate constants, while others can

only use the accumulator.




LIGHT SENSOR CIRCUIT

Light sensor circuit consists of LM358 and LDR. Here the LDR senses the

presence of light and corresponding voltage is compared with reference voltage by

LM358 comparator.

LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR):




The LDR is a device whose resistance varies with respect to the incident

Light. The LDR has a

negative working

region, which is as the

intensity of the incident light

increases the resistance

decreases. This feature of

LDR is made use in this

project for dimming the light of the vehicle.

LM358

The LM358 consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency

compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate

from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operations from split

power supplies are also possible and the low power supply current gain is

independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.




Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all

conventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single

power supply systems.

The LM358 is available in a chip sized package (8-bump micro SMD) using

Nationals micro SMD package technology.

BUZZER

A buzzer or a beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used

in automobiles, house hold appliances like microwave oven or game shows. The

word buzzer presumably comes from the buzzing noise that some buzzers make.

The sound source of a piezoelectric buzzer is a piezoelectric diaphragm. A

piezoelectric diaphragm consists of a piezoelectric ceramic plate, which has an

electrode on both sides and a metal plate. Applying dc voltage between electrodes

of a piezoelectric diaphragm causes mechanical distortion due to the piezoelectric

effect. Hence it produces sound waves .It is more popular to use a ceramic based

piezoelectric sounder like sonalert,which makes a high pitched tone. Usually these




were hooked up to driver circuit which varies the pitch of the sound or pulsed the

sound ON and OFF. Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has

pressed are a ring or a beep.

LCD DISPLAY

This component is specifically manufactured to be used with microcontrollers,

which means that it cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. It is used for

displaying different messages on a miniature liquid crystal display. The model

described here is for its low price and great capabilities most frequently used in

practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display

messages in two lines with 16 characters each. It can display all the letters of

alphabet, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. It is also

possible to display symbols made up by the user. Other useful features include

automatic message shift (left and right), cursor appearance, LED backlight etc.




LCD SCREEN

An LCD screen can display two lines with 16 characters each. Every character

consists of 5x8 or 5x11 dot matrix. This book covers a 5x8 character display whichis most commonly used.

Display contrast depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages

are displayed in one or two lines. For this reason, varying voltage 0-Vdd is applied

to the pin marked as Vee. A trimmer potentiometer is usually used for this purpose.

Some of the LCD displays have built-in backlight (blue or green LEDs). When

used during operation, a current limiting resistor should be serially connected to

one of the pins for backlight power supply (similar to LED diodes).

If there are no characters displayed or if all of them are dimmed when the

display is switched on, the first thing that should be done is to check the

potentiometer for contrast adjustment. Is it properly adjusted? The same applies ifthe mode of operation has been changed (writing in one or two lines).

RELAY




A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of

another electrical circuit. It is therefore connected to output pins of the

microcontroller and used to turn on/off high-power devices such as motors,

transformers, heaters, bulbs, etc. These devices are almost always placed away

from the boards sensitive components. There are various types of relays, but all of

them operate in the same way.

When current flows through the coil, the relay is operated by an

electromagnet to open or close one or more sets of contacts. Similar to

optocouplers, there is no galvanic connection (electrical contact) between input and

output circuits. Relays usually demand both higher voltage and higher current to

start operation, but there are also miniature ones that can be activated by low

current directly obtained from a microcontroller pin.

In order to prevent the appearance of high voltage self-induction, caused by

a sudden stop of the current flow through the coil, an inverted polarized diode is

connected in parallel to the coil. The purpose of this diode is to 'cut off' the voltage

peak.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR




In this project we are using an ECHO Ultrasonic distance sensors.

ECHO ultrasonic distance sensors with ASCII serial O/P is an amazing product

that provides very short to long range detection and ranging. The sensor provides

stable, non contact distance measurements from about 2cm to 4meters with very

high accuracy. Its compact size, easy usability and higher range make it a handy

sensor for distance measurement and mapping the board can easily interfaced to

microcontrollers pin RX (USART). Every 500 ms, the sensor transmits an

ultrasonic burst and sends out ASCII value of distance (through its signal pin at

9600 baud rate) that corresponds to the time required for the burst echo return to

the sensor.

This sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require that require u to

perform measurements between moving or stationary objects. Naturally, robotics

applications are very popular but youll find this product to be very useful in

security systems or infrared replacement if so desired.




FLOW CHAR T

START

INITIALIZE PORTS&SERIAL MODULE

ULTRASOUND

SENSOR

CHECKING

RELAYON

RELAYOFF

RELAY




PROGRAM

#include

#include"lcd.h"

#include"delay.h"

#include"usart.h"

#define BUZZ RC2

#define ON 1

#define OFF 0

#define dat_max 6

__CONFIG(HS&WDTDIS&BORDIS);

unsignedchar dat[dat_max],i;

void main()

{

unsignedchar data;

BUZZER

OFF

BUZZERON

DELAY




TRISC0 = 0;

TRISC1 = 0;

TRISC2 = 0;

TRISA = 0xF0;

BUZZ = OFF;

lcd_init();

init_comms();

lcd_clear();

lcd_goto(0x00);

lcd_puts("Initilised");

//puts("Initilised...");

DelayMs(250);

DelayMs(250);

lcd_clear();

lcd_goto(0x00);

lcd_puts("ULTRASOUND C.P.S");

lcd_goto(0x40);

lcd_puts("DIST:");

while(getch() != 0x0D);

while(1)

{

i = 0;

data = 0;

while(data != 0x0D)

{

data = getch();

dat[i] = data;

i++;

}




i--;

dat[i] = 0;

lcd_goto(0x46);

lcd_puts(dat);

lcd_puts(" c.m");

if((dat[0] == '0')&&(dat[1] < '5'))

BUZZ = ON;

else

BUZZ = OFF;

}

}

MERITS AND DEMERITS

The device that we are presenting in front of you is a fully automatic device. It is easy to

operate and environmental friendly device. As it is simple in construction, it is easy to install.

Also the cost is low.

Here in our project we are able to measure the distance between the vehicle and the object

in the back side only. If we are equipping this device on all four sides of our vehicle, or by using

highly improved echo sensors, it will provide a complete parking and solution.




CONCLUTION

Our project is aimed on decreasing the vehicle accidents which is increasing day by day.

We have implemented two security measures in this device both of which are easy to control,

requires less maintenance and the entire system can be used without much difficulty. In future

when conditions will change from the present which is one car for one family to one car for a

person, this device will be an inevitable one which can reduce the road accidents up to a long

extend.


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