laptop and portable devices_1

8/13/2019 Laptop and Portable Devices_1

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MEMORY MODULES

Two main types of industry-standard memory modules are used in laptops

and portable computers today: SO-DIMM (small outline dual inline memory module) and Micro-DIMM (micro

dual inline memory module).

There are four main types of SO-DIMMs and two main types of Micro-DIMMs,

with different sizes, speeds, and configurations available in each type (see

Table 6.6).

The SO-DIMM and Micro-DIMM form factors and pinouts are JEDEC

standards, which means that they are industry standards, thus ensuring

conformity, compatibility, and interchangeability among different systems and

manufacturers.


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SO-DIMMS

Most laptop and notebook computers use SO-DIMMs (small outline dual inline memorymodules), which are basically smaller and more compact modules than the standard

DIMMs used in desktop systems. Although they differ in form factor and pinout, as compared to standard DIMMs, SO-

DIMMs perform the same function.

They allow for easy, modular memory installations and upgrades.

The modules are inserted into sockets in the system and can easily be installed orremoved.

As the name implies, SO-DIMMs have different pins on each side of the module, with the

odd-numbered pins on the front and the even-numbered pins on the back. Special keying notches on either side allow the module to be inserted into the connector

only in the proper orientation.

The notches are normally offset in their space for voltage keying as well.

A variety of SO-DIMMs are available for different system requirements.

Because they are not all interchangeable, it is necessary to ensure you match the correcttype for a given system.


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MICRO-DIMMS

Micro-DIMMs (micro dual inline memory modules) are a newer and smaller

type of memory module used mainly in subnotebooks, PDAs, and palmtopcomputers.

As with all DIMMs, they have pins on both sides that perform different

functions. The two main types of Micro-DIMMs are 144-pin and 172-pin.

The 144-pin versions contain SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) and are

similar to 144-pin SO-DIMMs, whereas the 172-pin versions contain DDR

(double data rate) SDRAM and are similar to 200-pin SO-DIMMs. The Micro-DIMMs are about half the size of the SO-DIMMs and yet offer

similar capacities and performance.


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MEMORY AND HARD DRIVE FORM FACTOR ON

LAPTOP

A laptop computer is primarily intended to be portable. Below are some of thecharacteristic.

Laptop Memory:-

A laptop memory or RAM has a much smaller size than a desktop memory

which it is called SO-DIMM.

It is roughly half the size of the regular RAM use in the desktop but has the

same function which are for accessing a data quickly and store data

temporarily.

There are many type of laptop RAM which continues to improve over the

years.

This are some of it :


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SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)

It has a synchronous interface which it waits for a clock pulse from the

computer system and processor before transfering data. Notebook SDRAM

modules are usually 144-pin SO-DIMMs which is the first laptop generation.


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DDR SDRAM (DDR stands for Double Data Rate)

It sends and receives data twice as often as SDRAM. This is achieved by

transferring data on both the rising edge and the falling edge of a clock cycle

with a speed of 400Mhz. DDR memory usually comes in the form of a 200-pin

DDR SO-DIMM. But Second generation DDR memory provides greaterspeed than the first which is 800Mhz and works on a voltage of 1.8V instead

of the 2.5V used by DDR memory modules, DDR2 consumes less power than

its predecessor, helping to extend notebook battery life. DDR2 memory

modules are 240-pin DDR2 SO-DIMMs.

DDR First Generation(DDR1) DDR Second

Generation(DDR2)


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DDR SDRAM (DDR stands for Double Data Rate)

The latest generation of DDR SDRAM is the DDR3 SDRAM. It has the ability

to transfer twice the rate than the previous generation of RAM and has a high

clock speed which are 1060Mhz and 1300Mhz. It is the standard RAM for

todays laptop because of its low cost and has better speed and low power

compsumption. It uses 204-pin DDR3 SO-DIMM

DDR3 SO-DIMM (204 pins)


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Silent operation

Notebook hard drives spin at speeds of up to 5,400 RPM and even 7,200 RPM,

the noise-reduction technologies employed in current hard drives mean that hard

drives can run quetly.

Enhanced Reliability

Notebook computers are often moved from one place to another. To this end,

enhanced vibration and shock protection are important for laptop hard drives. A

typical notebook computer hard drive can take more than double the

shock/vibration to that of a desktop hard drive.


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LAPTOP PERIPHERALS

Docking Station:

Provides a simplified way of plugging in an electronic device from a laptop to

common peripherals. A dock can allow some laptop computers to become a

substitute for a desktop computer, without sacrificing the mobile

computing functionality of the machine.


