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A prairie: Badlands National Park,SouthDakota, USA.

Tropical rainforest, FatuHiva Island, MarquesasIslands, FrenchPolynesia.

Tundra in Si beria,Russia.

Taiga (Boreal forest),Alaska, US.

A desert: The rainshadowregion of Tir unelveli,India.

A wetland: Viru Bog inLahemaa National Park in Estonia.

The Aletsch Glacier, thelargest glacier in theSwiss Alps.

Large fields of modernfarmland, Dorset,England

LandscapeFrom Wiki pedia, the free encyclopedia

There are two main meanings for the wordlandscape :it can refer to the visible features of an area of land,or to an example of the genre of painting that depicts such

an area ofland.[1]

Landscape, in both senses, includesthe physical elements of landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies suchas rivers,lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elementsincluding different forms of land use, buildings andstructures, and transitory elements such as lighting andweather conditions.

Combining both their physical origins and the cultur aloverlay of human presence, of ten created over millennia, landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and nationalidentity. The character of a landscape hel ps define theself-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions.It is the dynamic backdrop to people’s lives. Landscapecan be as varied as farmland, a landscape park, or wilderness.

The earth has a vast range of landscapes, including theicy landsca pes of polar regions, mountainouslandscapes, vast arid desert landscapes, islands andcoastal landscapes, densely forested or woodedlandscapes including past boreal forests and tropicalrainforests, and agricultural landsca pes of temperateand tropical regions.

Landscape may be further considered under thefollowing categories: landscape art, cultural landscape,landscape ecology, landscape planning, landscape

assessment and landscape design. The activity thatmodifies the visible features of an area of land isnamed landscaping.

Contents

1 Definition and etymology2 Physical landscape

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelvelihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahemaa_National_Parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahemaa_National_Parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tundra_in_Siberia.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picea_glauca_taiga.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tundra_in_Siberia.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picea_glauca_taiga.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picea_glauca_taiga.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_assessmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_assessmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tundra_in_Siberia.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tundra_in_Siberia.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_coverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bodieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_assessmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal_forestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_coverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_bodieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landformhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:040719_172_dorset_marnhull2.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Alpshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletsch_Glacierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grosser_Aletschgletscher_3178.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahemaa_National_Parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelvelihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainshadowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agasthiyamalai_range_and_Tirunelveli_rainshadow.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaskahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picea_glauca_taiga.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tundra_in_Siberia.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesas_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakotahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands_National_Parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumulus_Clouds_over_Yellow_Prairie2.jpg


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Autumn landscape in Rybiniszki,Latvia, watercolor by StanisławMasłowski, 1902 (National Museumin Warsaw, Poland)

2.1 Geomorphology: The physicalevolution of landscape

2.1.1 List of different types of landscape

2.2 Landscape ecology2.3 Landscape archaeology2.4 Cultural landscape

3 Human conceptions and representations of

landscape3.1 Landscape gardens3.2 Landscape architecture3.3 Landscape and literature

3.3.1 The earliest landscapeliterature

3.3.2 Topographical poetry3.3.3 The Romantic era in Britain3.3.4 Europe3.3.5 North America

3.4 Asia3.4.1 China

3.5 Landscape art3.5.1 Landscape photography3.5.2 Landscape painting

4 Gallery of landscape paintings fromdifferent periods

5 See also6 References7 External links

efinition and etymology

There are several definitions of what constitutes a landscape,depending on context. In common usage however, a landscape either to all the visible features of an area of land (usually ruraloften considered in terms of aesthetic appeal, or to a pictorialrepresentation of an area of countryside, specifically within thegenre of landscape painting. When people deliberately improveaesthetic appearance of a piece of land—by changing contours vegetation, etc.—it is said to have been landscaped,[1] though theresult may not constitute a landscape according to some definit

The word landscape (landscipe or landscaef) arrived in Englandand therefore into the English language—after the fifth centuryfollowing the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons; these terms referred system of human-made spaces on the land. The term "landscap

emerged around the turn of the sixteenth century to denote a painting whose primary subject matter wnatural scenery.[2] "Land" (a word from Germanic origin) may be taken in its sense of something to w

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxonshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscapinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_in_Warsawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owskihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riebinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_(1853-1926),_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki,_1902.jpeg


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people belong (as in England being the land of the English).[3] The suffix "‑scape" is equivalent to the mocommon English suffix "‑ship."[3] The roots of "‑ship" are etymologically akin to Old English sceppan or cyppan, meaningto shape. The suffix‑ schaft is related to the verb schaffen, so that‑ ship and shape are al

etymologically linked. The modern form of the word, with its connotations of scenery, appeared in thsixteenth century when the termlandschap was introduced by Dutch painters who used it to refer to paintings of inland natural or rural scenery. The word "landscape", first recorded in 1598, was borrowfrom a Dutch painters' term.[4] The popular conception of thelandscape that is reflected in dictionaries

conveys both a particular and a general meaning, the particular referring to an area of the Earth's surthe general being that which can be seen by an observer. An example of this second usage can be fouearly as 1662 in the Book of Common Prayer:

Could we but climb where Moses stood,And view the landscape over.

