UNRAVELING GENDER DISPARITIES IN SCIENCE: ANALYSIS OF CONTRIBUTORSHIP AND LABOR ROLESCassidy R. SugimotoVincent Larivière

OECD Blue Sky 2016September 19th, 2016

New forms of credit attribution

Authorship

Contributorship

Acknowledgements

Authorship badges (biomed central)

http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2014/11/could-digital-badges-clarify-roles-co-authors

Contributorship / guaranteeship (BMJ)

Contributors: W-HZ designed data collection tools, monitored data collection for the whole trial, wrote the statistical analysis plan, cleaned and analysed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. She is guarantor. CD-T implemented the trial in France, analysed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. PB analysed the data and drafted and revised the paper. EJ wrote the statistical analysis plan, monitored data collection for the whole trial, and revised the draft paper. MJ designed data collection tools,, monitored data collection for the whole trial, and revised the draft paper. SA initiated the collaborative project, designed data collection tools, implemented the trial for the all countries, monitored data collection for the whole trial, analysed the data, and drafted and revised the paper. All members of EUPHRATES designed the trial. Diogo Ayres-de-Campos, Istvan Berbik, Marie-Hélène Bouvier-Colle, Vicenç Cararach, Risto Erkkola, Mathias Klein, Walter Prendiville, Jos van Roosmalen, Babill Stray-Pedersen, and Carolyn Troeger implemented the trial in, respectively, Portugal, Hungary, France, Spain, Finland, Austria, Republic of Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, and Switzerland, and revised the draft paper. Gérard Bréart analysed the data and revised the draft paper. Alison Macfarlane and Clare Winter revised the draft paper.

Research Questions

1. How are contributions associated with authors’ order?

2. What is the relationship between academic age and type of contribution?

3. How does contribution vary by gender?

Source of data on contributorship• Public Library of Science (PLOS) papers (XML format)

• 8 peer-reviewed scientific journals: o PLOS Biology (2003) o PLOS Medicine (2004) o PLOS Genetics, PLOS Computational Biology, PLOS Pathogens (2005)o PLOS ONE (2006) o PLOS Clinical Trials (2006-2007).o PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (2007).

N=127,911 papers

Extracting contributionsThese contributions can take many forms:

Conceived and designed the experiments: TES SB RKT AP. Performed the experiments: TES SG JM JHK KS NC FH. Analyzed the data: TES RKT AP SAC SL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AP. Wrote the paper: TES RKT SB.

MS, CS, NC, CT, FGB, DR, NSF, MCP, HF, MPF, FB, PVA, PEC, SO, AG, FAS, PD, AM, MLA, and OS conceived, designed or performed the experiments. MS, CS, NC, CT, FGB, DR, NSF, KLR, MCP, HF, FB, PVA, PEC, SO, AG, IS, FAR, FAS, PD, AM, MLA, and OS analyzed the data or corrected the paper. BV, AZ, and AS contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. MS, MLA, and OS wrote the paper.

Conceived and designed the experiments: Ohad Yogev, Orli Yogev, Eitan Shaulian, Michal Goldberg, Thomas D. Fox, Ophry Pines. Performed the experiments: Ohad Yogev, Orli Yogev, Esti Singer, Thomas D. Fox. Analyzed the data: Ohad Yogev, Orli Yogev, Eitan Shaulian, Michal Goldberg, Thomas D. Fox, Ophry Pines. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: Michal Goldberg, Thomas D. Fox, Ophry Pines. Wrote the paper: Ohad Yogev, Michal Goldberg, Ophry Pines.

Linking contributions to authors

Authorship

Contributorship

Proportion of contributions, by discipline

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Social Sciences

Psychology

Professional Fields

Physics

Mathematics

Health

Engineering andTechnology

Earth and Space

Clinical Medicine

Chemistry

BiomedicalResearch

Biology

Percentage of contributions performed

First

Middle

Last

Relationship with age

Contribution Mean age

Analyzed the data 10.5

Conceived and designed the experiments 13.2

Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools 12.7

Performed the experiments 6.8

Wrote the paper 12.6

Changes in contribution, by age

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Perc

enta

ge o

f aut

hors

Career lenght (Time since first publication)

Analyzed the data

Conceived anddesigned theexperiments

Wrote the paper

Contributedreagents/materials/analysis tools

Performed theexperiments

Change in distribution by # of authors

Difference between female and male contributions by # of authors on the paper

1 6 11 16

M

F

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 6 11 16

Perc

enta

ge o

f aut

hors

Analysis

1 6 11 16

Design

1 6 11 16

Material

1 6 11 16

Write

1 6 11 16

Perform

Change in contribution by career age

Difference in female to male contributorship by career age

Odds of female contribution by type

Limitations

Self-reported contributions

Hierarchical structure of science

Lack of large-scale data

Next step: acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Michelle Dittrich, Roxanne Rousseau, Marilyn Lilley, and Maureen Sigurdson for coordinating and conducting the study. Anne DyBuncio is thanked for data analysis…

We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Sr Janet Watters and Donna Reeves in the interview, data collection and measurement bone mineral density…

We thank Xiulian Sun for statistical analysis and Yanfang Zhang for cell culture.

THANK YOU!CONTACT

CASSIDY R. SUGIMOTO SUGIMOTO@INDIANA.EDU

WITH QUESTIONS

VINCENT LARIVIERE VINCENT.LARIVIERE@UMONTREAL.CA