Group 3• Group leader: Safa Munir

Roll no 34• Other Members

• 12 Nimra Irfan

• 14 Mariam Shahid

• 17 Samia Azhar

• 22 Hira Asim

• 32 Iqra Riaz

• 38 Sara George

• 44 Kashaf Wazir

• 49 Amna Hanif

LANGUAGEDISORDERS

Kashaf WazirRoll no 44

LANGUAGE DISORDERS

Definition:Language disorders or language impairments are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information. Problems that may be experienced can involve grammar (syntax and/or morphology),semantics (meaning), or other aspects of language. These problems may be receptive (involving impaired language comprehension), expressive (involvinglanguage production), or a combination of both.

Receptive Language DisorderA child may have difficulty understanding the words or sentences usedby others. Or the child may seem to show poor attention to speech. Itmay also lead to problems with learning.

Expressive Language DisorderA child may have difficulty coming up with the right words whentalking. The child may be unable to join words correctly into sentences.The child may have a small vocabulary or the child may use wordsincorrectly. He or she may speak using short, “telegraphic” phrases,leaving out small but important words, or the child may put sentencestogether incorrectly.

For both types of language disorder, the main problem may bewith content (that is, words and theirmeanings), form (grammar or word order), or use (the abilityto understand and use language appropriately).

CAUSES

Causes of language disordersmay include hearing loss,cognitive disability,emotional disturbance, apoor environment, or braininjury.

Iqra RiazRoll no 32

BLINDNESS & DEAFNESS

Sensory impairment is when one of

your senses; sight, hearing, smell,

touch, taste and spatial awareness, is

no longer normal.

• Examples - If you wear glassesyou have a sight impairment, if youfind it hard to hear or have a hearingaid then you have a hearingimpairment.

TWO TYPES OF SENSORY

IMPAIRMENTS

1. Blindness 2.Deafness

• Blindness –Blindness is a lackof vision. It may also refer to aloss of vision that cannot becorrected with glasses orcontact lenses. Partialblindness means you have verylimited vision. Completeblindness means you cannotsee anything and do not seelight. People with vision that isworse than 20/200 with glassesor contact lenses areconsidered legally blind inmost states in the UnitedStates. Vision loss refers to thepartial or complete loss ofvision. This vision loss mayhappen suddenly or over aperiod of time. Some types ofvision loss never lead tocomplete blindness.

• Deafness/frequent earinfections – Deafness is definedas a degree of impairment suchthat a person is unable tounderstand speech even in thepresence of amplification.

• Hearing loss, deafness, hard ofhearing, anacrusis, or hearingimpairment is a partial or totalinability to hear. In children it mayaffect the development of languageand can cause work relateddifficulties for adults.

• It is caused by many factors,including: genetics, age, exposure tonoise, illness, chemicals and physicaltrauma. Hearing testing may be usedto determine the severity of thehearing loss.

• Causes• Blindness has many causes. In the

United States, the leading causes are:

• Accidents or injuries to the surface of the eye (such as chemical burns or sports injuries)

• Diabetes

• Glaucoma

• Macular degeneration

• Types of deafness:• There are two main types of

deafness

One happens when our ear orauditory nerve is damaged and thistype is permanent

Other type happens when soundwaves cannot reach our inner ear.Treatment or surgery can reversethis kind of deafness.

• Causes:• Heredity

• Diseases such as ear infections andmeningitis

• Trauma

• Certain medicines

• Long-term exposure to loud noise

• Aging

Amna HanifRoll no 49

TOT & SOT

Stuttering:• Stuttering is a speech disorder in which sounds,

syllables, or words are repeated or prolonged,disrupting the normal flow of speech. These speechdisruptions may be accompanied by strugglingbehaviours, such as rapid eye blinks or tremors ofthe lips. Stuttering can make it difficult tocommunicate with other people, which often affectsa person’s quality of life.

Causes of Stuttering:• Possible causes of persistent stuttering include:

• Abnormalities in speech motor control. Some evidenceindicates that abnormalities in speech motor control, such astiming, sensory and motor coordination, are implicated.

• Genetics. Stuttering tends to run in families. It appears thatstuttering can result from inherited (genetic) abnormalities inthe language centres of the brain.

• Medical conditions. Stuttering can sometimes result from astroke, trauma or other brain injury.