(General Hymns, verse 536).[5]

There are several words that are frequently associated with the word landscape:

Scenery: The natural features of a landscape considered in terms of their appearance, esp. whe picturesque: spectacular views of mountain scenery.[1]Setting: In works of narrative (especially fictional), itincludes the historical moment in time angeographic location in which a story takes place, and helps initiate the main backdrop and moostory.[6]Picturesque: The word literally means "in the manner of a picture; fit to be made into a pictureused as early as 1703 (Oxford English Dictionary), and derived from an Italian term pittoresco, "in tmanner of a painter". Gilpin’s Essay on Prints (1768) defined picturesque as "a term expressive of that peculiar kind of beauty, which is agreeable in a picture" (p. xii).A view: "A sight or prospect of some landscape or extended scene; an extent or area covered b

eye from one point " (OED).Wilderness: An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region.[1] See also Natural landscape.Cityscape (also townscape): The urban equivalent of a landscape. In the visual arts a cityscapelandscape) is an artistic representation, such as a painting, drawing, print or photograph, of the physical aspects of a city or urban area.Seascape: A photograph, painting, or other work of art which depicts the sea, in other words anexample of marine art.

Physical landscape

Geomorphology: The physical evolution of landscape

Geomorphology is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric fecreated by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seeunderstand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical moGeomorphology is practiced within physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology,archaeology and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interests contributes to many researchand interests within the field.[7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineeringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_evolution_modelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathymetrichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_of_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seascapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_artshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_landscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gilpin_(priest)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picturesquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_sceneryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storytellinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_(geography)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setting_(narrative)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer


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The surface of Earth is modified by a combination of surface processes that sculpt landscapes, and g processes that cause tectonic uplift and subsidence, and shape the coastal geography. Surface processcomprise the action of water, wind, ice, fire, and living things on the surface of the Earth, along withchemical reactions that form soils and alter material properties, the stability and rate of change of topography under the force of gravity, and other factors, such as (in the very recent past) human alteof the landscape. Many of these factors are strongly mediated by climate. Geologic processes includuplift of mountain ranges, the growth of volcanoes, isostatic changes in land surface elevation (somein response to surface processes), and the formation of deep sedimentary basins where the surface ofdrops and is filled with material eroded from other parts of the landscape. The Earth surface and itstopography therefore are an intersection of climatic, hydrologic, and biologic action with geologic processes.

List of different types of landscape

Desert, Plain, Taiga, Tundra, Wetland, Mountain, Mountain range, Cliff, Coast, Littoral zone, Glacierregions of Earth, Shrubland, Forest, Rainforest, Woodland, Jungle.

Panorama of the Chaîne des Puys from Puy de Dôme in winter. Massif Central, France. An example of how pasvolcanic activity shaped a landscape

Landscape ecology

Landscape ecology is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological procesthe environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, develospatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy.[8][9][10]

Landscape is a central concept in landscape ecology. It is, however, defined in quite different ways. Fexample:[11] Carl Troll conceives of landscape not as a mental construct but as an objectively given ‘entity’, a ‘‘harmonic individuum of space’’.[12] Ernst Neef [13] defines landscapes as sections within theuninterrupted earth-wide interconnection of geofactors which are defined as such on the basis of theiuniformity in terms of a specific land use, and are thus defined in an anthropocentric and relativistic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Neefhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Trollhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_Centralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy_de_D%C3%B4mehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_des_Puyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_puy_de_dome_sud.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junglehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrublandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_rangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deserthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_basinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostasyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_rangehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplifthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth


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Medieval Ridge and Furrow aboveWood Stanway, Gloucestershire,England.

According to Richard Forman and Michael Godron,[14] a landscape is a heterogeneous land area compoof a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout, whereby they list wmeadows, marshes and villages as examples of a landscape’s ecosystems, and state that a landscape iarea at least a few kilometres wide. John A. Wiens[15] opposes the traditional view expounded by Carl TIsaak S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that landscapes arein which humans interact with their environments on a kilometre-wide scale; instead, he defines'landscape'—regardless of scale—as "the template on which spatial patterns influence ecological

processes".[16] Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more ecosystems in close proxim[1

Landscape archaeology

Landscape archaeology or landscape history is the study of the in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of theenvironment - both present and past. Landscape generally refer both natural environments and environments constructed by hu beings.[18] Natural landscapes are considered to be environmenthave not been altered by humans in any shape or form.[19] Culturallandscapes, on the other hand, are environments that have beenaltered in some manner by people (including temporary structuand places, such as campsites, that are created by human beings[20Among archaeologists, the term landscape can refer to the meanand alterations people mark onto their surroundings.[20][21] As suchlandscape archaeology is often employed to study the human us

land over extensive periods of time.[21][22] Landscape archaeology can be summed up by Nicole Brantostatement:

"the landscapes in landscape archaeology may be as small as a single household or garden or aas an empire", and "although resource exploitation, class, and power are frequent topics of landarchaeology, landscape approaches are concerned with spatial, not necessarily ecological or economic, relationships. While similar to settlement archaeology and ecological archaeology,landscape approaches model places and spaces as dynamic participants in past behavior, not msetting (affecting human action), or artifact (affected by human action)".[18]