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PORT REPLICATORS

The port replicator shown here has an extensive array of connectors,

including two PS/2 connectors (for a keyboard and mouse), one RJ-11phone-line connector, one RJ-45 network connector, two USB ports, two

video connectors (standard RGB and DVI [Digital Video Interface]), and IEEE

1394 (FireWire), parallel, and serial connectors.

As its name suggests, the main function of a port replicator is to duplicate the

connectors already available on the back panel of a notebook computer.

In most cases, the port replicator also provides additional connectors thatwere left off the notebook either to save weight, lower costs, or reserve room

for another component.

These additional connectors may include a network adapter, extra USB

connectors, and various video and sound connectors.


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In a typical configuration, a port replicator may have an AC adapter, a mouse,

a printer, a LAN cable, and a phone line connected to it. To connect to these

five different devices, all a notebook user has to do is snap the notebook into

the port replicator, thus saving considerable time.

Conversely, before going out on the road, all the user needs to do is push a

button or a lever to undock the notebook from the port replicator.

The actual connection process is more complicated than it sounds.

The port replicator usually has two or three plastic pins that mate withcorresponding holes on the notebook.


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These pins ensure that the port replicator's large connection plug will line upexactly with the socket on the notebook.

This connector has dozens of pins or lines and is capable of handling all thesignals involved with all the connectors on the port replicator.

Once the notebook has been fully inserted into the port replicator, a ratchetusually engages to hold the notebook in place, causing the characteristicsnapping sound.

Many port replicators include a network interface.

At one time this was an important feature for port replicators, often being theprimary justification for purchasing one of these devices.

Now, however, with most notebook computers coming standard with either awired or wireless LAN interface, the importance of having a LAN interface inthe port replicator has declined


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LAPTOP PORTS

Display Ports:

The interface is primarily used to connect a video source to a display

devicesuch as a computer monitor, though it can also be used to transmit

audio, USB, and other forms of data. It has a VGA display port and the latest

is the HDMI display which allow the connection between the laptop and a

high resolution monitor or television.

VGA Port HDMI Port
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E-SATA:

Uses for attaching an external hard drive and also has a high transfer

rate than using a USB port.

Ethernet (RJ-45):

Use to connect to the internet via cables if the laptop does not have

Wirelessconnection devices.


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Kensingston Lock Slot:

Allow to use a special security cable to hook your laptop physically to

an

immovable object to prevent theft.


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LAPTOP EXPANSION SLOT

There are three type of expansion slot:

Type I: These cards are 3.3 mm thick use for adding RAM ROM to notebook PC.

Type II:These cards are 5.0 mm thicks used for modem, fax, SCSI and LAN

cards.

Type III: These cards are 10.5 mm thicks use for portable disk drives.

The diiference between this PC card slot are its size to enable more or less one

or more type of card.


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PC CARDS (PCMCIA)

Modern PC Cards support a variety of applications; the functionality that can be

added to a system through PC Card technology is enormous.

Virtually any type of interface or adapter that can be added to a desktop system via

ISA (industry standard architecture) or PCI (peripheral component interconnect)

bus cards can also be added to a laptop or notebook system via PC Cards.

The PC Card slots found in laptop and notebook systems enable you to add USB

ports, FireWire ports, serial (RS-232) ports, parallel ports, fax/modems, cellular

modems, Parallel or Serial ATA ports, SCSI adapters, wireless or wired network

interface adapters, 1.8-inch hard drives, TV tuners, sound cards, GPS (globalpositioning satellite) receivers, and many other types of devices to your system.

If your computer has PC Card slots that conform to the standards developed by

the PCMCIA, you can insert any type of PC Card (built to the same standard) into

your machine and expect it to be recognized and usable.


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LAPTOP COMMUNICATION CONNECTION

There are many ways a laptop can connect to a devices or internet via wireless.

Below are some of the examples.

Bluetooth:

Use for wireless connection between devices to sent files or to print to a

bluetooth

enabled printer without downloading a driver.


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Infrared:

An electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that only establish connection

via

line of sight and any obstruction is going to distrupt communication.

Cellular WAN:

Provides wireless connectivity over long distances using cellular towers.

Ethernet :

It consist of diverse family of computer networking technologies that

operates over local area networks (LANs). It defines a number of wiring and

signaling standards for the physical layer, and network access at the MediaAccess Control (MAC)/Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format.

Ethernet has been standardized as IEEE 802.3.