• Mental health problems. In rare, isolated cases, emotionaltrauma can lead to stuttering.

Slip of the tongue• A speech error, commonly referred to as a slip of the tongues a

deviation (conscious or unconscious) from the apparently intendedform of an utterance. They can be subdivided into spontaneouslyand inadvertently produced speech errors and intentionallyproduced word-plays or puns. Another distinction can be drawnbetween production and comprehension errors. Errors in speechproduction and perception are also called performance errors.

• Speech errors are common among children, who have yet to refinetheir speech, and can frequently continue into adulthood. Theysometimes lead to embarrassment and betrayal of the speaker'sregional or ethnic origins. However, it is also common for them toenter the popular culture as a kind of linguistic "flavoring". Speecherrors may be used intentionally for humorous effect, as withSpoonerisms.

Types

• Grammatical - For example childrentake time to learn irregular verbs, so inEnglish use the -ed form incorrectly. Thisis explored by Steven Pinker in his bookWords and Rules.

• Mispronunciation

Vocabulary - Young children makecategory approximations, using car fortruck for example. This is known ashyponymy

Tip of the tongue

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT),sometimes called Presque vu, is the failureto retrieve a word from memory,combined with partial recall and thefeeling that retrieval is imminent. Thephenomenon's name comes from thesaying, "It's on the tip of my tongue." Thetip of the tongue phenomenon reveals thatlexical access occurs in stages.

Causes:

Direct-access view

1 Blocking hypothesis

2 Incomplete-activation hypothesis

3 Transmission-deficit model

Inferential view

1 Cue-familiarity theory

2 Accessibility heuristic

Phenomenon in the brain

1 Neuroimaging techniques used in the study of TOT

2 Neurological activation in the TOT stat

Nimra IrfanRoll no 12

What Is Dyslexia?Dyslexia is the name for specific learning disabilities in

reading.

Dyslexia is often characterized by difficulties with accurate word recognition, decoding and spelling.

Dyslexia may cause problems with reading comprehension and slow down vocabulary growth.

Dyslexia may result in poor reading fluency and reading out loud.

Dyslexia is neurological and often genetic.

Dyslexia is not the result of poor instruction.

With the proper support, almost all people with dyslexia can become good readers and writers.

As with other learning disabilities, dyslexia is a lifelong challenge that people are born with. This language processing disorder can hinder reading, writing, spelling and sometimes even speaking. Dyslexia is not a sign of poor intelligence or laziness. It is also not the result of impaired vision. Children and adults with dyslexia simply have a neurological disorder that causes their brains to process and interpret information differently.

Dyslexia occurs among people of all economic and ethnic backgrounds. Often more than one member of a family has dyslexia. According to the National Institute of Child and Human Development, as many as 15 percent of Americans have major troubles with reading.

What Are the Effects of Dyslexia?

Dyslexia can affect people differently. This depends, in part, upon the severity of thelearning disability and the success of alternate learning methods. Some with dyslexiacan have trouble with reading and spelling, while others struggle to write, or to tellleft from right. Some children show few signs of difficulty with early reading andwriting. But later on, they may have trouble with complex language skills, such asgrammar, reading comprehension and more in-depth writing.

Dyslexia can also make it difficult for people to express themselves clearly. It can behard for them to use vocabulary and to structure their thoughts during conversation.Others struggle to understand when people speak to them. This isn't due to hearingproblems. Instead, it's from trouble processing verbal information. It becomes evenharder with abstract thoughts and non-literal language, such as jokes and proverbs.

All of these effects can have a big impact on a person's self-image. Without help,children often get frustrated with learning. The stress of dealing with schoolworkoften makes children with dyslexia lose the motivation to continue and overcome thehurdles they face.

What Are the Warning Signs of Dyslexia?

The following are common signs of dyslexia in people of different ages. If you orsomeone you know displays these signs, it doesn't necessarily mean you have alearning disability. But if troubles continue over time, consider testing fordyslexia.Dyslexia is a common learning difficulty that mainly affects the way people readand spell words.

