Landscape Diversity in Island and Coastal Ecosystems 

Sun‐Kee HongInstitute of Islands Culture, Mokpo National University, Korea

韓國 Maeul

里, 村落Holistic landscapeRural village in EnglishAdministrative meaning

- A meaning of Satoyama (里山) is “mountain in rural or mountainous village” by Chinese letter-There is no word in Korean dictionary

-In narrow sense, Satoyama is ecosystems of Maeul landscape-In broad sense, rural forest, rural landscape, agricultural landscape

日本 Satoyama

里山Forested mountainForest management system Special word in Japan

Concept: Satoyama and Maeul- landscape scale in biodiversity assessment -

Ecosystem Complexity

Sustainable use and habitat management of Maeul, Korean secondary landscape

• Diverse ecosystems: sustainable use with human and nature components (such as sacred place, food resource, agro-field, forest, indigenous knowledge etc.)

• Indigenous knowledge: human-environmental adaptation is ecology itself (honey, vegetables, fire wood, herb, fertilizer etc.)

Hong et al. 2008, Springer

• Sustainable landscape: self-production and wise consume (自給自足)• Circulation: energy flux, resource flow, biogeochemical cycle etc.• Networking: ecosystem network (blue-green network), habitat continuity

Landscape Ecology of Asian Cultures(Hong et al. Springer-Tokyo, in press)

•Multi-functional landscape with ecosystems complexity

Multi-functional landscape

Research PurposeConservation of coastal vegetation is related to surrounding land use, and land use change is influencing on coastal vegetation ecosystem.

Therefore, in order to understand the coastal vegetation in large scale, it is necessary to evaluate those ecosystems in landscape ecological perspective.

Moreover, detail analysis on community structure is necessary implement to examine the pattern and process of vegetation.To assess the human impact on landscape pattern To support the national conservation strategy of secondary forest and cultural landscape in coastal areas

Island Vegetation & Landscape

Forest and sacred places

Sinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve © S. K. HongSinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve © S. K. Hong

Data: Cultural Properties Administration and Ministry of Environment of Korea*Species: Tree species is replaced by climate condition

Type Ecological and cultural function *Species and shape

Spiritual forest

(城隍林, 堂山林)

- Saving the village from various environmental disaster and give happiness.- Giving annual performance (dance and pray) in some area that forest are located on designated date.

Species: Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensisShape: patch type

Riparian forest

(護岸林)

- Developed in river and stream near village- Protecting flood in summer season

Species: Salicaceae and Alnus japonicaShape: corridor or stripe type

Fishery forest

(魚付林)

- Naturally or artificial forest along coast area- Protect village from sea wind and support to fish habitat - A place for traditional performance in a fishing village

Species: Pinus densiflora or Zelkova serrataShape: stripe or patch type

Wind-break forest

(防風林)

- Protection villages and crops from sea wind- Role of ‘Ushil‘(Korean traditional terminology, 村垣)

Pinus thumbergii forest in beach areaShape: stripe type

Feng-shui forest

(補害林)

- Supplementing the geographical defect by restoration or plantation- This is the ecological restoration forest in modern sense.

Various types and species

Historical forest

(歷史林)- Old forest relating to tradition or folklore Various types and speciesMostly single old tree

Forest Types in Island and Coastal Landscapes

Research MethodsLandscape scale approach on island and coastal

landscape

1. Spatial mapping on land use pattern2. Landscape analysis (spatial analysis using FRAGSTATS,

McGarigal and Marks 1995)

Community scale approach on island and coastal vegetation (on going project)

1. Phytosociological survey 2. Community ordination analysis

1. Landscape scale approaches

7 typical coastal landscapes was selected according to regional distribution of

biological and geological characteristics

Land-use mapping based on digital topographic map (1: 5,000 scale) was

carried out by use of Geographic Information System.

Landscape analysis using FRAGSTATS (McGarigal and Marks 1995): patch

number, landscape pattern, landscape heterogeneity etc.