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LAPTOP POWER AND ELECTRICAL INPUT

DEVICESThe commonly and widely use laptop batteries nowadays is the Lithium-ion

batteries.

The advantages of Li-ion batteries are:

Light weight and have very good energy-weight ratios.

Long life spans and can last for several hundreds of re-charges.

Do not suffer from the memory effect.

Can be charged randomly and wont overheat if overcharged.Memory effect, also known as battery effect, lazy battery

effect or battery memory, is an effect observed in nickel

cadmium rechargeable batteries that causes them to hold less

charge. It describes one very specific situation in which

certain NiCd batteries gradually lose their maximum energy

capacity if they are repeatedly recharged after being onlypartially discharged.


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BATTERIES

There are many different battery chemistries that come in various sizes and

shapes.

Battery chemistries can be compared by energy density and power density.

Energy density measures how much energy a battery can hold.

Power density measures how quickly the stored energy can be accessed,

focusing on access in bursts, not prolonged runtime.

Another common metric for battery comparison is rate of self-discharge, or

how fast an unused battery reduces its storage charge.


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NICKEL CADMIUM (NICD)

NiCd batteries are known for relatively low energy density, compared to

batteries of other chemical makeup.

Nickel-based batteries tend to develop a chemical memory that causes them

to discharge very quickly once they reach a certain point.

The memory forms more quickly when the battery is left in the charger for

long periods of time or recharged frequently and not fully discharged on a

regular basis.


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NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE

NiMH batteries dont develop as much of a memory as NiCd batteries and

have a higher energy density.

LITHIUM-ION

Li-Ion batteries dont really suffer from a performance-affecting chemical

memory.

Their affliction come from the so-called digital memory that plagues the built-

in gauges that monitor the charge left in the battery.

This effect can also be observed in software gauges that read the batterys

charge level.

The digital memory effect manifests itself as a sudden loss of power when the

gauges register, says, 30 percent remaining capacity.


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LITHIUM-POLYMER

Li-poly is an newer form of lithium-ion chemistry.

The dry chemical makeup of the Li-poly cell allows the metal casing of the Li-ion cell to be replaced with the flexible casing without fear of leakage.

Li-poly doesnt quite match the energy density of Li-Ion, but the advantages

make Li-poly the obvious choice over Li-ion in certain application.

ALKALINE AND LITHIUM PRIMARY BATTERIES

Nonrechargeable alkaline batteries have an extremely high energy density.

When use in power-hungry application, alkaline batteries cannot keep up with

the draw on their power and quickly lose the ability to provide the energy

requested.


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LAPTOP LCD TECHNOLOGIES

LCD(Liquid Cystal Display) is use for display in notebook and other smallercomputers

As it consumes less energy and much thinner making it ideal use in portabledevices.

Two commonly use LCD display:

Passive Matrix Display:

Consists of a grid of conductors with pixels located evenly at each intersection

in the grid. Current is sent across two conductors on the grid to control thelight emitted through a given pixel element.

Active Matrix Display:

Has a transistor located at each pixel intersection, and the switching times arevery fast which will provides better interactivity and smooth scrolling oftext/images.


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Different display resolutions widely used in notebook or portable computers is as

given below:

Standard 4:3 Aspect Ratio

SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array): 800 x 600

XGA (Extended Graphics Array): 1024 x 768

SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array): 1280 x 1024

SXGA+ (Super Extended Graphics Array+): 1400 x 1050

UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array): 1600 x 1200

WUXGA (Wide Ultra Extended Graphics Array) 1920 x 1200

Resolutions higher than 1024 x 768 are used for display sizes of 14 inches or

above.

WUXGA 1920X1200 is best suited for HDTV. This is a wide screen display with

aspect

ratio of 16:9.


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LAPTOP INPUT DEVICES

On laptop, a single button is to activate a few that makes a laptop more portable

but

can be use for many.

Funtion (Fn) keys:

Normally found on notebook computers to ensure a compact keyboard and

allow the compact keyboard to provide functionality of a full sized keyboard.

Touchpad:

Use to position or move the cursor according to the finger movement.

Stylus/Digitizer:

A pointing and drawing shaped like a pen use with a digitizing tablet or touch

screen.


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TRACKPOINT II/III/IV

On October 20, 1992, IBM introduced a revolutionary new pointing device

called TrackPoint II as an integrated feature of its ThinkPad 700 and 700C

computers. Often referred to as a pointing stick device,

TrackPoint II and its successors consist primarily of a small rubber cap that

appears on the keyboard right above the B key, between the G and H keys

(see Figure 13.13). The TrackPoint II was the first significant new pointing

device since the mouse had been invented nearly 30 years earlier!