Signs and symptoms

Dyslexia is a spectrum disorder, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe.People with dyslexia have particular difficulty with:•verbal memory•rapid serial naming•verbal processing speed•Phonological awareness

Dyslexia and intelligence

Dyslexia only affects some skills and abilities, and isnot linked to a person's general level of intelligence.Children of all intellectual abilities, from low to highintelligence, can be affected by dyslexia.Similarly, the difficulty a child with dyslexia has withreading and spelling is not determined by theirintelligence, but by how severe their dyslexia is.Children with average intelligence and mild dyslexiaare likely to be more skilled at reading and writingthan children with high intelligence and more severedyslexia.

Dyslexia, which is a reading disabilityin which a person is unable to read andinterpret words, letters, and symbols,has also been known to have an effecton the frequency of TOT experiences.In one study, dyslexic childrenexperienced TOT states more oftenthan children who read normally aswell as showed “more errors in thephonological step of word retrieval.”However, dyslexic children were stillable to recall the semantic meaningbehind each word that induced a TOTstate.

Mariam ShahidRoll no 14

What Is Dysgraphia?What Is Dysgraphia - Writing Disability Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing, which requires a complex set of motor and information processing skills. Dysgraphia makes the act of writing difficult. It can lead to problems with spelling, poor handwriting and putting thoughts on paper. People with dysgraphia can have trouble organizing letters, numbers and words on a line or

page. This can result partly from:

Visual-spatial difficulties: trouble processing what the eye seesLanguage processing difficulty: trouble processing and making sense of what the ear hears

As with all learning disabilities (LD), dysgraphia is a lifelong challenge, although how it manifests may change over time. A student with this disorder can benefit from specific accommodations in the learning environment. Extra practice learning the skills required to be an accomplished writer can also help.

What Are the Warning Signs of Dysgraphia?Just having bad handwriting doesn’t mean a person has dysgraphia. Since dysgraphia is a processing disorder, difficulties can change throughout a lifetime. However since writing is a developmental process—children learn the motor skills needed to write, while learning the thinking skills needed to communicate on paper—difficulties can also overlap.

Signs and SymptomsMay have illegible printing and cursive writing (despiteappropriate time and attention given the task)Shows inconsistencies: mixtures of print and cursive,upper and lower case, or irregular sizes, shapes or slantof lettersHas unfinished words or letters, omitted wordsInconsistent spacing between words and lettersExhibits strange wrist, body or paper positionHas difficulty pre-visualizing letter formationCopying or writing is slow or laboredShows poor spatial planning on paperHas cramped or unusual grip/may complain of sore handHas great difficulty thinking and writing at the same time(taking notes, creative writing.)

Strategies:Suggest use of word processorAvoid chastising student for sloppy, careless workUse oral examsAllow use of tape recorder for lecturesAllow the use of a note takerProvide notes or outlines to reduce the amount of writing requiredReduce copying aspects of work (pre-printed math problems)Allow use of wide rule paper and graph paperSuggest use of pencil grips and /or specially designed writing aidsProvide alternatives to written assignments (video-taped reports, audio-taped reports)

Sara GeorgeRoll no 38

AutismAutism is known as a complex developmental disability.

It is a neuro - developmental disorder which is characterizedby impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbalcommunication and by restricted and repetitive behavior.Symptoms:-By 8 to 10 months of age, many infants who go on to developautism are showing some symptoms such as failure torespond to their names, reduced interest in people anddelayed babbling.When language begins to develop, the person with autismmay use speech in usual ways. Some have difficultycombining words or repeat the same phrase over and over.Autism children have inability to understand body language,tone of voice and expression that aren’t meant to be takenliterally.

Subtypes of autism:-

Individual disorder:-It refers to problems with social

interaction communication, and imagination,play in children younger than 3 years.

Asperser's syndrome:-Children don’t have problem with

language, they tend to score in above range onintelligence test.

Atypical autism:-

This is a kind of catch-all category forchildren who have some autistic behaviors butwho don’t fit into other categories. It is alsoknown as persuasive developmental disorderwhich is symbolized as PDD.

Rett syndrome:-Children with rett syndrome,

primarily girls, start developing normally butbegin to losing their communication and socialSkills. It is too much sensory cognitiveimpaired.

Hira AsimRoll no 22

It is one of the consequences of autosomal non-disjunction in man, during which 21st pair of chromosome fails to segregate, resulting in gamete with 24 chromosome .When this gamete, fertilizes normal gamete the new individual will have 47(2n+1) chromosomes. Non-disjunction appears to occur in the ova and is related to the age of mother

The chances of teenage mother having Down's syndrome child is one in many thousands, of forty years old mother, one in hundred chances and by forty-five the risk three times greater. The affected individuals have flat, broad face, squint eyes with the skin fold in the inner corner , and protruding tongue, mental retardation, and defective development of central nervous system.

