Landscape Ecology:Sustainable Urban Landscape Patterns
The Language of Landscape Ecology
Elements and anatomy• Patches • Edges • Corridors• Mosaics
spatial theory with no distinction between built and natural environments
Patches
origins of patches:• remnant• introduced• disturbance• resource
protection
Patch dynamics
large patches have more coredividing a patch creates more edge
Patch dynamics
large patches have more coredividing a patch creates more edge
Patch dynamics
a critical mass of interdependent activity is lost when urban cores are segmented
Patch dynamics
a critical mass of interdependent activity is lost when urban cores are segmented
Patch dynamics
large patches have higher population and less likelihood of extinction over time
time
Patch dynamics
large patches have higher population and less likelihood of extinction over time
Patch dynamics
smaller, under-populated neighborhoods may be lost over time
time
Patch dynamics
smaller, isolated elements may be lost over time
Patch dynamics
large patches have more habitat diversity and greater population diversity
Patch dynamics
large urban areas have more settings, encouraging more diverse populations and activities
Patch dynamics
large urban areas have more diverse populations
Patch dynamics
a system of small patches may support a comparable amount of activity, though diverse in type
Patch dynamics
a network of districts or activities in an urban area may perform competitively with larger ones
Patch dynamics
Portland, Oregon grid of patches
Patch dynamics
Portland, Oregon
Patch dynamics
patches closer to a larger patch will be more likely to maintain their populations; farther patches risk extinction
Patch dynamics
villages closer to the urban core are more likely to have sustained occupancy and activity
Edges
characteristics of edges:• cross-section• straight or convoluted• width• vulnerability• transitional• filtering/buffering
Edges
Abrupt edges encourage parallel movement.
Edges
Pastureland at forest edge
Edges
Abrupt edges encourage parallel movement and discourage lateral movement.
Edges
Suburban to rural sprawl
Edges
Convoluted edges have more length, and contain coves and lobes, encouraging movement through them.
Edges
Convoluted edges have more length, and contain coves and lobes, encouraging movement through them.
Edges
Patterns that relate to CONTACT and EXCHANGE are valid for both built and natural systems
Edges
Vertical change that is less abrupt has more structural diversity.
Edges
Vertical change that is less abrupt has more structural diversity.
Edges
Directional forces (sun, wind) produce wider edges.
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Edges
Directional forces (microclimate, people) produce wider edges.
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Edges
Convoluted edges foster more +/- interaction.
Edges
Convoluted edges foster more +/- interaction.
Corridors
characteristics of corridors:• connect shrinking patches• allow continuity and movement• may dissect patches• create barriers• filter movement
rivers power lines hedgerows canals roadways bikeways tunnels
Corridors
Continuity and width influence the function of corridors.
Biodiversity Corridors
Biodiversity Corridors
Pedestrian Corridors
Continuity and width influence the function of corridors.
Corridors
Oxford Circus (London)
Corridors
Continuity and width influence the function of corridors, also when they are barriers.
Corridors
“Stepping stones” may provide most corridor functions.
Corridors
“Stepping stones” may provide most corridor functions.
Parallel Corridors
River corridors with vegetation corridors have mutual benefits.
Parallel Corridors
Road corridors benefit from parallel pedestrian corridors.
Corridor constraints
Corridors
(San Antonio, TX)
Corridors
Austin, TX
Corridors
Austin, TX
The case of Thorton Creek
Seattle, WA
The case of Thorton Creek
Seattle, WA
The case of Thorton Creek
Seattle, WA
The case of Thorton Creek
Seattle, WA
The case of Thorton Creek
680-acre watershed
The case of Thorton Creek
680-acre watershed
Corridors of patches
Ladder patterns may be more effective than narrow parallel corridors for streams.
Corridors
Willamette River
Corridors-Urban Core
Parallel corridors with street treesmay or may not have mutual benefits.
Corridors-Urban Core
Ladder patterns may be more effective than narrow parallel corridors for roads.
Corridors-Urban Core
Corridors-Urban Core
30 units (sites) for buffer
Corridors-Urban Core
17 units (sites) for buffer
Ladder Pattern-Pocket Parks
Mosaics
characteristics of mosaics:• pattern• scale• connectivity• networks• circuitry• mesh size
Mosaics
Pattern is created by the arrangement and layering of spatial geometry.