Regression analysis between landscape indices and biological diversity indices

(data of dominance, abundance and species diversity of plant and insect from

other research team)

Landscape Ecological Research Areas

Doksan (W09)

Hakampo(W01)

Balpo(S07) Namyeol(S06) Goraebul(E11)

Hosan(E05)

Hupo (E10)

CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD

Agro .field 849.595 183 4642.595 219.074 10170.736 55307.849 0.011 1.460 1.904 1.450 1.397

Forest 3287.144 21 156530.645 180.992 283308.346 64285.846 0.012 2.384 3.634 1.400 1.383

Settlement 329.243 103 3196.529 348.797 11149.399 25204.781 0.005 1.476 2.102 1.462 1.410

Road 103.083 4 25770.625 169.622 43712.718 39241.844 0.008 11.108 33.513 1.819 1.831

Reserv. Stream 2.790 1 2790.177 109.186 6247.063 729.504 0.000 3.896 3.896 1.662 1.662

Sand dune 160.193 4 40048.293 73.304 29356.982 8017.907 0.002 3.235 2.932 1.476 1.428

Shrub forest 73.283 8 9160.383 99.177 9084.985 5564.832 0.001 2.495 2.178 1.495 1.404

Bare land 112.318 8 14039.713 143.165 20099.932 7640.582 0.001 2.727 3.044 1.525 1.448

Salt field 241.150 2 120575.151 32.004 38588.475 3325.501 0.001 1.337 1.400 1.265 1.270

AnalysisClass-level Landscape Analysis

Hakampo (W01)

CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD

Agro. field 1923965.899 41 46925.998 103.134 48396.545 41943.134 0.012 1.448 1.637 1.333 1.306

Forest 310314.574 8 38789.322 96.490 37427.953 8693.505 0.002 1.657 1.787 1.350 1.335

Settlement 558247.944 56 9968.713 599.043 59716.871 13243.513 0.004 1.262 1.424 1.427 1.274

Road 86780.021 3 28926.674 139.303 40295.848 45975.727 0.013 17.199 43.290 1.876 1.888

Reserv. Stream 19474.945 8 2434.368 74.455 1812.511 3810.233 0.001 2.954 2.732 1.618 1.572

Sand dune 80767.556 4 20191.889 69.286 13990.170 6739.774 0.002 3.187 3.900 1.493 1.510

Shrub forest 299712.140 6 49952.023 80.817 40369.622 7801.023 0.002 2.171 1.681 1.410 1.312

Bare land 327525.699 9 36391.744 194.225 70681.843 9355.804 0.003 2.797 2.002 1.619 1.335

Doksan (W09)

Namyeol (S06)

Balpo (S07)

CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD

Agro. field 1370.027 103 13301.232 406.213 54031.381 41812.634 0.007 1.415 2.310 1.443 1.353

Forest 4010.422 5 802084.313 176.188 1413172.842 43763.687 0.008 3.348 4.558 1.426 1.376

Settlement 85.823 15 5721.506 109.186 6247.063 5082.770 0.001 1.384 1.566 1.403 1.369

Road 34.441 5 6888.173 128.961 8883.049 13650.426 0.002 8.382 13.778 1.830 1.803

Sand dune 64.336 2 32167.940 3.655 1175.752 2712.749 0.000 2.128 2.139 1.387 1.388

Shrub forest 36.129 3 12042.903 60.798 7321.808 1845.274 0.000 1.594 1.761 1.380 1.379

Bare land 23.276 2 11637.882 64.511 7507.710 1522.935 0.000 2.266 2.009 1.461 1.411

CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD

Agro. Field 1342.627 125 10741.012 281.715 30259.047 52530.943 0.012 1.440 2.088 1.432 1.365

Forest 2986.858 12 248904.810 75.827 188736.376 53109.215 0.012 2.516 2.873 1.355 1.360

Settlement 51.236 19 2696.617 116.872 3151.577 4672.655 0.001 1.471 1.705 1.468 1.421

Road 52.207 5 10441.303 162.352 16951.657 22980.100 0.005 8.727 23.730 1.796 1.838

Sand dune 13.023 1 13022.859 0.000 0.000 1377.510 0.000 3.405 3.405 1.526 1.526

Shrub forest 25.200 6 4199.942 70.365 2955.294 2972.537 0.001 2.126 2.603 1.532 1.496

Bare land 8.748 2 4374.127 54.292 2374.793 2504.288 0.001 5.102 5.960 1.691 1.706

Class-level Landscape Analysis (continue)

Hosan (E05)

Hupo (E10)

CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD

Agro. Field 1042.030 155 6722.775 265.462 17846.404 51930.139 0.009 1.497 1.715 1.466 1.355

Forest 3286.629 18 182590.521 282.046 514990.153 46584.374 0.008 2.169 4.164 1.434 1.379

Settlement 314.102 88 3569.343 130.540 4659.408 23776.881 0.004 1.413 1.613 1.437 1.391

Road 181.722 16 11357.627 287.471 32649.863 46837.288 0.008 6.914 17.883 1.776 1.744

Reserv. Stream 528.584 14 37756.017 203.515 76839.306 13513.773 0.002 2.077 1.897 1.441 1.325