Cultural landscape

The concept of cultural landscapes can be found in the European tradition of landscape painting.[24] From

the 16th century onwards, many European artists painted landscapes in favor of people, diminishing people in their paintings to figures subsumed within broader, regionally specific landscapes.[25]

The geographer Otto Schlüter is credited with having first formally used “cultural landscape” as anacademic term in the early 20th century.[26] In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining geography as a Landschaftskunde (landscape science) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by ndiscipline.[26][27] He defined two forms of landscape: theUrlandschaft (transl. original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the Kulturlandschaft (transl. 'culturallandscape') a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the chanthese two landscapes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schl%C3%BCterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscapeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_landscapeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_landscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Trollhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Wienshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Godron&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Formanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Stanwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_Ridge_and_Furrow_above_Wood_Stanway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_640050.jpg


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The Batad rice terraces, The RicTerraces of the PhilippineCordilleras, the first site to beincluded in the UNESCO WorldHeritage List cultural landscapecategory in 1995.[23]

Stourhead garden, Wiltshire, England

It was Carl O. Sauer, a human geographer, who was probably the mostinfluential in promoting and developing the idea of culturallandscapes.[28] Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as aforce in shaping the visible features of the Earth’s surface in delimitedareas. Within his definition, the physical environment retains a centralsignificance, as the medium with and through which human culturesact.[29] His classic definition of a 'cultural landscape' reads as follows:

The cultural landscape is fashioned from a naturallandscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, thenatural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is theresult.

A cultural landscape, as defined by the World Heritage Committee, isthe "cultural properties [that] represent the combined works of nature and of man."[30]

The World Heritage Committee identifies three categories of cultural landscape, ranging from (i) tholandscapes most deliberately 'shaped' by people, through (ii) full range of 'combined' works, to (iii) tleast evidently 'shaped' by people (yet highly valued). The three categories extracted from the CommOperational Guidelines, are as follows:[31]

1. "A landscape designed and created intentionally by man";2. an "organically evolved landscape" which may be a "relict (or fossil) landscape" or a "continui

landscape"; and3. an "associative cultural landscape" which may be valued because of the "religious, artistic or c

associations of the natural element".

Human conceptions and representations of landscape

Landscape gardens

The Chinese garden is a landscape garden style which has evolvover three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens of tChinese emperors and members of the Imperial Family, built fo pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and merchmade for reflection and escape from the outside world. They cran idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to express theharmony that should exist between man and nature.[32] A typicalChinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds, scholar's rocks, trees and flowers, and an assortment of and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths an

zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully compscenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings.[33]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar%27s_rockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relict_(geology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_landscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_O._Sauerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stourheadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stourhead_garden.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Terraces_of_the_Philippine_Cordillerashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_the_Batad_rice_terraces.jpg


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Jichang Garden in Wuxi (1506–152

Central Park, New York City, US,designed by Frederick Law Olmsted.

The English landscape garden, also called English landscape park or simply the 'English garden', is a style of parkland garden intended tolook as though it might be a natural landscape, although it may bevery extensively re-arranged. It emerged in England in the early 18thcentury, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal,symmetrical jardin à la française of the 17th century as the principalstyle for large parks and gardens in Europe.[34] The English garden

(and later French landscape garden) presented an idealized view of nature. It drew inspiration from paintings of landscapes by ClaudeLorraine and Nicolas Poussin, and from the classic Chinese gardensof the East,[35] which had recently been described by Europeantravellers and were realized in the Anglo-Chinese garden,[35] and the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778).

The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rollinglawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classicaltemples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture,

designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. The work of Lancelot "Capability" Brown and Humphry Repton was particularlyinfluential. By the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Pavlovsgardens of the future Emperor Paul. It also had a major influence on the form of the public parks andgardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.[36]

Landscape architecture

Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field,incorporating aspects of botany, horticulture, the fine arts,architecture, industrial design, geology and the earth sciences,environmental psychology, geography, and ecology. Theactivities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses andcorporate office parks, from the design of residential estates tothe design of civil infrastructure and the management of largewilderness areas or reclamation of degraded landscapes such asmines or landfills. Landscape architects work on all types of structures and external space – large or small, urban, suburban

and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials,while paying attention to ecological sustainability.

For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) isthat of master planning and garden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties, religiouscomplexes, and centers of government. An example is the extensive work by André Le Nôtre at VauxVicomte and at the Palace of Versailles for King Louis XIV of France. The first person to write of mlandscape was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert LaMeason in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1863. Duringlatter 19th century, the term landscape architect became used by professional people who designed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmstedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Laing_Measonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Addisonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomtehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4trehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_houseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildernesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_psychologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_parkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Paulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovsk,_Saint_Petersburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Reptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Brownhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_gardenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Poussinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lorrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_landscape_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardin_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmstedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_park_manhattan_2_New_York_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jichang_Gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jichang_Yuan.jpg


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The Djabugay language group's mythica

being, Damarri, transformed into amountain range, is seen lying on his bacabove the Barron River Gorge, lookingupwards to the skies, within north-eastAustralia's wet tropical forested landscap

The Vale of Blackmore, the main settingfor Thomas Hardy's novelTess of thed'Urbervilles. Hambledon Hill towardsStourton Tower

landscapes. Frederick Law Olmsted used the term 'landscape architecture' as a profession for the firswhen designing Central Park, New York City, US. Here the combination of traditional landscape garand the emerging field of city planning gave landscape architecture its unique focus. This use of the landscape architect became established after Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and others founded the AmeSociety of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899.

