language disorders: an overview

Language Problems: An Overview

Presented by: Mohamed FarhiSupervised by: Professor BerjaouiIbn Tofail UniversityMaster in Culture and LinguisticsPsycholinguistics CourseDecember 14, 2015

Language Disorders:An Overview

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OutlinePrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU2What is meant by language disorder in psycholinguistics?Why do psycholinguists study language disorders?Classifying language disorders3.1 Developmental vs acquired language disorders 3.1.1 Developmental language disorders3.1.1.1 Processing problems: developmental dyslexia and developmental dysgraphia3.1.1.2 Effects of learning difficulties: Autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome3.1.1.3 Stuttering and cluttering3.1.1.4 Delayed language problems: specific language impairment3.1.1.5 Special circumstances: deafness, blindness, and language deprivation

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Outline (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU3Classifying language disorders3.1 Developmental vs acquired language disorders3.1.2 Acquired language disordersAcquired dyslexiaAcquired dysgraphiaAphasia: Brocas aphasia, Wernickes aphasia, conduction aphasia, transcortical aphasia, anomic aphasia, and global aphasiaRelation between language and cognitionReferences

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1. What is meant by language disorder in psycholinguistics?

A divergence from the normal processes of speech and comprehension which is due to cognitive or affective factors. (Field, 2004a, p. 92)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU4

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2. Why do psycholinguists study language disorders?

Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU51 To provide their insight for therapists of language disorders.2To investigate the mechanisms of language and its relation to cognition.(Field, 2006, p. 42; Traxler, 2012, p. 479)

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3. Classifying language disordersLanguage disorders can be classified according to whether the disorder is (or affects):Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU6

Acquired or developmental

Organic or functional

Reception or production

Performance or linguistic system

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3.1Developmental vs acquired language disordersPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU

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3.1.1 Developmental language disorders

What is meant by developmental language disorder?

A generic term used to refer to the factors that negatively affect the development of language in children, that is, the acquisition of a first language (Field, 2004a, p. 92).Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU8

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3.1.1 Developmental language disorders (cont.)Language disorders that fall under the category of developmental problems include the following:Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU9

Processing problems: developmental dyslexia and developmental dysgraphia

Effects of learning difficulties: autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome

Stuttering and cluttering

Delayed language problems: specific language impairment

Special circumstances: deafness, blindness, and language deprivation

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3.1.1.1 Processing problems: developmental dyslexia and developmental dysgraphiaDevelopmental dyslexia It affects the acquisition of reading skills (delay or deviance). Some patients suffer from phonological impairments while others from surface impairment; most suffer from both. As to its causes, some researchers link it to genetic factors while others to hemispheric dominance. There is no definite answer.(Field, 2004b, pp. 99-100)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU10

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Illustration of developmental dyslexia

Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU11(AspenFamilyCenter, 2013)To see the embedded video in this and the next slides, download the PPT file.

3.1.1.1 Processing problems: developmental dyslexia and developmental dysgraphia (cont.)Developmental dysgraphiaIt affects the acquisition of writing skills (delay or deviance).It leads to defect in the grapho-phonological system.Sometimes children suffer from both dyslexia and dysgraphia.(Field, 2004c, p. 97; Steinberg et al, 2013, p. 335)

Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU12

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Illustration of developmental dysgraphiaPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU13(David, 2009, p. 457)

I saw a dog in a case. When I saw it, I made it get out.Following is an illustration of the writing of a 12-year-old sixth-grade student when asked to write the paragraph below, which took 7 minutes to complete.

3.1.1.2 Effects of learning difficulties: Autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndromeAutismLow cognitive abilities and withdrawal from social interaction.Delayed language acquisition.Unimpaired phonology but impaired semantic and pragmatic abilities.(Field, 2004d, p. 27).Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU14

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Illustration of autismPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU15(Life, 2013)

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3.1.1.2 Effects of learning difficulties: Autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome (cont.)Down syndromeAn Inborn genetic disorder.Leads to cognitive impairment including limitations of attention, short-term memory and perceptual discrimination.These cognitive impairments are believed to affect language development and later linguistic performance in terms of slow development of phonology, limited vocabulary, short utterances, and poor syntax.(Field, 2004e, p. 94).Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU16

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Illustration of Down syndromePrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU17(AJ+, 2015)

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3.1.1.2 Effects of learning difficulties: Autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome (cont.)Williams syndromeAn inborn genetic disorder.Leads to cognitive impairments including low IQs, poor problem-solving skills and impaired spatial reasoning.As opposed to sufferers of Down syndrome, children with Williams syndrome show good linguistic performance with minor language problems at the conceptual level.(Field, 2004f, pp. 325-326)


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Illustration of Williams SyndromePrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU19(News, 2012)

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3.1.1.3 Stuttering and clutteringStutteringInvolves difficulty in articulating words, which is sometime accompanied by a disruption to the normal stages of phonetic and prosodic planning. There is no definite answer as to the causes of stuttering.(Field, 2004g, p. 291)


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Illustration of stutteringPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU21(Foundation, 2011)