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This device occupies no space on a desk, does not have to be adjusted for

left-handed or right-handed use, has no moving parts to fail or become dirty,

andmost importantlydoes not require you to move your hands from the

home row to use it. This is an absolute boon for touch typists.

In its final production form, the TrackPoint consists of a small (usually red

colored) silicone rubber knob nestled between the G, H, and B keys on the

keyboard (see Figure 13.14). The primary and secondary mouse buttons are

placed below the spacebar, where you can easily reach them with your

thumbs without taking your hands off the keyboard.


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TOUCH PADS

Cirque originated the touch pad (also called a track pad) pointing device in1994. Cirque refers to its technology as the GlidePoint and has licensed the

technology to other vendors, such as Alps Electric, which also uses the sameterm for its touch pads.

The GlidePoint uses a flat, square pad that senses finger position throughmeasuring body capacitance via a grid of electrodes under the surface.

This is similar to the capacitance-sensitive elevator button controls yousometimes encounter in office buildings or hotels.

When it is used on a portable computer's keyboard, the touch pad is mounted

below the spacebar, and it detects pressure applied by your thumbs orfingers.

An electrode grid under the pad converts finger pressure and movement intopointer movement.

The entire outline of the finger contact region is sensed; then softwarecalculates the center point.

Several laptop and notebook manufacturers have licensed this technologyfrom Cirque and have incorporated it into their portable systems.

Touch pads are also integrated into a number of mid-range to high-endkeyboards from many vendors. When used on a desktop keyboard, touchpads are often offset to the right side of the keyboard's typing area. Figure13.16shows the internal grid underneath the cover layer of a typicaltouchpad.


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Touch pads feature mouse buttons, although the user also can tap or double-

tap on the touch pad's surface to activate an onscreen button located under

the touch pad's cursor.

Dragging and dropping is accomplished without touching the touch pad's

buttons; just move the cursor to the object to be dragged, press down on the

pad, hold while moving the cursor to the drop point, and release to drop the

object.

Some recent models also feature additional hot buttons with functions similarto those on hot-button keyboards.


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LAPTOP PROCESSOR

The main difference between laptop and desktop processors is the clock frequencyand the power consumption.

Desktop processors are optimized for higher performance at the cost of large heatproduction and space.

On contrast, laptop processors are optimized for smaller energy requirements thecost of lower clock frequency.

Higher performance versions are also available for laptops that consume morepower.

The disadvantage of using higher performance processors is large heat production,

and smaller battery backup time. Laptop processors typically use a surface-mount Micro-FCBGA (Flip Chip Ball Grid

Array), or slot-mount form factor, while desktop processors use a socket-mountform factor.

The main advantage is smaller space requirement.

If mounted using FCBGA, the processor replacement requires special tools.


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LAPTOP PROCESSOR

Laptop have less space , and thus, heat is a major concern.

To help combat this heat problem, laptop processors are engineered with thefollowing features :

- streamlined connection to the motherboard

- lower voltage and clock speeds

- active sleep and slow down modes


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STREAMLINED CONNECTION TO THE MOTHERBOARD

Laptop processors are generally either soldered directly to the motherboard

or attached using the Micro-FCBGA (Flip Chip Ball Grid Array) standard,

which uses balls instead of pins.

In most cases, this means that the processors cannot be removed, meaning

no processors upgrades are possible.


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LOWER VOLTAGE AND CLOCK SPEEDS

Two ways to combat heat are to slow processor down (run it at lower speed)

or give it less juice (run it at lower voltage).

Again, performance will suffer compared to desktop processor, but lowering

heat is the goal hear.


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ACTIVE SLEEP AND SLOW DOWN MODES

Most laptops will run in a lower power state when on battery power, in an

effort to extend the life of battery.

This is known as processor throttling.

The motherboard work closely with the operating system to determine if the

processor really needs to run at full speed.

If it doesnt, its slowed down to save energy and reduce heat.

When more processing power is needed, the CPU is throttled back up.


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The best features of many laptop processors is that they include built-in

wireless networking.

The most common processor is the Pentium M chip made by Intel.

The Pentium M chip consists of three separates components:

The mobile Intel Express chipset, which is the graphics memory controller

hub.

The Intel/ PRO Wireless Network Connection, providing an integrated

wireless LAN connection. The Intel Centrino chipset, which is the brain of the chipset, designed to run

on lower power than the desktop processor.

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