Landscape and literature

The earliest landscape literature

Possibly the earliest landscape literature is found in Australianaboriginal myths (also known as Dreamtime or Dreamingstories, songlines, or Aboriginal oral literature), the storiestraditionally performed by Aboriginal peoples[37] within each of the language groups across Australia. All such myths variouslytell significant truths within each Aboriginal group's locallandscape. They effectively layer the whole of the Australian

continent's topography with cultural nuance and deeper meaning, and empower selected audiences with theaccumulated wisdom and knowledge of Australian Aboriginalancestors back to time immemorial.[38]

In the West pastoral poetry represent the earliest form of landscape literature, though this literary genre presents an idealized landscape peopled by shepherds shepherdesses, and creates "an image of a peaceful uncorrupted existence; a kind of prelapsarian wo[39The pastoral has its origins in the works of the Greek poet Theocritus (c. 316 - c. 260 BC). The Rom period poet William Wordsworth created a modern, more realistic form of pastoral with Michael, A Pasto Poem (1800).[40]

An early form of landscape poetry, Shanshui poetry, developed in China during the third and fourthcenturies A.D.[41]

Topographical poetry

Topographical poetry is a genre of poetry that describes, anoften praises, a landscape or place. John Denham's 1642 po"Cooper's Hill" established the genre, which peaked in popularity in 18th-century England. Examples of topographverse date, however, to the Late Classical period, and can bfound throughout the Medieval era and during the RenaissaThough the earliest examples come mostly from continentaEurope, the topographical poetry in the tradition originatinwith Denham concerns itself with the classics, and many ovarious types of topographical verse, such as river, ruin, orhilltop poems were established by the early 17th century.[42]Alexander Pope's "Windsor Forest" (1713) and John Dyer's

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from The Prelude (1805), Book 13, lines 41-5 by William Wordswor

"Grongar Hill' (1762) are two other oft-mentioned examples. George Crabbe, the Suffolk regional powrote topographical poems, as did William Wordsworth, of which Lines written a few miles above Tinte

bbey is an obvious example.[43] More recently, Matthew Arnold's "The Scholar Gipsy" (1853) praisesOxfordshire countryside, and W. H. Auden's "In Praise of Limestone" (1948) uses a limestone landscan allegory.[44]

Subgenres of topographical poetry include the country house poem, written in 17th-century England

compliment a wealthy patron, and the prospect poem, describing the view from a distance or a tempview into the future, with the sense of opportunity or expectation. When understood broadly as lands poetry and when assessed from its establishment to the present, topographical poetry can take on maformal situations and types of places. Kenneth Baker, in his "Introduction toThe Faber Book of Landsca Poetry, identifies 37 varieties and compiles poems from the 16th through the 20th centuries—from ESpenser to Sylvia Plath—correspondent to each type, from "Walks and Surveys," to "Mountains, Hillthe View from Above," to "Violation of Nature and the Landscape," to "Spirits and Ghosts."[45]

Common aesthetic registers of which topographical poetry makes use include pastoral imagery, the sand the picturesque, which include images of rivers, ruins, moonlight, birdsong, and clouds, peasants

mountains, caves, and waterscapes.Though describing a landscape or scenery, topographical poetry often, at least implicitly, addresses a political issue or the meaning of nationality in some way. The description of the landscape therefore becomes a poetic vehicle for a political message. For example, in John Denham's "Cooper's Hill," thspeaker discusses the merits of the recently executed Charles I.[46]

The Romantic era in Britain

One important aspect of British Romanticism – evident

in painting and literature as well as in politics and philosophy – was a change in the way people perceivedand valued the landscape. In particular, after WilliamGilpin'sObservations on the River Wye was publishedin 1770, the idea of the picturesque began to influenceartists and viewers. Gilpin advocated approaching thelandscape "by the rules of picturesque beauty,"[47]which emphasized contrast and variety. EdmundBurke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757) was also an

influential text, as was Longinus'On the Sublime (earlyA.D., Greece), which was translated into English fromthe French in 1739. From the 18th century, a taste for the sublime in the natural landscape emerged alongsidethe idea of the sublime in language; that is elevatedrhetoric or speech.[48] A topographical poem thatinfluenced the Romantics, was James Thomson'sTheSeasons (1726–30).[49] The changing landscape, brought about by the industrial and agricultural revolutions, with the expansion of the city and depopof the countryside, was another influences on the growth of the Romantic movement in Britain. The

The Vision on Mount Snowdon

…………………………...and on theshoreI found myself of a huge sea of mist,Which meek and silent rested at my feet.A hundred hills their dusky backsupheavedAll over this still ocean, and beyond,Far, far beyond, the vapours shotthemselvesIn headlands, tongues, and promontoryshapes, Into the sea, the real sea, thatseemedTo dwindle and give up its majesty,Usurped upon as far as sight could reach.

