language & mind ling 240 -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Language & MindLanguage & MindLING 240LING 240
Classes #5-6Producing Speech Sounds
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Development of Speech Sounds
• What newborn babies know• Important changes around 6-10 months old• Learning sounds & learning words (16-20
months)• Phonological ‘awareness’ and literacy
(~5 years+)
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Sound Production
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How you look to a phonetician
Tongue
Palate
Velum
Glottis(vocal folds)
Lips, teeth etc.
![Page 5: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How you look to a phonetician
NasalCavity
OralCavity
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Ü
s∞z∞c∞j∞ò˜
![Page 7: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
We want to understand...
• What mechanisms are used to produce speech sounds - what must children master?
• What are some differences between the sounds of English and other languages?
![Page 8: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A Puzzle...
• Korean speakers use the sounds [r] and [l]e.g. Korea
Seoul• Korean babies hear the difference between
[ra] and [la] … they don’t know Korean yet• Korean adults know Korean … but they
have difficulty hearing the [ra] vs. [la] contrast
![Page 9: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Another Puzzle…
• Learning to spell…
‘sky’ --> SGIE
unlikely
‘cup’ --> GUP
![Page 10: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Forget Spelling!
Sounds ≠ Spelling
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One Sound - Many Characters
he e seas eabelieve ie amoeba oeCaesar ae key eysee ee machine ipeople eo seize ei
IPA: [i]
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One Sound - Many Characters
too oo threw ewto o lieu ieuclue ue shoe oethrough ough
IPA: [u]
![Page 13: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
One Character - Many Sounds
dame edad æfather acall ¯village \, àmany ¥
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One Sound - Multiple Letters
shoot fleithercharacter kdeal iThomas tphysics frough f
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One Letter - 0, 1, 2 Sounds
mnemonicpsychologyresignghostislandwholedebt cute [kjut]
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Differences across Languages
• English: judge, juvenile, Jesus• Spanish: jugar, Jesus• German: Jugend, jubeln, Jesus• French: Jean, j’accuse, jambon
![Page 17: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
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Major division: consonants vs vowels
• Consonantal sounds: narrow or complete closure somewhere in the vocal tract.
• Vowels: very little obstruction in the vocal tract. Can form the basis of syllables (also possible for some consonants).
![Page 19: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Describing Speech Sounds
• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant
• What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless
• Where/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc.
• Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.
![Page 20: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Voiced & voiceless consonants
• Consonants either voiced or voiceless. • English pairs:
– b/p– v/f– d/t– z/sñ /Ü
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Where does the Air Flow?
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Your vocal tract again
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Block it at the velum
Where does the air go?
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Block it at the velum
Where does the air go?
ò
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Tongue againstvelum again
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Now raise the velumto block the air....
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Now raise the velumto block the air....
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Quickly drop yourtongue again ...
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Quickly drop yourtongue again ...
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Where does the airgo this time?
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Where does the airgo this time?
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Where does the airgo this time?
gk
![Page 33: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
So so far we have:
Nasal stops: [m] [n] [ò]
Non-nasal (oral) stops:[b] [p] [d] [t] [g] [k]
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Whe
re c
an y
ou s
top
the
Whe
re c
an y
ou s
top
the
airs
tream
airs
tream
??
![Page 35: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Whe
re c
an y
ou s
top
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Whe
re c
an y
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top
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airs
tream
airs
tream
??
(bi)labial[b] [p] [m]
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Whe
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Whe
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airs
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airs
tream
??
labiodental[v] [f]
![Page 37: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Whe
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tream
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interdental[ ] [Ü]
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Whe
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alveolar[d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
![Page 39: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Whe
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palatal[z∞] [s∞] [j∞] [c∞]
![Page 40: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Whe
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airs
tream
??
velar[g] [k] [ò]
![Page 41: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Whe
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airs
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airs
tream
??
uvular
![Page 42: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Whe
re c
an y
ou s
top
the
Whe
re c
an y
ou s
top
the
airs
tream
airs
tream
??
![Page 43: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Features
• Ways of describing soundse.g., [t] = voiceless, alveolar, stop
• Stronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mind
• Atoms of Speech
Roman Jakobson, 1896-1982
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Manner
• Stops[p] [k] [t] [d] [k] [g]...