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3.1.1.3 Stuttering and cluttering (cont.)ClutteringCluttering involves increased fluency that results in distorted articulation. Patients tend to repeat words and omit certain sounds and syllables or misarticulate them. Causes of cluttering are not yet clear.(Field, 2004h, p. 61)


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Illustration of clutteringPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU23(RTImageEdit, 2009)

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3.1.1.4 Delayed language problems: Specific language impairmentSpecific language impairment (SLI)Unimpaired cognition but impaired language competence.Symptoms of this disorder include restricted vocabulary, simple errors of grammar especially inflection, and other language production and comprehension problems with varying degrees.No definite answer as to its causes.(Field, 2004i, pp. 276-77; Field, 2006, p. 44)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU24

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Illustration of SLIPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU25(RALLIcampaign, 2012)

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3.1.1.5 Special circumstances: Deafness, blindness, and language deprivationDeafnessPsycholinguists are mostly interested in prelinguistic deafness and its effects on first language acquisition. It is generally believed that prelinguistic deafness leads to delayed acquisition, but there no consensus on whether it leads to deviance from the normal stages of language acquisition.Most deaf children acquire sign language as their first language, and later acquire spoken and written language as a second language although their performance remains less-developed in terms of phonology, lexis and syntax in comparison to normal speakers.(Field, 2006, pp. 42-43; Field, 2004j, p. 85)


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Illustration of deafnessPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU27(Go, 2015)

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3.1.1.5 Special circumstances: Deafness, blindness, and language deprivation (cont.)BlindnessPsycholinguists are interested in prelinguistic blindness because it can shed light on the workings of language.They attempt to discover whether it affects language acquisition and later linguistic performance.For Chomsky, it does not and this is taken as evidence for the innateness of language. Blindness does not prevent infants from acquiring language, but it does affect language acquisition and performance subtly like difficulty using deictic and space-related words.(Field, 2006, p. 43; Field, 2004k, pp. 36-37)


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Illustration of BlindnessPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU29(Studios, 2012)

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3.1.1.5 Special circumstances: Deafness, blindness, and language deprivation (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU30Language deprivationThrough cases of language deprivation, psycholinguists try to answer questions like:Can victims of language deprivation acquire language despite the absence of linguistic input?Is it true that language cannot be acquired once a certain period of maturation is over?Cases of language deprivation support the hypothesis of critical period for language acquisition. (Field, 2004L, p. 87-89)

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Illustration of language deprivationPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU31(Psychology, 2012)

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3.1.2 Acquired language disorders

What is meant by acquired language disorder?

A disorder acquired after first language acquisition is complete, caused by brain damage mainly to the left hemisphere, be it due to illness, accident, surgery or old age.(Field, 2004a, p. 92; Field, 2006, p. 43)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU32

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3.1.2 Acquired language disorders (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU33

Peripheral dyslexias: attentional dyslexia, neglect dyslexia, and letter-by-letter readingCentral dyslexias: surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia, deep dyslexia, and non-semantic readingAcquired dyslexia(Field, 2004m, pp. 98-99)

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Illustration of acquired dyslexiaPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU34

(Similar to the illustration of developmental dyslexia in slide No. 11)

3.1.2 Acquired language disorders (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU35Acquired dysgraphia

Involves total or partial loss of writing skills.

Dyslexia and dysgraphia often co-occur, but a patient can suffer from one without the other.

Two types of acquired dysgraphia are distinguished: peripheral and central dysgraphias.

(Field, 2004n, p. 96)

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Illustration of acquired dysgraphiaPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU36

(Similar to the illustration of developmental dyslexia in slide No. 13)

3.1.2 Acquired language disorders (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU37Aphasia:(Adapted from Field, 2004o, pp. 16-17; Gliesche, n.d., pp. 1-3; Steinberg et al, 2013, pp. 332-334)Type of aphasiaBrain areaMain characteristicsBrocas aphasiaBroca's areaNon-fluent speech; agrammatism (absence of syntactic structure and omission of function words and inflections); limited vocabulary; unaffected comprehension.

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Illustration of Brocas aphasiaPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU38(purepedantry, 2007)

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3.1.2 Acquired language disorders (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU39Aphasia:(Adapted from Field, 2004o, pp. 16-17; Gliesche, n.d., pp. 1-3; Steinberg et al, 2013, pp. 332-334)Type of aphasiaBrain areaMain characteristicsWernickes aphasiaWernickes areaFluent speech; good syntax; difficulty retrieving vocabulary; comprehension problems.

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Illustration of Wernickes aphasiaPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU40(cogmonaut, 2010)

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3.1.2 Acquired language disorders (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU41Aphasia:(Adapted from Field, 2004o, pp. 16-17; Gliesche, n.d., pp. 1-3; Steinberg et al, 2013, pp. 332-334)Type of aphasiaBrain areaMain characteristicsConduction aphasiaThe primary nerve pathway connecting Wernicke's and Broca's areasFluent speech; difficulty repeating speech, word-finding issues; unaffected comprehension.