“

”

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condition of workers, the new class conflicts, and the pollution of the environment all led to a reactioagainst urbanism and industrialisation and a new emphasis on the beauty and value of nature andlandscape.[50] However, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age Enlightenment, as well a reaction against the scientific rationalisation of nature.[51]

The poet William Wordsworth was a major contributor to the literature of landscape,[52] as was hiscontemporary poet and novelist Walter Scott. Scott's influence was felt throughout Europe, as well a

major Victorian novelists in Britain, such as Emily Bronte, Mrs Gaskell, George Eliot, and Thomas Has well as John Cowper Powys in the 20th-century.[53][54] Margaret Drabble in A Writer's Britain suggeststhat Thomas Hardy "is perhaps the greatest writer of rural life and landscape" in English.[55]

Europe

Among European writers influenced by Scott were Frenchmen Honoré de Balzac and Alexandre DumItalian Alessandro Manzoni.[56] Manzoni's famous novelThe Betrothed was inspired by Walter Scott's Ivanhoe.[57]

North America

Also influenced by Romanticism's approach to landscape was the American novelist Fenimore Coopwas admired by Victor Hugo and Balzac and characterized as the "American Scott.”[58]

Asia

China

Landscape in Chinese poetry has often been closely tied to Chinese landscape painting, which develomuch earlier than in the West. Many poems evoke specific paintings, and some are written in more eareas of the scroll itself. Many painters also wrote poetry, especially in the scholar-official or literatitradition. Landscape images were present in the earlyShijing and theChuci, but in later poetry the emphchanged, as in painting]] to theShan shui (Chinese: lit. "mountain-water") style featuring wildmountains, rivers and lakes, rather than landscape as a setting for a human presence.[41] Shanshui poetrytraditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: developed in China during the third and fourthcenturies AD[41] and left most of the varied landscapes of China largely unrepresented.Shan shui paintingand poetry shows imaginary landscapes, though with features typical of some parts of South China;

remain popular to the present day.Fields and Gardens poetry (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin:tiányuán shī ;Wade–Giles: t'ien-yuan-shih; literally: "fields and gardens poetry"), in poetry) was a contrasting poeticmovement which lasted for centuries, with a focused on the nature found in gardens, in backyards, athe cultivated countryside. Fields and Gardens poetry is one of many Classical Chinese poetry genreof the main practitioners of the Fields and Gardens poetry genre was Tao Yuanming (also known as TQian (365–427), among other names or versions of names).[59] Tao Yuanming has been regarded as the fgreat poet associated with the Fields and Gardens poetry genre.[60]

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The Tetons and the Snake River (1942) photograph by Ansel Adams

Salomon van Ruisdael, "View of Deventer" (1657).

Landscape art

Landscape photography

Many landscape photographs show little or no human activity andare created in the pursuit of a pure, unsullied depiction of nature[61]devoid of human influence, instead featuring subjects such as

strongly defined landforms, weather, and ambient light. As withmost forms of art, the definition of a landscape photograph is broad, and may include urban settings, industrial areas, and nature photography. Notable landscape photographers include AnselAdams, Galen Rowell, Edward Weston, Ben Heine, Mark Grayand Fred Judge.

Landscape painting

The earliest forms of artaround the world depictlittle that could really be called landscape, although ground-linesometimes indications of mountains, trees or other natural featuare included. The earliest "pure landscapes" with no human figuare frescos from Minoan Greece of around 1500 BCE.[62] Huntingscenes, especially those set in the enclosed vista of the reed bedthe Nile Delta from Ancient Egypt, can give a strong sense of p but the emphasis is on individual plant forms and human and afigures rather than the overall landscape setting. For a coherentdepiction of a whole landscape, some rough system of perspector scaling for distance, is needed, and this seems from literary

evidence to have first been developed in Ancient Greece in the Hellenistic period, although no large-examples survive. More ancient Roman landscapes survive, from the 1st century BCE onwards, espefrescos of landscapes decorating rooms that have been preserved at archaeological sites of Pompeii,Herculaneum and elsewhere, and mosaics.[63]

The Chinese ink painting tradition of shan shui ("mountain-water"), or "pure" landscape, in which thsign of human life is usually a sage, or a glimpse of his hut, uses sophisticated landscape backgroundfigure subjects, and landscape art of this period retains a classic and much-imitated status within theChinese tradition.

Both the Roman and Chinese traditions typically show grand panoramas of imaginary landscapes, ge backed with a range of spectacular mountains – in China often with waterfalls and in Rome often insea, lakes or rivers. These were frequently used to bridge the gap between a foreground scene with fand a distant panoramic vista, a persistent problem for landscape artists.

A major contrast between landscape painting in the West and East Asia has been that while in the Wethe 19th century it occupied a low position in the accepted hierarchy of genres, in East Asia the clasChinese mountain-water ink painting was traditionally the most prestigious form of visual art. Howethe West, history painting came to require an extensive landscape background where appropriate, so

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Thomas Cole "The Course of EmpThe Arcadian or Pastoral State", U1836.

theory did not entirely work against the development of landscape painting – for several centurieslandscapes were regularly promoted to the status of history painting by the addition of small figures a narrative scene, typically religious or mythological.