Sand dune 113.868 4 28467.097 168.011 47827.806 4810.506 0.001 2.241 3.561 1.528 1.441

Shrub forest 252.981 41 6170.272 166.109 10249.352 28217.763 0.005 2.842 3.301 1.590 1.506

Bare land 59.488 2 29744.221 75.987 22601.734 2772.898 0.000 2.107 2.750 1.385 1.421

CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD

Agro. Field 730.267 143 5106.764 210.749 10762.462 50391.148 0.010 1.519 2.217 1.443 1.414

Forest 3365.220 8 420652.513 200.208 842179.500 59876.658 0.012 3.018 6.641 1.425 1.434

Settlement 534.753 46 11625.063 341.562 39706.746 27842.728 0.006 1.728 3.798 1.443 1.443

Road 70.144 4 17536.015 160.292 28108.914 24019.683 0.005 8.221 24.089 1.748 1.799

Sand dune 87.355 5 17470.981 72.665 12695.249 7247.393 0.002 3.216 3.491 1.521 1.500

Shrub forest 14.430 2 7214.887 3.029 218.537 680.580 0.000 1.130 1.130 1.313 1.312

Bare land 1.645 1 1644.711 0.000 0.000 297.384 0.000 2.069 2.069 1.538 1.538

Class-level Landscape Analysis (continue)

Goraebul (E11)

CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFDAWMP

FD

Agro. field 6827.455 136 50201.878 175.781 88245.363 139874.907 0.014 1.602 1.925 1.380 1.314

Forest 1028.719 24 42863.302 150.410 64470.740 37546.790 0.004 2.180 3.095 1.416 1.407

Settlement 483.972 73 6629.752 154.385 10235.317 25960.607 0.003 1.417 1.641 1.415 1.363

Road 26.759 12 2229.884 122.318 2727.559 12283.693 0.001 5.671 8.172 1.794 1.796

Reserv. Stream 791.162 13 60858.581 118.689 72232.541 27624.840 0.003 3.057 2.511 1.450 1.366

Sand dune 511.041 5 102208.285 97.984 100147.360 16745.071 0.002 2.997 3.584 1.423 1.422

Landscape-level Landscape Analysis

Area CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFDAWMP

FD SDI SEI

W01 5158.798 334 15445.502 527.302 81444.500 209318.645 0.041 1.722 3.689 1.458 1.394 1.237 0.563

W09 3606788.777 135 26716.954 206.262 55106.927 137562.711 0.038 1.996 2.712 1.429 1.327 1.463 0.703

S06 5624.452 135 41662.609 753.132 313774.330 110390.474 0.020 1.769 3.965 1.450 1.373 0.786 0.404

S07 4479.897 170 26352.337 316.742 83469.018 140147.248 0.031 1.813 2.873 1.448 1.370 0.793 0.407

E05 5779.406 338 17098.834 744.492 127299.502 218443.623 0.038 1.967 3.743 1.486 1.389 1.377 0.662

E10 4803.814 209 22984.754 801.055 184120.411 170355.574 0.035 1.790 5.831 1.449 1.438 0.935 0.480

E11 9669.108 263 36764.670 199.833 73467.789 260035.908 0.027 1.887 2.188 1.416 1.338 1.011 0.564

Class-level Landscape Analysis (continue)

1. Ratio of landscape component

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

W01 W09 S06 S07 E05 E10 E11

염전

나지

관목식생지역

사구

저수지및 하천

도로

주택지및 개발지

삼림

경작지

Area (%)

Salt fieldBare landShrub forestSand duneReserv. StreamRoadSettlementForestAgro. field

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

W01 W09 S06 S07 E05 E10 E11

염전

나지

관목식생지역

사구

저수지및 하천

도로

주택지및 개발지

삼림

경작지

Ratio (%)

Salt fieldBare landShrub forestSand duneReserv. StreamRoadSettlementForestAgro. field

2. Ratio of patch number

Species Diversity (Insect)

Species Abundance

(Insect)

Dominance (plant)

Abundance(plant)

Species diversity index

Evenness index

CA 0.569 0.2 0.125 0.033 0.086 0.221

TA 0.497 0.134 0.018 0.004 0.02 0.057

NP 0.931** 0.757* 0.325 0.202 0.274 0.372

MPS 0.352 0.051 0.735* 0.725* 0.743* 0.833*

PSCV 0.984** 0.866** 0.871** 0.876** 0.976** 0.711*

PSSD 0.514 0.183 0.788* 0.931** 0.933** 0.721*

TE 0.815* 0.904** 0.307 0.127 0.214 0.392

ED 0.174 0.007 0.422 0.445 0.498 0.545

MSI 0.800* 0.339 0.089 0.489 0.126 0.06

AWMSI 0.293 0.628 0.889** 0.461 0.765* 0.790*

MPFD 0.591 0.724* 0.980** 0.963** 0.827** 0.998**

AWMPFD 0.398 0.677* 0.661* 0.927** 0.808* 0.341

SDI 0.621 0.118 0.203 0.448 0.33 0.26

SEI 0.644* 0.156 0.214 0.542 0.357 0.255

*p

Forest and agricultural field are major background ecosystems in 7coastal landscapes