• Fricatives[f] [v] [Ü] [ ] [s] [z]
• Approximants/Glides[w] [j]
• Liquids[r] [l]
![Page 45: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Voiced & voiceless consonants
• Consonants either voiced or voiceless. • English pairs (voiced-left; voiceless-right):
– b/p– v/f– d/t– z/sñ /Ü– etc.
![Page 46: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Fricatives & Affricates
• Palatal sounds [z∞] [s∞] [j∞] [c∞]• Palatal Fricatives - [z∞] [s∞]
[note: according to IPA chart these are strictly ‘post-alveolar’]
• Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [j∞] [c∞], as in judge, church
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Describing Consonants
• What are the vocal folds doing?voiced vs. voiceless
• Where/how is the air flowing?nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc.
• Where is the air-flow blocked?labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc.
![Page 48: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Features
• Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech sounds
• Goal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world
• Different languages choose different feature combinations
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bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n ˜
fricative fv
†∂
sz
s°z °
(h)
affricate c °j °
liquid l rglide j „
w
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bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z °
x©
(h)
affricate c °j °
liquid l r Òglide j „
w
?
?
?
“Fuji”“Cuba”
![Page 51: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z °
x©
(h)
affricate c °j °
liquid l r Òglide j „
w
?
?
“año”
![Page 52: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z °
x©
(h)
affricate c °j °
liquid l r Òglide j „
w
?
“Bach”“agua”
![Page 53: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z °
x©
(h)
affricate c °j °
liquid l r Òglide j „
w“caballo”
![Page 54: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
bi-labial
labio-dental
inter-dental
al-veolar
palatal velar glottal
oral stop pb
td
kg
(÷)
nasalstop
m n n~ ˜
fricative ĺ
fv
†∂
sz
s°z °
x©
(h)
affricate c °j °
liquid l r Òglide j „
w
![Page 55: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
What can you do to alter the shape of your vocal tract?
![Page 57: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
[i]
![Page 59: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
[Ê]
![Page 60: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
[i]
![Page 61: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
[u]
![Page 62: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
So. You can....
• Raise or lower your tongue• Advance or retract your tongue• Round or spread your lips• Tense or not tense your mouth
![Page 63: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i “sheep, sleep”à “ship, slip”
![Page 64: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i àe “laid, spade, trade”
¥ “led, sped, tread”
![Page 65: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i àe¥
Ê “bat, lad”
![Page 66: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i àe¥
Ê
u“Luke, who’d, suit”®“look, hood, soot”
![Page 67: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i àe¥
Ê
u®
o“coat, wrote, hoed”
¯“caught, wrought, hawed”
![Page 68: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i àe¥
Ê
u®
o¯
a“bah, father, cot, Don”
![Page 69: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i àe¥
Ê
u®
o¯
a
“but, putt, rut”
![Page 70: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
So what vowels do you have?
i àe¥
Ê
u®
o¯
a
\“metallic, Texas”
![Page 71: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
So here they are
i àe¥
Ê
u®
o¯
a
\
![Page 72: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Some dialectal differences
• caught/cot [Mid back lax vowel and mid back tense vowel]: many American speakers do not have both of these.
• pot/father: some British and (fewer) American dialects have different vowels in these words (“pot” has a low back rounded vowel [≈]).
![Page 73: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Diphthongs:
a
![Page 74: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Diphthongs:
aj
“side, my, kind”
![Page 75: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Diphthongs:
a
![Page 76: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Diphthongs:
aw
“loud, brow, hour”
![Page 77: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Diphthongs:
¯
![Page 78: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Diphthongs:
¯j“boy, annoy, toil”
![Page 79: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Speech Production - Summary
• Airflow set in vibration by vocal foldsAirflow modified by vocal tract
• Vowels: shaping of oral cavity• Consonants: narrowing or blocking of
oral/nasal cavity• Different languages choose different
selections of articulatory gestures
![Page 80: Language & Mind LING 240 - Freewolf.philippe.free.fr/angiufm/linguistique/ling240_2002_handout4.pdf · LING 240 Classes #5-6 Producing Speech Sounds. ... nasal/oral, stop, fricative,](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020302/5ac1ca087f8b9a213f8d8037/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Speech Perception
• Speech production processes must be undone by the ear
• Motions of articulators must be reconstructed from patterns of air vibration
• Requires extremely precise hearing, possibly a system specialized for hearing speech
• Substantially developed at birth