Dutch Golden Age painting of the 17th century saw the dramatic growth of landscape painting, in wmany artists specialized, and the development of extremely subtle realist techniques for depicting ligweather. The popularity of landscapes in the Netherlands was in part a reflection of the virtualdisappearance of religious painting in a Calvinist society, and the decline of religious painting in theand 19th centuries all over Europe combined with Romanticism to give landscapes a much greater a prestigious place in 19th-century art than they had assumed before.

In England, landscapes had initially been mostly backgrounds to portraits, typically suggesting the pestates of a landowner, though mostly painted in London by an artist who had never visited the site. English tradition was founded by Anthony van Dyck and other, mostly Flemish, artists working in EBy the beginning of the 19th century the English artists with the highest modern reputations were mdedicated landscapists, showing the wide range of Romantic interpretations of the English landscapein the works of John Constable, J.M.W. Turner and Samuel Palmer. However all these had difficultyestablishing themselves in the contemporary art market, which still preferred history paintings and

portraits.[64]

In Europe, as John Ruskin said,[65] and Sir Kenneth Clark confirmed, landscape painting was the "chief artistic creation of thenineteenth century", and "the dominant art", with the result that inthe following period people were "apt to assume that theappreciation of natural beauty and the painting of landscape is anormal and enduring part of our spiritual activity"[66]

The Romantic movement intensified the existing interest inlandscape art, and remote and wild landscapes, which had been onerecurring element in earlier landscape art, now became more prominent. The German Caspar David Friedrich had a distinctivestyle, influenced by his Danish training. To this he added a quasi-mystical Romanticism. French painters were slower to develop landscape painting, but from about th1830s Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot and other painters in the Barbizon School established a Frenchlandscape tradition that would become the most influential in Europe for a century, with the Impressand Post-Impressionists for the first time making landscape painting the main source of general styliinnovation across all types of painting.

In the United States, the Hudson River School, prominent in the middle to late 19th century, is proba best-known native development in landscape art. These painters created works of mammoth scale thattempted to capture the epic scope of the landscapes that inspired them. The work of Thomas Cole, school's generally acknowledged founder, has much in common with the philosophical ideals of Eurlandscape paintings — a kind of secular faith in the spiritual benefits to be gained from the contempnatural beauty. Some of the later Hudson River School artists, such as Albert Bierstadt, created lesscomforting works that placed a greater emphasis (with a great deal of Romantic exaggeration) on theeven terrifying power of nature. The best examples of Canadian landscape art can be found in the wothe Group of Seven, prominent in the 1920s.[67] Emily Carr was also closely associated with the Group

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Seven, though was never an official member. Although certainly less dominant in the period after WoWar I, many significant artists still painted landscapes in the wide variety of styles exemplified by NWelliver, Alex Katz, Milton Avery, Peter Doig, Andrew Wyeth, David Hockney and Sidney Nolan.

The term neo-romanticism is applied in British art history, to a loosely affiliated school of landscape painting that emerged around 1930 and continued until the early 1950s.[68] These painters looked back to19th-century artists such as William Blake and Samuel Palmer, but were also influenced by French cand post-cubist artists such as Pablo Picasso, André Masson, and Pavel Tchelitchew (Clark and Clark2001; Hopkins 2001). This movement was motivated in part as a response to the threat of invasion dWorld War II. Artists particularly associated with the initiation of this movement included Paul NashPiper, Henry Moore, Ivon Hitchens, and especially Graham Sutherland. A younger generation includJohn Minton, Michael Ayrton, John Craxton, Keith Vaughan, Robert Colquhoun, and Robert MacBry(Button 1996).

Gallery of landscape paintings from different periods

Landscape with scene fromthe Odyssey, Rome, c. 60-40 BC.

Raphael, Madonna inthe Meadow (1505 -1506).

Spring in Kiangnan (1547) by Wen Cheng-Ming(1470-1559) (lower half detail).

Claude Lorrain, Landscapewith Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus and Mercury stealing them(1645).

Albert Bierstadt, TheMatterhorn (circa 1867).

Vincent van Gogh,Wheat Fields at Auvers Under Clouded Sky (1890).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Goghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wheat_Fields_at_Auvers_Under_Clouded_Sky_1890_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhornhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bierstadthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albert_Bierstadt_-_Matterhorn.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admetushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Lorrainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Lorrain_014.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spring_in_Kiangnan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphaelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Madonna_in_the_Meadow_-_Google_Art_Project.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:R%C3%B6mischer_Meister_um_125_v._Chr._001.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_MacBrydehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Colquhounhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Vaughanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Craxtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ayrtonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Minton_(artist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Sutherlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivon_Hitchenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Tchelitchewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Massonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picassohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Palmerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blakehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-romanticismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Nolanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hockneyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wyethhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Doighttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Averyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Katzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Welliver


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Pablo Picasso, 1908, Paysage aux deux figures(Landscape with TwoFigures)

Paul Nash,Wire (1918).