Sand vegetation shows relatively higher value of mean shape index (MSI) in all landscapes

Doksan (West Sea) and Hosan (East Sea) show high value of landscape diversity among other coastal areas

PSCV showed relationship between biological indices of insect and plant, MPS and PSSD showed plant biological diversity

Except for MSI, shape indices of AWMSI, MPFD, AWMPFD showed biological indices in both insect and plant

From landscape ecological analysis, patch analysis indices and shape analysis indices are useful to assess coastal vegetation and ecosystem

Short Results

2. Community scale approaches (on going project)

Forest of national heritage and natural monument : natural resource (old forest

for ship making and wind-break functions)

9 areas in island and coastal areas in southern Korea (Wando-gun and Namhae-

gun) : Forests of evergreen broad-leaved trees, pine and mixed deciduous forest

Vegetation ecosystems are influenced by tourism peoples and tidal sea

Phytosociological survey

Community characteristics by ordination analysis

Community scale Research Areas

Vegetation Community of Research Areas

Number of species

Height of Tall tree

layer(m)

Coverage of tall treelayer(%)

Height of Sub-tall

tree layer(m)

Coverage of Sub-tall tree layer

(%)

Height of Shrublayer(m)

Coverage of shrub Layer(%)

Height of herb layer

(m)

Coverage of herb Layer(%)

AXIS1

Correlation Coefficient -.413* 0.134 0.093 0.246 0.038 0.294 0.175 0.129 -.491*

Sig. (2-tailed) 0.045 0.533 0.664 0.246 0.862 0.185 0.437 0.547 0.015

AXIS2

Correlation Coefficient -0.126 0.372 0.063 0.116 -0.007 0.229 .433* .619** -0.036

Sig. (2-tailed) 0.556 0.073 0.769 0.59 0.973 0.305 0.044 0.001 0.869

Correlation of vegetation structure and eigen value (Axis 1 and 2)

Ze: Zelkova serrata, Cs: Celtis sinensis, Qv: Quercus variabilis, Qs: Quercus serrata , Pt: Pinus thunbergii, Cj: Cinnamomum japonicum, Mt: Machilus thunbergii, Cl: Carpinus laxiflora, Kp: Koelreuteria paniculata, Il: Ilex integra, Cc: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500

Ze

Cs

Qv

Qs

Pt

Cj

Mt

Cl

Kp

Ii

Cc

Axis1

Axis 2

Coverage of herb layer & Number of species

Cov

erage of shrub la

yer & H

eigh

t of h

erb layer Evergreen forest community

Deciduous forest community

Result and DiscussionAlthough research areas are preserved by national law, human impact (tourist and plantation) are strongly appeared in the floristic composition composing of vegetation structure.To conserve the island and its coastal vegetation, we have to evaluate the vegetation structure in both landscape scale (landscape pattern) and community scale (floristic composition)Patch shape analysis of vegetation community is one of the important implements for evaluating human impact on vegetation ecosystemIn results of the preliminary survey, we found that vegetation structure is also influencing to other biological organisms, therefore multi-disciplinary research is necessary to strengthen conservation strategy of vegetation ecosystem and landscapeWe need more data for generalization of pattern and process of island and coastal vegetation under human impact

Acknowledgements Ministry of Environment, Korea (Project No. 208-05002-0068-0) Korea Research Foundation (Project No. KRF-2005-005-J02701)Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affair (2009 year Project on “Management Type of Uninhabited Island in Wand-do gun”)

Thank you for your attention!

スライド番号 1スライド番号 2スライド番号 3Sustainable use and habitat management of Maeul, Korean secondary landscapeスライド番号 5Research Purposeスライド番号 7スライド番号 8スライド番号 9スライド番号 10スライド番号 11スライド番号 12スライド番号 13スライド番号 14スライド番号 15スライド番号 16スライド番号 17スライド番号 18スライド番号 19スライド番号 20スライド番号 21スライド番号 22スライド番号 23スライド番号 24スライド番号 25スライド番号 26Result and DiscussionAcknowledgements Thank you for your attention!