Autosomal non-disjunction may occur in other than 21st chromosome which usually results in abortion, or death in very early age.

Samia AzharRoll no 17

Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder

ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a group of behavioral symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness.

Symptoms:

Common symptoms of ADHD include:a short attention span or being easily distracted restlessness, constant fidgeting or over activity being impulsive

ADHD can occur in people of any intellectual ability, althoughit is more common in people with learning difficulties. Peoplewith ADHD may also have additional problems, such as sleepand anxiety disorders.Symptoms of ADHD tend to be first noticed at an early age,and may become more noticeable when a child's circumstanceschange, such as when they start school. Most cases arediagnosed in children between the ages of 6 and 12.The symptoms of ADHD usually improve with age, but manyadults who are diagnosed with the condition at a young age willcontinue to experience problems.

> What causes ADHD?The exact cause of ADHD is unknown, but the condition hasbeen shown to run in families, and research has identified anumber of possible differences in the brains of people withADHD compared to those who don't have the condition

Other factors that have been suggested as potentiallyhaving a role in ADHD include:being born prematurely (before the 37th week ofpregnancy)having a low birth weightsmoking, alcohol or drug abuse during pregnancyHow ADHD is treated?There is no cure for ADHD, but it can be managed withappropriate educational support, advice and support forparents and affected children, alongside medication, ifnecessary.Medication is often the first treatment offered to adultswith ADHD, although psychological therapies suchas cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may also help.

Living with ADHD:

Looking after a child with ADHD can be challenging, but it isimportant to remember that they cannot help their behavior.Some issues that may arise in day-to-day life include:getting your child to sleep at nightgetting ready for school on timelistening to and carrying out instructionsbeing organizedsocial occasionsshoppingAdults with ADHD may also find they have similarproblems, and some may have issues with drugs, crime andemployment.

Safa MunirRoll no 34

Lisps: These are one of the most common typeof language disorders which describes a personwho cannot make a specific speech sound.Types of Lisps:Interdental lisp: It occurs when the tongueobstructs speech by coming in-between theteeth while trying to make a sound. Lateral lisp: It occurs when air escapesfrom the sides of the tongue and a wet sound isproduced that prevents proper speech Palatal lisp: It is caused by mid section ofthe tongue touching the soft palate.

CONCLUSION

Language disorders or language impairments are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information. These disorders can be inherited or acquired. We have found from the discussion that different types of language disorders not only affect speech but also involve reading, writing, and listening. Aphasia auditory processing disorder and semantic pragmatic disorder are a few examples of the many types of language disorders. These types of language disorders affect the ability of speaking, reading, listening and writing of an affected person partially and in some types completely too . A person with any of these types of disorders cannot act like a normal individual. Just like in dyslexia which is also called developmental reading disorder, is one of the most common disorder describes an inability to process graphic symbols such as those in written language. It is the difficulty not related to vision but in processing and understanding of what is seen.

And lisp which is also a common types of language disorder describes a person who cannot make a specific speech sound. Some of the inherited types of language disorders like Down syndrome can be diagnosed before the child birth and can be treated too.And the other types of Language disorders which are acquired like aphasia problem in comprehension, is due to brain injury, tumor, stroke, brain hemorrhage etc.In some types of language disorders the difficulties may increase throughout a lifetime just like in Dysgraphia. It is not only about bad hand writing but also about difficulty with spelling and putting thoughts on paper, visual spatial difficulty and language processing difficultySome of the types of language disorders can be divided in to different kinds in which some of them can be cured and the others cannot, just like in Deafness disorder.

One type of language disorder can be linked with theother one. Like semantic pragmatic disorder is linkedto autism. And autism is considered a spectrumdisorder which can be diagnosed and treated early.And most of the language disorders appear in earlyages and they should be treated as soon as possible.Some disorders cannot be cured but can be treatedand a person can live with that disorder throughouthis life but find many difficulties in his living just likea person inherited the disorder ADHD. Theselanguage disorders produced in neurological andcognitive areas. Besides, language disorders may leadto later social, isolation, depression or behavioralproblems.

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