Carl Brandt: "Åreskutan,landscape",1921 (Sweden)

Emily Carr,Odds and Ends,

1939 (British Columbia,Canada)

See also

References

Australian aboriginal mythology, Mythologiesof the indigenous peoples of the Americas,Aboriginal sacred siteCanal and Dam

Environmental health, Ecological health,Biodiversity, Landscape ecology, Pollution,and ErosionGrand tour, Tourism, and Eco tourismHardscape, Urban design, and Urban park Horticulture, Garden design, Japanese garden,Persian garden, List of landscape gardens, andSoftscape

John Muir Landscape mythologyMining, Cornwall and West Devon MiningLandscape (This is a World Heritage site)

PanoramaSense of placeTaskscape

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_placehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mininghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_mythologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landscape_gardenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_parkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardscapehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco_tourismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_tourhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_healthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_sacred_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_aboriginal_mythologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Carrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85reskutanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Brandt_-_Norrl%C3%A4ndskt_vinterlandskap_med_%C3%85reskutan_i_fonden.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Correspondence_in_the_Imperial_War_Museum_between_Nash_and_the_Ministry_of_Information_reveal_that_the_picture_was_substantially_complete_towards_the_end_of_1918_and_that_Nash_planned,_but_did_not_execute,_a_li_Art.IWMART2705.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso


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1. New Oxford American Dictionary2. Olwig K.R., Recovering the Substantive Nature of Landscape, Annals of the A.A.G(1996),86,4,630-6533. Olwig K.R., Representation and Alienation in the Political Landscape,cultural geographies (2005)12,19-404. Makhzoumi J. and Pungetti G., Ecological Landscape Design and Planning, Spon Routledge,(1999)5. Found via Google Ngram6. Obstfeld, 2002, p. 1, 65, 115, 171.7. Summerfield, M.A., 1991,Global Geomorphology, Pearson Education Ltd, ISBN 0-582-30156-4.8. Wu, J. 2006. Cross-disciplinarity, landscape ecology, and sustainability science. Landscape Ecology 21:1-49. Wu, J. and R. Hobbs (Eds). 2007. Key Topics in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambr

10. Wu, J. 2008. Landscape ecology. In: S. E. Jorgensen (ed), Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, Oxford.11. Kirchhoff, T., Trepl, L. and V. Vicenzotti, V. 2012: What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation

different conceptions. Landscape Research online first.12. Troll, C. 2007: The geographic landscape and its investigation. In: Wiens, J.A., Moss, M.R., Turner, M.G

Mladenoff, D.J. (eds): Foundation papers in landscape ecology. New York, Columbia University Press:71–[First published as: Troll, C. 1950: Die geographische Landschaft und ihre Erforschung. Studium Generale3(4/5):163–181].

13. Neef, E. 1967: Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre. Haack, Gotha; cf. Haase, G. and H. Ri1983: Current trends in landscape research. GeoJournal 7(2):107–119.

14. Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron, M. 1981: Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. BioS31(10):733–740; Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron 1986: Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York.

15. Wiens, J.A. and B.T. Milne, B.T. 1989: Scaling of 'landscapes' in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecologythe beetle's perspective. Landscape Ecology 3(2):87–96; Wiens, J.A.: The science and practice of landscapecology. In: Klopatek, J.M. and R.H. Gardner (eds) 1999: Landscape ecological analyses: issues and applicSpringer, New York:371–383.

16. Wiens, J.A. 1999: The science and practice of landscape ecology. In: Klopatek, J.M. and R.H. Gardner (edLandscape ecological analyses: issues and applications. Springer, New York:371–383; cf. Wiens, J.A. 2005Toward a unified landscape ecology. In: Wiens, J.A. and M.R. Moss (eds): Issues and perspectives in landsecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge:365–373.

17. Sanderson, J. and L. D. Harris (eds.). 2000. Landscape Ecology: A Top-Down Approach. Lewis PublisherRaton, Florida, USA.

18. Branton, Nicole (2009) Landscape Approaches in Historical Archaeology: The Archaeology of Places. In

International Handbook of Historic Archaeology, Majewski, Teresita and David Gaimster, eds. Springer:19. Hood, Edward J. (1996) "Social Relations and the Cultural Landscape". In Landscape Archaeology:ReadinInterpreting the American Historical Landscape. Yamin, Rebecca and Karen Bescherer Metheny, eds.Knoxville:The University of Tennessee Press.

20. Spencer-Wood, Suzanne M. and Sherene Baugher. (2010) "Introduction to the Historical Archaeology of PoCultural Landscapes." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 14, pp. 463-474.

21. Gleason, Kathryn L. (1994). "To Bound and to Cultivate: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Gardens Fields. In The Archaeology of Garden and Field. Miller, Naomi F. and Kathryn L. Gleason, eds.Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press

22. Erika Martin Seibert. "Archaeology and Landscape"(http://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/guidance/NR_workshop_3-11-09/Archeol_and_landscapes_Erika.doc),

Accessed December 12, 2010.23. Malig, Jojo (26 June 2012). "Philippine rice terraces no longer in danger". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 26 June2012.