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Illustration of conduction aphasiaPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU42(Trader, 2015)

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3.1.2 Acquired language disorders (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU43Aphasia:(Adapted from Field, 2004o, pp. 16-17; Gliesche, n.d., pp. 1-3; Steinberg et al, 2013, pp. 332-334)Type of aphasiaBrain areaMain characteristicsAnomic aphasiaSeveral areas in the left temporal lobeFluent and grammatical speech; difficulty retrieving words.

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Illustration of Anomic AphasiaPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU44(moshe88881, 2014)

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3.1.2 Acquired language disorders (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU45Aphasia:(Adapted from Field, 2004o, pp. 16-17; Gliesche, n.d., pp. 1-3; Steinberg et al, 2013, pp. 332-334)Type of aphasiaBrain areaMain characteristicsGlobal aphasiaNumerous areas in the left hemisphereMany or all language skills are damaged.

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Illustration of global aphasiaPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU46(West, 2015)

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4. Relation between language and cognitionPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU47

By studying language disorders, psycholinguists derive much insight about the relation between language and cognition.

There are two theories that account for the relation between language and cognition:

Localism (the modularity hypothesis)

Holism(Traxler, 2012, p. 480; Steinberg et al, 2013, p. 336)

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4. Relation between language and cognition (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU48

Localism and the modularity hypothesis are supported by evidence from:

Holism is supported by evidence from:

Aphasia

Specific language impairment (SLI)

Williams syndrome

Down syndrome

Autism(Field, 2004p, p. 180; Field, 2004q, pp. 48-49; Steinberg et el, 2013, p. 336) (Field, 2004p, p. 180; Field, 2004q, p. 49; Steinberg et al, 2013, pp. 336-37)

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5. ReferencesPrepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU49AJ+ (Producer). (2015). People With Down Syndrome Speak Out [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILgLmChlxNgAspenFamilyCenter (Producer). (2013). Children with Dyslexia Interview [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3EI4eSozjwcogmonaut, C. d. (Producer). (2010). Wernicke's aphasia [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKTdMV6cOZwDavid, R. (2009). Clinical Pediatric Neurology. Springer Publishing Company.

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5. References (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU50Field, J. (2004a). Disorder. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 92-94). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004b). Dyslexia: developmental. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 99-101). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004c). Dysgraphia: Developmental. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 97-98). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004d). Autism. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (p. 27). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004e). Down Syndrome. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (p. 94). New York: Routledge.

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5. References (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU51Field, J. (2004f). Williams Syndrome. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 325-326). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004g). Stuttering. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (p. 291). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004h). Cluttering. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (p. 61). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004i). Specific Language Impairment (SLI). In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 276-277). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004j). Deafness. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 84-85). New York: Routledge.

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5. References (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU52Field, J. (2004k). Blindness. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 36-38). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004L). Deprivation. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 87-89). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004m). Dyslexia: Acquired. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 98-99). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004n). Dysgraphia: Acquired. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 96-97). New York: Routledge.

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5. References (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU53Field, J. (2004o). Aphasia. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 16-17). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004p). Modularity. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (p. 180). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2004q). Localisation. In Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts (pp. 48-50). New York: Routledge.Field, J. (2006). Exceptional Circumstances. In Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students (pp. 42-46). New York: Routledge.

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5. References (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU54Foundation, T. S. (Producer). (2011). Clip from Stuttering: For Kids, By Kids [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rw04IXYpQgQGliesche, S. T. (n.d.). Aphasia. Go, V. o. (Producer). (2015). Deaf children receive sign language assistance [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmVkg3iYoZ0Life, D. (Producer). (2013). Autistic Child Has an Outburst | This Is Autism [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_23z9yJAq0

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5. References (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU55moshe88881 (Producer). (2014). Mom and I: Anomic Aphasia Project [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 25, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afztGYV1DaMNews, A. (Producer). (2012). Where Everybody Wants to Be Your Friend [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF4DiqEdN3wPsychology, E. (Producer). (2012). Genie (Secret of the Wild Child) [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 25, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmdycJQi4QApurepedantry (Producer). (2007). Broca's Aphasia [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2IiMEbMnPMRALLIcampaign (Producer). (2012). Why we've launched RALLI [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=76&v=sh0pEex81Gw

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5. References (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU56RTImageEdit (Producer). (2009). One therapist treats a cluttering disorder [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AFygz-bxwQSteinberg, D. D., Nagata, H., & Aline, D. P. (2013). Langauge Disorders: Aphasia. In Psycholinguistics: Language, Mind and World (Second ed., pp. 332-337). New York: Routledge.Studios, C. (Producer). (2012). A Child with Blindness -- The Planson Family -- Our Special Life -- Episode 2 [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 24, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZu1CwSfm0g

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5. References (cont.)Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU57Trader, C. (Producer). (2015). Conduction Aphasia [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 25, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVC28_5LjXUTraxler, M. J. (2012). Aphasia. In Introduction to Psycholinguistics: Understanding Language Science (pp. 479-514). Chichester,: Wiley-Blackwell.West, A. (Producer). (2015). Global Aphasia after Dad's stroke [Motion Picture]. Retrieved Dec 25, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7F99bYr5XE

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Prepared by: Mohamed Farhi Psycholinguistics Course Master in Culture and Linguistics at ITU58Thank you!

language disorders: an overview

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