24. PANNELL, S (2006) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context: Lessons form the World HeritaJames Cook University. Cairns, Australia. Page 62

25. GIBSON, W.S (1989) Mirror of the Earth: The World Landscape in Sixteenth-Century Flemish Painting.Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey

26. JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Son New York, p.177.

27. ELKINS, T.H (1989) Human and Regional Geography in the German-speaking lands in the first forty yearsthe Twentieth Century. ENTRIKEN, J. Nicholas & BRUNN, Stanley D (Eds) Reflections on RichardHartshorne's The nature of geography. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geograp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Newshttp://www.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/06/26/12/philippine-rice-terraces-no-longer-dangerhttp://www.nps.gov/nr/publications/guidance/NR_workshop_3-11-09/Archeol_and_landscapes_Erika.dochttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582301564https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Olwig


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Washington DC. Page 2728. JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley &

New York. Page 321-324.29. SAUER, C (1925)The Morphology of Landscape. University of California Publications in Geography. Numb

22. Pages 19-5330. UNESCO (2012) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention [1]

(http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide12-en.pdf). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 14.31. UNESCO (2005) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. UNES

World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 84.32. Michel Baridon, Les Jardins - paysagistes, jardiners, poḕts. p. 34833. Records of the 21st conference of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, describing Classical Chinese

design and the gardens of Suzhou.34. Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, L'Art des jardins en Europe, Citadelles and Mazenod, Paris, 2006.35. Boults, Elizabeth and Chip Sullivan (2010). Illustrated History of Landscape Design. John Wiley and Sons.

p. 175. ISBN 0-470-28933-3.36. Lucia Impelluso, Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes, Mondatori Electra, Milan37. Morris, C. (1994) "Oral Literature" in Horton, David (General Editor)38. Morris, C. (1995) "An Approach to Ensure Continuity and Transmission of the Rainforest Peoples' Oral

Tradition", in Fourmile, H; Schnierer, S.; & Smith, A. (Eds) An Identification of Problems and Potential for Future Rainforest Aboriginal Cultural Survival and Self-Determination in the Wet Tropics. Centre for Aboriginand Torres Strait Islander Participation Research and Development. Cairns, Australia

39. J. A. Cuddon, P. 644.40. Peter V. Marinetti, Pastoral . London: Methuen, 1971, p.4.41. Yip, 13042. Aubin, Robert Arnold.Topographical Poetry in XVIII-Century England . New York: The Modern Language

Association of America, 1936, p. 3.43. L. A. Cuddon, Dictionary of Literary Terms. London: Penguin, 1999,p.92244. France, Alan W. (1990). "Gothic North and the Mezzogiorno in Auden's 'In Praise of Limestone' ". Renascence

42 (3): 141–148. doi:10.5840/renascence199042319.45. Baker, Kenneth, ed.The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry. New York: Faber and Faber, 2000.46. John Denham, "Cooper's Hill", (ll.111-119)

47. Gilpin, William, quoted in Baker, Kenneth, ed.The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry. New York: Faber andFaber, 2000, p. xxvi48. In the late 17th century in England, John Dennis brought attention to Longinus' argument for the emotive p

of figurative language in poetry.49. Fulford, Tim. Landscape, LIberty, and Authority: Poetry, Criticism, and Politics from Thomson to Wordsw

New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996., p.21'50. Encyclopædia Britannica. "Romanticism". Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Onli

Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 August 2010.51. Christopher Casey, (October 30, 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain,

Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism". Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. Retrieved 25 June2009.

52. Margaret Drabble, A Writer's Britain (originally subtitled "Landscape in literature", 1979). New York: ThamHudson, 2000, p. 152.53. "Walter Scott was the foremost literary figure of his days". Retrieved 2011-04-09.54. Drabble,, p. 17055. Drabble, p.9156. Drabble,p. 166; "Alexandre Dumas": The official French site (http://www.france.fr/en/literature-and-french

language/alexandre-dumas-1802-1870.html/)57. From Georg Lukàcs, "The Historical Novel" (1969): "In Italy Scott found a successor who, though in a si

isolated work, nevertheless broadened his tendencies with superb originality, in some respect surpassing himrefer, of course, to Manzoni's I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed). Scott himself recognized Manzoni's greatneWhen in Milan Manzoni told him that he was his pupil, Scott replied that in that case Manzoni's was his bwork. It is, however, very characteristic that while Scott was able to write a profusion of novels about Eng

http://www.france.fr/en/literature-and-french-language/alexandre-dumas-1802-1870.html/http://www.scottsabbotsford.co.uk/history/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)https://dx.doi.org/10.5840%2Frenascence199042319https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascence_(journal)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-28933-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sonshttp://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide12-en.pdf


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Wikimedia Commons has

media related tolandscapes .

Look up landscape inWiktionary, the freedictionary.

Scottish society, Manzoni confined himself to this single masterpiece."58. Phillips, 1913, p. 16059. Yip, 163-16960. Watson, 7961. Mary Warner Marien (2006). Photography: A Cultural History. Laurence King Publishing. Page 136.62. Honour & Fleming, 53. The only very complete example is now in the National Archaeological Museum, A63. Honour & Fleming, 150-15164. Reitlinger, 74-75, 85-8765. Modern Painters, volume three, "Of the novelty of landscape".66. Clark, 15-16.67. "Landscapes" in Virtual Vault (http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?

q1=Landscape&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454), an online exhibition of Canadian historical aLibrary and Archives Canada

68. It was first labeled in March 1942 by the critic Raymond Mortimer in the New Statesman.

External links

Guardian podcasts: "Landscape and literature"

(http://www.theguardian.com/books/audio/2010/aug/04/jonathan-raban-landscape-literature)

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